List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll

Starved peasents during the Holodomor disaster

Twenty-six republicans assassinated by fascists during the Francoist Repression

This is a list of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll. It covers the lowest estimate of death as well as the highest estimate, the name of the event, the location, and the start and end of each event. Some events may belong in more than one category. In addition, some of the listed events overlap each other, and in some cases the death toll from a smaller event is included in the one for the larger event or time period of which it was part.

Wars and armed conflicts whose highest estimated casualties are 1,000,000 or more

These figures of one million or more deaths include the deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, etc., as well as deaths of soldiers in battle and massacres and genocide. Where only one estimate is available, it appears in both the low and high estimates.

Geom. mean estimate[1]	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Duration (years)	Notes, See also
74,330,344[2]	65,000,000[3]	85,000,000[4]	World War II	Worldwide	1939	1945	6 years and 1 day	World War II casualties (includes worldwide Holocaust and concentration camps deaths). Estimates includes the Second Sino-Japanese War.
44,721,360	20,000,000[5]	100,000,000[6][7][8]	Taiping Rebellion	China	1851	1864	14	Inspired by Hong Xiuquan; see also Dungan Revolt, a Muslim rebellion.
37,947,332	36,000,000[9]	40,000,000[10]	Three Kingdoms War	China	184	280	96	End of the Han dynasty
34,641,016	30,000,000[11]	40,000,000[12]	Mongol conquests	Eurasia	1206	1368	163	Mongol Empire, Destruction under the Mongol Empire
34,047,026	8,400,000[13]	138,000,000[14]	European colonization of the Americas	Americas	1492	1691	199	Death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which might never be accurately determined.[lower-alpha 1]
25,000,000	25,000,000[19]	25,000,000	Qing dynasty conquest of the Ming dynasty	China	1618	1683	65	Qing dynasty
20,770,000	20,770,000	20,770,000	Dungan Revolt	Gansu and Shaanxi, China	1862	1877	15	Du Wenxiu Rebellion
18,384,776	13,000,000[12]	36,000,000[20]	An Lushan Rebellion	China	755	763	9	Medieval warfare
17,748,239	15,000,000[21]	21,000,000	World War I	Worldwide	1914	1918	4 years, 3 months, 1 week	World War I casualties Does not include worldwide Spanish flu deaths.
17,000,000	17,000,000	17,000,000	Conquest of Timur	Central, East and South Asia	1400s	1500s	35	17 Million people or 5% of the world's population at the time.[22][23]
8,000,000	8,000,000[24]	8,000,000	Chinese Civil War	China	1927	1949	22	List of civil wars
6,708,204	5,000,000	9,000,000[25]	Russian Civil War	Russia	1917	1921	5	Russian Revolution, List of civil wars
5,873,670	3,000,000	11,500,000[26]	Thirty Years' War	Holy Roman Empire	1618	1648	31	Initially a religious war between Catholics and Protestants, became a general European political war
4,949,747	3,500,000	7,000,000[27]	Napoleonic Wars	Europe, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean	1803	1815	13	Napoleonic Wars casualties
4,582,576	3,000,000[28]	7,000,000[28]	Yellow Turban Rebellion	China	184	205	22	Part of Three Kingdoms War
3,674,235	2,500,000[29]	5,400,000[30]	Second Congo War	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1998	2003	6	First Congo War
2,828,427	2,000,000	4,000,000[31]	French Wars of Religion	France	1562	1598	37	Largely a religious war between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants)
2,754,995	2,300,000[32]	3,300,000[33]	Hundred Years' War	Western Europe	1337	1453	116	Edwardian War (1337-1360), Caroline War (1369–1389), Lancastrian War (1415–53)
1,732,051	1,500,000[12]	2,000,000[34]	Shaka's conquests	Southern Africa	1816	1828	13	Ndwandwe–Zulu War
1,732,051	1,500,000[35]	2,000,000[35]	War in Afghanistan	Afghanistan	1979	2000	22	Soviet–Afghan War, Taliban era. Death toll estimates through 1999 (2M) and 2000 (1.5M and 2M).
1,732,051	1,000,000	3,000,000	Nigerian Civil War	Nigeria	1966	1970	4	Ethnic cleansings of the Igbo people followed by Civil War.
1,732,051	1,000,000[36]	3,000,000[37]	Crusades	Holy Land, Europe	1095	1291	197	Christian military excursions against the Muslim Conquests.
1,549,193	800,000[38]	3,000,000[39]	Vietnam War	Southeast Asia	1955	1975	21	Cold War and First Indochina War
1,520,691	1,250,000[40]	1,850,000	Punic Wars	Mediterranean	264 BC	146 BC	118	Carthage, Roman Republic
1,414,214	1,000,000[41]	2,000,000	Second Sudanese Civil War	Sudan	1983	2005	23	First Sudanese Civil War
1,341,641	400,000[42]	4,500,000[42]	Korean War	Korean Peninsula	1950	1953	4	Categorized as part of the Cold War.
1,341,641	1,200,000	1,500,000	Warring States period	China	475 B.C.	221 B.C.	255	[43][44]
1,095,445	600,000[35]	2,000,000[35]	Soviet–Afghan War	Afghanistan	1980	1988	9	Sometimes categorized as a proxy war during the Cold War.
1,000,000	1,000,000	1,000,000	Japanese invasions of Korea	Korea	1592	1598	7	[45]
1,000,000	890,000	-	Du Wenxiu Rebellion	China	1856	1873	18
1,000,000	500,000[46]	2,000,000[46]	Mexican Revolution	Mexico, United States	1911	1920	10	Includes Pancho Villa's raids and the Columbus Raid.
948,683	900,000	1,000,000	Gallic Wars	France	58 BC	50 BC	9	Roman Empire
724,569	350,000	1,500,000	Algerian War	Algeria	1954	1962	7 Years, 4 Months, 2 Weeks, and 4 Days	[47]
707,107	500,000	1,000,000	Spanish Civil War	Spain	1936	1939	4
600,000	300,000[48]	1,200,000[49]	Paraguayan War	South America	1864	1870	7	Military history of South America, Francisco Solano López and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
585,423	272,000[50]	1,260,000[50][51][52]	War on Terror	Greater Middle East	2001	2013	12	Includes Iraq War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), and War in North-West Pakistan.
564,041	289,220	1,100,000	Iran-Iraq War	Iran-Iraq border	1980	1988	Over 8 Years	Iran claims: 123,220 KIA + 11,000 civilians Iraq claims: 105,000 KIA + 50,000 in Kurdish Genocide Others claim 600,000 Iranians killed and 500,000 Iraqis
279,285	26,000	3,000,000	Bangladesh Liberation War	East Pakistan	1971	1971	1	See Bangladeshi Genocide casualties

Genocide, ethnic cleansing, and mass ethno/religious persecution

Skulls from Rwandan genocide

Event that entail the intentional mass murder of individuals on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or race, or death caused by the forced eviction of individuals on the basis of race, religion or ethnicity.

Geom. mean estimate[1]	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
11,000,000	11,000,000	11,000,000	Nazi Ethnic Holocaust	Nazi occupied Europe	1939	1945	Nazi Holocaust against Jews, Poles, Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs and Jehovah's Witnesses.
5,143,928	4,200,000[53]	6,300,000[54][55]	Ha Shoah	Nazi occupied Europe	1941	1945	The main systematic and bureaucratic genocide against European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its puppet states.
4,601,698 4,242,641	2,711,000 2,400,000	7,811,000 7,500,000	Ukrainian Genocide Soviet famine of 1932–33	Ukraine	1932 1932	1947 1933	Ukrainian Genocide usually refers to the man made famine of 1932 through 1933 called the Holodomor in which the grain of Ukrainians were confiscated to the point where Ukrainians could not survive off the amount of grain they had and where also restricted from fleeing their villages to find food under threat of execution or deportation into a Gulag camp. The term also refers to the killing of Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Great Purge especially the Orthodox Church. The main advocate for this view was Raphael Lemkin creator of the word genocide. First death toll is famine and second death toll is combined body count of famine and executions of Ukrainians and uses data from after the opening of the soviet archives. (2.4 to 7.5 million in famine, 0.3 million during the purge and 0.011 million from Law of Spikelets.)[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]
2,770,000	2,770,000	2,770,000	Nazi Holocaust against ethnic Poles	Nazi occupied Poland	1941	1945	Genocide of Christian Poles during the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany.
2,171,381	1,386,734[64]	3,400,000[65]	Khmer Rouge Killing Fields	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	The arbitrary torture, execution, starvation and enslavement of the population Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge for the sake of achieving Agrarian socialism, and the genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.
1,777,484 1,989,284	1,239,000 1,439,000	2,550,000 2,750,000	Ottoman Empire Holocaust.	Ottoman Empire	1913	1922	A collective term to refer to the various genocides and Ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks. Death toll is the combined death tolls of the Armenian Genocide(800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide(150,000 to 300,000), and Greek Genocide(289,000 to 750,000), and other death toll is the genocides combined with the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon which some also consider part of the same genocidal policy.
1,234,190	905,000	1,595,000	Hutu and Tutsi Holocaust	Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire	1959	1997	Combined death toll of all genocides and other massacres between the Hutus and the Tutsis.
1,224,745	1,000,000	1,500,000	Population transfer in the Soviet Union	Soviet Union	1920	1951	May include casualties of decossackization.
1,224,745	500,000	3,000,000	The Ethnic Cleansing of Germans	Eastern Europe	1945	1950	Both direct and indirect deaths of ethnic German civilians and POWs during the redrawing of national borders after World War II.
1,095,445	800,000	1,500,000	Armenian Genocide / Medz Yeghern / Aghet	Ottoman Empire	1914	1918	The first genocide of the 20th century to kill over 1,000,000 people, this event was conducted by the Young Turks government of the Ottoman Empire under the administration of Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha.
1,000,000	1,000,000	1,000,000	Hakka Genocide by Qing Empire	China	Unclear but a single month between 1850 and 1867	Unclear but a single month between 1850 and 1867	After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the Qing government cracked down on the Hakka ethnic group for allying with the kingdom slaughtering 30,000 per day. The death toll of the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars is estimated to be 1,000,000 and there was also a mass execution during the Taiping Rebellion that killed 1,000,000. It is unclear whether these events refer to the Qing crackdown. If this death toll is applied to the estimated death rate, the massacre likely took place over the course of a month.[66][67][68]
829,819	628,000	1,100,000	Turkish and Kurdish massacres by the Russian Empire	Russian Empire	1914	1916	Hundreds of thousands to over a million Turkish and Kurdish civilians are alleged to have been massacred by forces loyal to the Russian Empire during World War I including half a million in Central Asia according to Arnold Toynbee and another 128 to 600 thousand perished during the Caucasus Campaign.[69][70]
816,132 +thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America (Both Americas) -------------- 47,757 +Siege of Fort Pitt victims (U.S.Only)	518,993 +thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America (Both Americas) -------------- 39,193 +Siege of Fort Pitt victims (U.S.Only)	1,283,393 +thousands to millions more in forced labor and unnumbered wars and massacres in Latin America (Both Americas) -------------- 58,193 +Siege of Fort Pitt victims (U.S.Only)	"Native American Genocide"	North and South America	1492	Any Time Past 1492	While the overall death toll of man made deaths of Native Americans(From both Americas) in unknown, a few events in which many Native Americans(From both Americas and across all centuries) perished. The combined death toll is the one used in this table. (This excludes the millions who perished from disease as it is not agreed upon whether this was planned by Europeans except for the Siege of Fort Pitt which has an unknown death toll anyway.) United States Trail of Tears-2,000 to 6,000[71][72][73][74][75] Indian Massacres-7,193[76] American Indian Wars-30,000 to 45,000[77] Overall 39,193 to 58,193 Canada Canadian Residential Schools-6,000[78] to 50,000[79] Guatemala Guatemalan Genocide-35,000[80] to 170,000[81] Mexico Caste War of Yucatán-200,000[82] + Unknown number of Apache killed for bounty Brazil Native Brazilian Genocide-235,000 to 800,000[83] Argentina Conquest of the Desert-1,300[84] Spain Encomienda-?Thousands ? Millions? Spanish colonization of the Americas-?Thousands ? Millions? Chile Selknam genocide-2,500[85] to 3,900[86]
707,107	500,000	1,000,000	The 100 Days of Rwandan genocide	Rwanda	April 7, 1994	July 15, 1994	Regarded as the most efficient genocide of the 20th century, the Rwandan genocide was the disorganized communal mass murder of Tutsis, by their rival tribe the Hutu through the Rwandan government and Hutu Power militias such as the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi.
707,107	500,000	1,000,000	French conquest of Algeria	Algeria	1827	1875	[87]
632,456	200,000	2,000,000	Genocidal Massacres of the Indian Partition	India	1947	1957	In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide between Hindus and Muslims.[88][89][90]
536,656	480,000	600,000	Dzungar genocide	Dzungar Khanate	1755	1758	The mass extermination of Dzungar mongols by the Qing dynasty under the order of the Qianlong Emperor.
465,564	289,000	750,000	Greek genocide	Ottoman Empire	1913	1922	Violent Ethnic cleansing of Greeks from their historical homeland of Anatolia.
447,214	400,000	500,000	Ethnic cleansing of Circassians	Circassia	1864	1867	Deaths from mass expulsion of Circassians after Russian conquest.
447,214	200,000[91]	1,000,000[91]	Albigensian Crusade	Languedoc, France	1209	1229	Raphael Lemkin, well known as the coiner of the term genocide, referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history".[92]
446,774 (Geometric mean of all numbers listed to the right)	26,000 [93] 50,000 [94] 100,000 [94] 200,000 [95] 269,000 [96] 300,000 [97] 500,000 [98] 1,000,000 [99] 1,247,000 +/- 3,000 [100] 1,500,000 [101] 2,000,000 [102] 2,400,000 [103]	3,000,000[104]	The Genocide of Bangladeshis in Eastern Pakistan during Operation Searchlight	East Pakistan	March 21 1971	December 16 1971	See Bangladesh Liberation War Operation Searchlight List of massacres in Bangladesh Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War
433,590	235,000	800,000	Genocide of Native Brazilians	Brazil	1900	1985	[83]
415,692	144,000[105]	1,200,000[106]	The Chinese Occupation of Tibet	Tibet	1950	ongoing	In 1960 the western-based nongovernmental International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) gave a report titled Tibet and the Chinese People's Republic to the United Nations. The report was prepared by the ICJ's Legal Inquiry Committee, composed of eleven international lawyers from around the world. This report accused the Chinese of the crime of genocide in Tibet, after nine years of full occupation, six years before the devastation of the cultural revolution began. The ICJ also documented accounts of massacres, tortures and killings, bombardment of monasteries, and extermination of whole nomad camps. Declassified Soviet archives provides data that Chinese communists, who received a great assistance in military equipment from the USSR, broadly used Soviet aircraft for bombing monasteries and other punitive operations in Tibet.[107]
390,000 rough estimate:[108]	?	?	Ethnic cleansing of Hazara by the Durrani Empire	Afghanistan	1888	1893	Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in Abdur Rahman Khan's crackdown of the Hazaras.
387,896	379,000	397,000	The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia	Independent State of Croatia	1941	1945	Genocide of Serbs, Jews, and Romani by the Ustaše including 322 to 340 thousand Serbs, 25 thousand Roma and 32 thousand Jews.[109][110]
346,410	300,000	500,000	decossackization	Former Russian Empire	1917	1933	Violent class purge, Ethnic cleansing, and mass murder of Cossacks, especially Kuban and Don Cossacks, by the Bolshevik party.
331,662	220,000	500,000	Porajmos	Nazi occupied Europe	1941	1945	The genocide of Romani by Nazi Germany and its puppet states.
273,861	150,000	500,000	Polish Genocide by the Soviet Union	Poland	1939	1946	[111]
219,943	215,000[112]	225,000	Chinese Genocide under Khmer Rouge	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	More than half of the Chinese population of Cambodia were slaughtered by the Khmer Rouge.[113]
212,132	90,000[112]	500,000[114]	Cham Genocide under Khmer Rouge	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	The genocide slaughtered over 70% of the Cham Muslim population in Cambodia according to themselves, and Cham were according to Ben Kiernan subjected to the most brutal treatment of those persecuted by the Khmer Rouge and subjected to the slaughter of 36% of their population according to Samuel Totten.
212,132	150,000	300,000	Assyrian genocide	Ottoman Empire	1914	1918	Mass murder and forced relocation of Assyrians in conjunction with the Greek and Armenian genocides.
209,762	200,000	220,000[115]	Hutu Refugee Massacres during the First Congo War	Zaire	1996	1997	During the First Congo War, Rwanda was able to destroy refugee camps, which the génocidaires had been using as their safe-bases, and forcibly repatriate Tutsi to Rwanda. During this process, Rwandan and aligned forces committed multiple atrocities, mainly against Hutu refugees. The true extent of the abuses is unknown because the AFDL and RPF carefully managed NGO and press access to areas where atrocities were thought to have occurred[116] however Amnesty International claimed as many as 200,000 Rwandese Hutu refugees were massacred by them and the Rwandan Defence Forces and aligned forces.[117] The United Nations similarly documented mass killings of civilians by Rwandan, Ugandan and the ADFL soldiers in the DRC Mapping Exercise Report.
200,000	200,000	200,000	Wu Hu and Jie Genocide	Northern China	350	351	Ancient Chinese texts record that General Ran Min ordered the extermination of the Wu Hu, especially the Jie people, during the Wei–Jie war in the fourth century AD. People with racial characteristics such as high-bridged noses and bushy beards were killed; in total, 200,000 were reportedly massacred.[118]
200,000	200,000	200,000	Cromwellian conquest of Ireland	Ireland	1649	1653	The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland.[119] The extent to which Cromwell, who was in direct command for the first year of the campaign, was responsible for the atrocities is debated to this day. Some historians[120] argue that the actions of Cromwell were within the then-accepted rules of war, or were exaggerated or distorted by later propagandists; these claims have been challenged by others.[121]
200,000	200,000	200,000	Caste War of Yucatán	Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico	1847	1901	The Caste War of Yucatán (approx. 1847–1901) against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. Adam Jones wrote: Genocidal atrocities on both sides cost up to 200,000 killed."[82]
193,649	150,000[122]	250,000[123]	Destruction of the Carthaginians	Tunisia	149 BC	146 BC	This war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and focused on Tunisia, mainly on the Siege of Carthage, which resulted in the complete destruction of the city, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence.
168,375 (Non-government estimates) --------------------- 54,772 (government estimates)	63,000 [124] 10,000(Sudan's) [125]	450,000+ [126] 300,000(U.N.'s) [127]	Darfurian Genocide	Darfur, Sudan	2003	Ongoing	The War in Darfur is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population.[128][129] The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.[130]
165,831	110,000	250,000	Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38)	Soviet Union	1937	1938	The operation from 1937-38 to eliminate the Polish minority in the Soviet Union.
154,919	80,000	300,000	Hamidian Massacres	Ottoman Empire	1894	1896	Mass murder of Armenian(and other Christian) civilians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II that foreshadowed the Armenian Genocide
135,941	60,000[131]	308,000[132]	East Timorese Genocide	East Timor	1974	1999	The civilian deaths under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, including killings, disappearances, and deaths caused by conflict-related hunger and illness[133] resulted in an enormous proportional loss of life upon the island some estimating as high as 13% up to almost a third to almost 44% of the population.[132][134][135]
134,164	60,000[136][137][138]	300,000[139]	The Volhynian Slaughter of Poles	Volhyn and Eastern Galicia	1943	1944	Genocide[140][141] of Polish civilian population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).[142][143][144][145][146]
129,615	80,000	210,000	Burundian genocide of Hutus during 1972	Burundi	1972	1972	Communal mass murder of Hutus by their rival tribe the Tutsi in Burundi.
115,039	52,000	254,500	Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire	Russian Empire	1903-06	1917-22	The massacresof Jews in the Russian Empire reached their peak in the early 20th century killings thousands in 1903 through 1906[147] and tens to hundreds of thousands in 1917 through 1922.[148]
100,000	100,000	100,000	Deportation of the Crimean Tatars	Soviet Union	1944	1945	Event is often considered an Ethnic cleansing, and the Ukraine considers the event genocide.
100,000	100,000	100,000	Rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari	Present day Peru	1780	1782	The indigenous rebellions of Túpac Amaru II and Túpac Katari against the Spanish between 1780 and 1782, cost over 100,000 colonists' lives in Peru and Upper Peru (present-day Bolivia)."[149]
95,394	50,000[150]	182,000[151]	Al-Anfal campaign	Baathist Iraq	1986	1989	The Kurdish genocide led by Ali Hassan al-Majid under the order of Saddam Hussein
86,603	50,000[152]	150,000[152]	Atrocities against Harkis after the Algerian War	Algeria	1962	1962	The Harkis were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence. French historians estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 Harkis and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture.
81,068	70,273	93,521	Aktion T4	Nazi Germany	1939	1941	A euthanasia program in Nazi Germany used to purge those deemed genetically deficient.
77,136	35,000	170,000	Guatemalan genocide	Guatemala	1960	1996	According to the Historical Clarification Commission 140,000 to 200,000 were killed or disappeared and least 42,275 were killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War of which 93% were from officially sanctioned government terror and 83% of the victims were Maya.
50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis	50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis	50,000 Hutus and tens of thousands of Tutsis	Rwandan Revolution	Burundi and Rwanda	1959	1962	[153]
73,485	27,000	200,000	1948 Massacre in Hyderabad	Hyderabad State, India	1948	1948	[154][155]
64,807	60,000	70,000	Cannibalism and Murder of Pygmy peoples during Great War of Africa	Democratic Republic of Congo	1998	2003	Pygmy peoples were murdered en masse as they were regarded as subhumans.
56,000	49,000	64,000	American Indian Wars of the United States	Now the United States	1511	1890	From the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894): "The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate..."
54,772	50,000	60,000[156][157][158]	Warsaw Uprising	Occupied Poland	5 August 1944	12 August 1944	Polish fatalities in district Wola and Ochota committed during Warsaw Uprising
50,000	50,000	50,000	Burundian genocide of Tutsis during 1993	Burundi	1993	1993	Communal mass murder of Tutsis by their rival tribe the Hutu in Burundi.
48,990	24,000	100,000	Herero genocide	German South-West Africa	1904	1907	Part of the Herero and Namaqua genocide during the Herero Wars.
44,721	20,000	100,000	Witch trials in the early modern period	Europe	1400	1800	[159]
37,444	34,764[160]	40,330[161][162]	Ethnic cleansing and Genocide from all sides of the Bosnian War	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1992	1995	All civilians killed in the Bosnian War including events such as the Srebrenica Massacre, Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, Žepa Massacre, and other atrocities. 69.8% to 82% of civilian victims of the Bosnian War were Bosniak.
31,623	10,000 [163][164]	100,000 [165][166]	Great Fire of Smyrna	Smyrna, Ottoman Empire	September 9, 1922	September 24, 1922	Fires set during attacks on Greeks and Armenians by Turkish mobs and military forces in Smyrna at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22). The violence and fires resulted in the destruction of the Greek and Armenian portions of the city and the massacre of their populations. After the attacks 30,000 Greek and Armenian men left behind were deported by Turkish forces, many of whom were subsequently killed.
28,460	3,000	270,000	Urkun	Russian Empire, Krygyzstan	1916	1916	In 1916 there was an uprising and crackdown of Krygyzstanis against and by Tsarist Russia in what is now known as the Urkun. A public commission in Kyrgyzstan called the crackdown of 1916 that killed 100,000 to 270,000 Kyrgyzstanis a genocide though Russia rejected this characterization.[167] Russian sources put the death toll at 3,000.[168]
25,495	10,000	65,000	Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam	Canara	1784	1799	The Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam (1784–1799) was a 15-year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam in the Indian region of Canara by Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore
25,000	25,000	25,000	1988 Burundian Hutu Massacre	Burundi	1988	1988	[169]
22,249	22,000	22,500+see List of massacres of Indigenous Australians	Australian frontier wars	Australia	1788	1934	War between Indigenous Australians and settlers in which about 20,000 aboriginal were massacred along with 2-2.5 thousand settlers dying in combat.
21,817	17,000	28,000	Ethnic cleansing of Georgians	Abkhazia and Georgia	1992	1993	The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia',[170][171][172][173] [174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181] also known as the "massacres of Georgians in Abkhazia"[182][183] and "genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia"[184] — refers to ethnic cleansing,[185] massacres[186] and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians.
17,429	7,594	40,000	Dersim Massacre	Dersim, Turkey	1937	1937	The Dersim massacre was a massacre of Kurdish people (Alevi Kurmanj and Zaza) by the Turkish government in the Dersim region of eastern Turkey, which includes parts of Tunceli Province, Elazığ Province, and Bingöl Province.[187][188][189][190][191][192][193] The massacre occurred after a rebellion led by Seyid Riza against the Turkification policies of the Turkish government.[194] As a result of the Turkish military campaign against the rebellion, thousands of Alevi Zazas[195] died and many others were internally displaced due to the conflict.
17,321	10,000	30,000	1966 anti-Igbo pogrom	Nigeria	May 29, 1966	October 1966	[196]
17,320	6,000[197][198]	50,000[79][199]	Canadian Indian residential school system	Canada	1876	1996	Schools aboriginal Canadians were sent to away from their parents in order to integrate them into Canadian culture that resulted in widespread physical abuse and disease.
16,349	16,349	16,349+ See List of Indian massacres	Indian Massacres	Now the United States	1511	1890	It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. However, one book, The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee presents an estimate by counting every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890). The parameters were limited to the intentional and indiscriminate murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. The results revealed that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by those of European descent, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans.[76]
12,247	1,000	150,000[200][201]	Massacres of Biharis by Bengali mobs	Bangladesh	1971	1971	Most extreme episode of the Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh
10,607	3,750[202]	30,000[203]	Gukurahundi	Zimbabwe	1983	1987	Ethnic cleansing and executions of members of the Ndebele by the Robert Mugabe's Fifth Brigade.
10,000	10,000[112]	10,000	Vietnamese Genocide by Khmer Rouge	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	100% of the Vietnamese in Cambodia were slaughtered during the genocide according to Samuel Totten.
10,000	10,000	10,000	Namaqua genocide	German South-West Africa	1904	1907	Part of the Herero and Namaqua genocide during the Herero Wars.
8,000	8,000	8,000	Thai Genocide by Khmer Rouge[112]	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	40% of Thai in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian Genocide according to Samuel Totten.
7,746	2,000	30,000	1946 Bihar riots	Bihar, British India	October 30, 1946	November 7, 1946	[204] However, By 3 November, the official estimate put the figure of death at only 445.[205]
7,071	5,000	10,000	Noakhali riots	Noakhali Region, Bengal, British India	October 1946	November 1946	The Noakhali riots, also known as the Noakhali genocide or the Noakhali Carnage, were a series of massacres, rapes, abductions and forced conversions of Hindus and looting and arson of Hindu properties, perpetrated by the Muslim community in the districts of Noakhali in the Chittagong Division of Bengal in October–November 1946, a year before India's independence from British rule. It affected the areas under the Ramganj, Begumganj, Raipur, Lakshmipur, Chhagalnaiya and Sandwip police stations in Noakhali district and the areas under the Hajiganj, Faridganj, Chandpur, Laksham and Chauddagram police stations in Tipperah district, a total area of more than 2,000 square miles.
6,775	1,020	45,000	Algerian Massacres by the French	Algeria	1945	1945	[206]
6,708 878	3,000 878	15,000 878	Tasmanian Extinction Black War	Australia	1803 Mid 1820s	1905 1832	After the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith there were no non-mixed raced Tasmanians left in the world.
6,325	2,000	20,000	Zanzibar Revolution	Zanzibar	1964	1964	Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the Zanzibar Revolution
5,640	5,590	5,690+	1964 East Pakistan riots	East Pakistan	January 1964	January 1964	Khulna 200-300[207] Dhaka 1,000[208] Narayanganj 3,500[209] Bhulta 267[210] Golkandli 623 Almost 100% of Hindu population of Mainam ? 100s or 1000s more?
5,477	5,000[211]	6,000[212][213]	Simele massacre	Simele, Kingdom of Iraq	August 7, 1933	August 11, 1933	The Simele massacre inspired Raphael Lemkin to create the concept of genocide.[214]
5,000	5,000[215]	5,000+	Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL	Sinjar, Iraq and Syria	2014	ongoing	Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Yazidis by ISIL
4,818 + 3?	4,803 + 3?	4,833 + 3?	1950 Barisal Riots	East Bengal	February 1950	March 1950	Kalshira? 70-100 Nachole 215 Dhaka 2,500 Barisal Chittagong ? Sylhet ? Rajshahi 17 Mymensingh 2,000 Jessore 1
4,733	2,800	8,000	1984 Sikh Massacre	India	October 31, 1984	November 3, 1984	A series of pogroms against sikhs primarily done by members of the Indian National Congress party due to the assassination of the prime minister.
4,681	2,191	10,000	Nellie massacre	Assam, India	Six hours on February 18, 1983	Six hours on February 18, 1983	[216]
4,000	4,000	4,000	Laotian Genocide by Khmer Rouge[112]	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	40% of Laotians in Cambodia were killed during the Cambodian Genocide according to Samuel Totten.
4,000	4,000	4,000	Direct Action Day	India	August 16, 1946	August 18, 1946	Direct Action Day (16 August 1946), also known as the Great Calcutta Killings, was a day of widespread riot and manslaughter between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) in the Bengal province of British India.
3,873	3,000	5,000	1804 Haiti massacre	Haiti	Early February 1804	April 22, 1804	[217]
3,464	2,000	6,000	Trail of Tears	United States	1830	1850	The forced relocation of various Native American tribes under the order of Andrew Jackson.
3,122	2,500[85]	3,900[86]	Selknam genocide	Tierra del Fuego, Chile	Late 1800s	Early 1900s	Genocide of Selknam Native Chilean tribe.
2,580	547	12,166	Parsley Massacre	Dominican Republic	October 2, 1937	October 8, 1937	Genocidal massacre of people who say perejil(Spanish for parsely) in a French accent in order to determine if they're Afro-Haitian or Afro-Dominican.
1,763	1,044	2,977[218]	2002 Gujarat riots	Gujarat, India	February 2002	March 2002	Minimum death toll inlcludes 790 Muslim death toll. Both death tolls include 254 Hindu deaths and maximum death toll includes 223 presumed mixing as dead and 2,500 Muslim higher death toll.
1,700	1,700[219]	1,700+	Genocide of Shias by ISIL	Iraq, Syria	2014	ongoing	Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Shiass by ISIL
1,300	1,300	1,300	Conquest of the Desert	Argentina	Mid 1870s	1884	The Conquest of the Desert was a military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, then inhabited by indigenous peoples, killing more than 1,300.[220]
1,000	1,000[221]	1,000+	Genocide of Christians by ISIL	Iraq, Syria, and Libya	2014	ongoing	Ethnic cleansing, execution, forced conversion, rape, and enslavement of Christianss by ISIL
?	?	?	Biological Warfare at the Siege of Fortt Pitt	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania	1763	1763	The death toll resulting from the event is unknown but here are some statistics that may allow for some extrapolations: The Fort Pit outbreak hit the Lenni Lenape and Shawnee.[222] The population of these two groups in 2008 were 16,000 and 14,000 respectively.[223][224] The US's population in 2008 was likely about 305 million as it was 281,421,906 in 2000 and grew by 1.9 million each year afterwards, meaning the two tribes were likely about one ten thousandth of the population. The population of the aforementioned tribes is unknown but the non-native population of the United States in 1760 was 1,593,625 and in 1770 was 2,148,076,.[225] Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860, but in 2010 Native Americans made up about 0.7% of the U.S. population.[226][227] The native populations grow at slower rates then non-native and sometimes even decreased. The mortality rates of disease on indigenous people can be as high as 90%.[228] There is also widespread intermarriage between the natives and non-natives.

Political purges and repressions (politicides)

Partial view of a plaque with photos of victims of the Great Purge who were shot in the Butovo firing range near Moscow. The photos were taken after the arrest of each victim.

This section includes events that entail the mass killings of political opposition(Such as those of certain ideology, class or just someone protesting the government.) in what are sometimes called "Red" or "White" Terrors depending on who's committing them and the type of opposition they target(Red=Communist, White=Anti-Communist/Nationalist). Another term used to refer to these types of killing is politicide. This list is incomplete please help by adding to it. see also Red Terror (disambiguation), White Terror, and Politicide.

Geom. mean estimate[1]	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
4,732,864	800,000	28,000,000	Landlord Classicide under Mao Zedong	People's Republic of China	1946	1949	[229] Millions of landlords were murdered during land reforms before the formation of the People's Republic of China because they were seen as class enemies. See Struggle session
2,000,000	400,000[230]	10,000,000[231]	The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution	People's Republic of China	1966	1976	The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve 'true' Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. See Struggle session
1,325,000	1,325,000	1,325,000	Cambodian Autogenocide	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	[112] Some have referred to the mass killing of ethnic Khmer people under the Khmer Rouge as a genocide despite the fact the mass killings were committed by fellow Khmer and the Khmer were killed less in proportion to their population, according to Samuel Totten, then other victims of the Khmer Rouge making it more of a politicide. These killings have been described as autogenocide or civil genocide. The death toll used here is the combined death of rural and urban Khmer according to Samuel Totten. Note this is not the total number of people killed in the Cambodian genocide just the number of ethnic Khmers killed.
1,193,315	712,000[232]	2,000,000[233]	Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in China	People's Republic of China	1950	1951	The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (Chinese: 镇压反革命; pinyin: zhènyā fǎn gémìng; literally: "suppressing counterrevolutionaries" or abbreviated as Chinese: 鎮反; pinyin: zhènfǎn) was the first political campaign launched by the People's Republic of China designed to eradicate opposition elements, especially former Kuomintang (KMT) functionaries accused of trying undermine the new Communist government.[232]
1,077,850	681,692[234]	1,704,230[235]	Great Purge in the Soviet Union	Soviet Union	1936	1938	The Great Purge or Great Terror was a period of intense political repression in the Soviet Union including execution(especially through open air shootings) and forced labor through the Gulag system.
485,283	78,500[236]	3,000,000[237]	1965 & 66 Indonesian Politicide	Indonesia	1965	1966	Massacres of people connected to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) were carried out in 1965 and 1966. Death tolls are difficult to estimate.[238]
300,000	300,000	300,000[239]	White Terror (Russia)	Former Russian Empire	1917	1923	White movement equivalent to the Red Terror.
192,277	92,462[240]	400,000[241]	White Terror (Spain) (la Represión Franquista)	Spain during and after the Spanish Civil War	1936	1945	In Spain, the White Terror (also known as la Represión Franquista, the "Francoist Repression") was the series of acts of politically motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1 October 1936 – 20 November 1975)[242]
150,000	30,000	750,000[243]	Ethiopian Politicide	People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	1977	1978	Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in Ethiopia. Death Toll Sources:[244][245][246][247][248]
141,421	100,000[249]	200,000[250]	Bodo League Massacre	Korea	Summer 1950	Summer 1950	Massacre of communist and suspected communist during the Korean War.
126,491	80,000[251]	200,000[251]	Holocaust of the Freemasons	Nazi occupied territory	1933	1945	The Nazis targeted Freemasons for their killings as they saw them as collaborators in a Jewish Conspiracy. See Suppression of Freemasonry
122,474	10,000[252]	1,500,000[253]	Red Terror during the Russian Civil War	Former Russian Empire during Russian Civil War	1918	1922	Political repression by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.
67,082	25,000	180,000	1991 uprising in Iraq	Iraq	March the 1st, 1991	April the 5th, 1991	The death toll of the uprising against Saddam Hussein's government during 1991 was high throughout the country. The rebels killed many Ba'athist officials and officers. In response, thousands of unarmed civilians were killed by indiscriminate fire from loyalist tanks, artillery and helicopters, and many historical and religious structures in the south were deliberately targeted under orders from Saddam Hussein. Saddam's security forces entered the cities, often using women and children as human shields, where they detained and summarily executed or "disappeared" thousands of people at random in a policy of collective responsibility. Many suspects were tortured, raped, or burned alive.[254]
63,246	50,000	80,000[255]	Operation Condor	South America	1975	1983	A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States
52,432	38,000[256]	72,344[257]	Spanish Communist Politicide	Spain during the Spanish Civil War	1936	1939	The Red Terror in Spain (Spanish: Terror Rojo)[258] is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War "by sections of nearly all the leftist groups".[259]
51,962	13,500[260]	200,000[261]	North Vietnamese Land Reform	North Vietnam	1954	1956	Some view the land reforms as a class purge.
25,923	16,000	42,000	The Reign of Terror	France during the French Revolution	1793	1794	The Reign of Terror, was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and The Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution".
20,000	10,000	40,000	1982 Hama Massacre	Hama, Syria	February 2, 1982	February the 28th 1982	The Hama massacre (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982, when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under the orders of the country's president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against al-Assad's government
20,000	10,000	40,000[262]	1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre	El Salvador	January 22, 1932	July 11, 1932	Many of the victims were Indigenous people
17,320	10,000	30,000	February 28 Incident	Taiwan	1947	1947	Crackdown by the Kuomintang government that ushered in the White Terror (Taiwan) era.
16,432	9,000[263]	30,000[264]	Dirty War	Argentina	1976	1983	At least 9,000 people were tortured and killed in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, carried out primarily by the Argentinean military Junta (part of Operation Condor).
11,650	11,650	11,650	Red and White Terrors of the Finnish Civil War	Finland	1918	1918	Both sides of the Finnish Civil War used Terrors where 10,000 were killed in the White Terror and 1,650 were killed in the Red Terror.[265]
11,596	4,482	30,000	1988 Iranian P.O.C. Massacre	Iran	1988	1988 (5 months after starting of executions.)	[266][267][268] Massacre of Prisoners of Conscious (P.O.C.s) in Iran.
3,464	3,000	4,000	White Terror (Taiwan)	Taiwan	1949	1987	An era of martial law in Taiwan in which 140,000 where imprisoned and 3,000 to 4,000 were executed for real or perceived opposition to the Kuomintang
1,960	1,200	3,200	Chilean Politicide	Chile	1974	1990	1,200 to 3,200 alleged communist were executed, 80,000 were forcibly interned and 30,000 were tortured under the reign of Augusto Pinochet.[269][270][271]
850	241	3,000	Massacre of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989	Tiananmen Square, People's Republic of China	1989	1989	Crackdown of anti-government protest in the People's Republic of China.

Forced labor, slavery, internment/extermination camps, and slave trades

A 19th-century European engraving of Arab slave-trading caravan transporting African slaves across the Sahara during Arab slave trade.

Includes deaths caused by the poor labor conditions of the systems, executions for not performing the labor satisfactorily, and killing from trying to accumulate the work force.

Geom. mean estimate[1]	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
32,863,353	22,500,000	48,000,000	Maafa	Middle East, North Africa, the Congo and the Horn of Africa	650s	1900s	The summation of all those killed in Slave Trades and forced labour systems under both Europeans and Arab: 5.5 to 15 million Atlantic Trade 14 to 20 million Arab Trade 3 to 13 million Congo Holocaust under Leopold II
20,124,610	15,000,000[272]	27,000,000	Laogai "reform through labor" System	People's Republic of China	1945	1976	Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), which once took up more than half of the world's slaves. Laogai is different from laojiao, or re-education through labor, which was an administrative detention for a person who was not a criminal but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to reform offenders into law-abiding citizens.[273] Persons detained under laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from the general prison system of laogai. Both systems, however, involved penal labor.
16,733,201	14,000,000	20,000,000	Slave Trade of Africans by Arabs	Middle East, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa	650s	1900s	[274][275]
10,868,533	10,500,000[276][277]	11,250,000	European enslavement under the Ottoman Turks	Southern Europe, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Grand Duchy of Moscow	1450	1800	Slave raids carried out by Muslims from Ottoman Empire on European nations. There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the Barbary Slave Trade. The method many people use such as Matthew White is to estimate the mortality rate of slave raids and multiply them by the number people took as slaves. White estimates 3 people were killed for every 1 slave abducted. (Includes Barbary Slave Trade)
9,082,951	5,500,000	15,000,000	Atlantic Slave Trade	Africa, the Americas, and across the Atlantic	1600s	1800s	[278] The transatlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and as yet still unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside America.
6,244,998	3,000,000[lower-alpha 2]	13,000,000[280]	Congolese Holocaust	Congo Free State	1885	1908	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[281] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[282]
1,702,101	1,053,829	2,749,163[283]	Gulag Labor System	Soviet Union	1930s	1950s	Gulag is an acronym for the organization that administered the forced labor system in the Soviet Union that became a colloquialism in the west for the camps themselves. The system was used to punish genuine criminals, political dissidents, and prisoners of war.
1,500,000	1,500,000	1,500,000	Forced Labor in North Korea	North Korea	1972	ongoing	[284]
1,095,445	800,000	1,500,000	Auschwitz-Birkenau	Oświęcim, Poland	1940	1945	[285][286]
836,660	700,000	1,000,000	Treblinka	Treblinka, Poland	1942	1943	[287][288]
590,419	173,000	2,015,000	Peonage and Chattel Slavery In Mexico	Mexico	1900	1920	R.J. Rummel coiner of the word "Democide" estimated the mortality rate for Mexican Peonage a form of debt labor by comparing it to similar forced labor systems such as the Soviet Gulag, and then applying and reducing it accordingly to the population of Mexico at the time coming up with an annual death rate of 69,000.
536,656	480,000	600,000	Bełżec	Bełżec, Poland	1942	1943	[289][290][291]
467,654	270,000	810,000	Forced Labor of Koreans by Imperial Japan	Korea and Manchuria	1939	1945	[292]
400,000 13,000,000(Alleged population decline by Andre Gide's Politics : Rebellion and Ambivalence)	200,000 13,000,000(Alleged population decline by Andre Gide's Politics : Rebellion and Ambivalence)	800,000 13,000,000(Alleged population decline by Andre Gide's Politics : Rebellion and Ambivalence)	French Colonial Slavery	French colonial empire	1900	1940	[293]
325,000	325,000	325,000	Portuguese Forced Labor	Portuguese Empire	1900	1925	[294]
264,575	100,000	700,000	Jasenovac	Croatia	1941	1945	[295][296][297]
254,951	130,000	500,000	Kolyma Gulag	Kolyma, Soviet Union	1932	1954	[298]
250,000+	250,000+	250,000+	Amazonian Rubber Slavery	Amazon, Brazil	1900	1912	[299]
102,621	102,621[300]	102,621[300]	Construction of Burma Railway	Burma	1943	1947	Forced labour was used in the construction of the Burma Railway. More than 180,000—possibly many more—Southeast Asian civilian labourers (Romusha) and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, estimates of Romusha deaths are little more than guesses, but probably about 90,000 died. 12,621 Allied POWs died during the construction. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans.[300]
85,000	85,000	85,000	Stutthof	Stutthof, Third Reich	1939	1945	Second World War
67,082	30,000	120,000	Construction of the Suez Canal	Egypt, and Sudan	1859	1868	French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, in 1854–56, to build the Suez Canal. Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000,[301] but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition, fatigue and disease, especially cholera.[302]
35,000	35,000	35,000	Forced Labor of Allied POWs	In and around the Pacific	1939	1945	According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied POWs died while interned in Japanese prison camps where they were forced to work (U.S. POWs died at a rate of 27%).[303][304]
32,249	26,000	40,000	Concentration Camps during the Second Boer War	South African Republic	1900	1902	116,000 Boer women and children; 26,370 died. 115,000 black people 15,000 died Second Boer War [305] 81% of the total fatalities in the camps were children Emily Hobhouse
30,972	12,790	75,000	Stara Gradiška	Croatia	1941	1945	Primarily for women and children[306][307]
17,000	17,000	17,000	Tuol Sleng	Phnom Penh, Cambodia	1975	1979	[308]
13,171	13,171	13,171	Camp Sumter	Andersonville, Georgia, USA	1864	1865	[309]
12,000	12,000	12,000	Crveni Krst	Niš, Serbia	1941	1941	[310]
2,963	2,963	2,963	Tammisaari Prison Camp	Tammisaari, Finland	1918	1918
2,963	2,963	2,963	Elmira Prison	Elmira, New York, USA	1864	1865	[311]
2,032	1,032	4,000[312]	Shark Island Concentration Camp	Luderitz, German South-West Africa	1905	1907	Minimum death toll is out of a camp population of 1,795 people and maximum is out of those in the Maximum includes those who died in the Luderitz area.
1,342	1,200	1,800	World Cup Migrant Labor Deaths	Qatar	2013	ongoing	[313] Out of 100,000 laborers.

War Crimes and Ancient War Atrocities

The corpses of Nanking Massacre victims on the shore of the Qinhuai River with a Japanese soldier standing nearby

Massacre and unnatural death committed or caused by military, communal, terrorist, insurgent forces, or political entity that may or may not particularly target ethnic, religious, or political group but usually are part of either a morally bankrupt military strategy or is just an arbitrary act of sadism. Also try to only include events in which the majority of victims were civilians or is often referred to as an atrocity by significant mainstream scholarship.

Geom. mean estimate[1]	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
29,074,054	29,000,000	30,500,000	All atrocities against civilians during World War II (Holocaust, Japanese War Crimes, Soviet Oppression such as Gulags and Population transfer in the Soviet Union, and Terror bombing)	Worldwide	1939	1945	See World War II casualties
6,480,741	3,000,000[314]	14,000,000[315]	Asian Holocaust (By Japan)	In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific	1895	1945	Japanese war crimes occurred in many Asian and Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. These incidents have also been described as an Asian Holocaust[316] and Japanese war atrocities.[317][318][319] Some war crimes were committed by military personnel from the Empire of Japan in the late 19th century, although most took place during the first part of the Shōwa Era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the surrender of the Empire of Japan, in 1945.
2,700,000	2,700,000	2,700,000	Three Alls Policy	China during World War II	1940	1942	In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy(A scorched earth policy implemented by the Imperial Japanese Army on China.), sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito himself, was both directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of "more than 2.7 million" Chinese civilians.
2,509,980	1,800,000	3,500,000[320]	Chinese Civil War Atrocities against civilians from forced conscription and massacres	China	1927-1936	1946-1950	During the war both the Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides.[321]
2,108,577	1,923,599	2,311,343	Korean War Atrocities against civilians	Korean Peninsula	1950	1953	Death toll includes North Korea civilian casualties and it is made unclear whether these discern from killings, injuries, or abductions unlike the south. Maximum death toll counts the abducted and missing casualties as presumed dead. Tens to a few hundred thousand civilian casualties of South Korea may have been caused by the government's own purges and perhaps most of North Korea's were the result of North Korea's own government sanctioned terror.
2,000,000	2,000,000	2,000,000	First and Second Sudanese War Atrocities against Civilians	Sudan	1956-1972	1983-2005	[322]
1,303,840	850,000	2,000,000	Afghan Politicide	Afghanistan	1979	1989	Some refer to the mass murder of civilians during the Soviet Invasion as a genocide, however those killed were on the basis of political alignment making it a politicide. Death Toll Sources: [323][324]
1,000,000	1,000,000	1,000,000[325]	Yellow Tiger Massacre	Sichuan, China	1644	1646	Bloody peasant revolt that massacred a large portion of Sichuan's population.
910,000	910,000	910,000	Warlord Era China	China	1900	1927	[326]
632,456	200,000[327]	2,000,000[328]	Mongol Destruction of Baghdad	Baghdad	January 29, 1258	February 10, 1258	Mass slaughter of civilians by the Mongols in Baghdad. Considered to be the end of the "Islamic Golden Age."
500,000	500,000	500,000	Angolan Civil War Atrocities against civilians	Angola	1975	2002	The 27-year war can be divided roughly into three periods of major fighting – from 1975 to 1991, 1992 to 1994, and from 1998 to 2002 – broken up by fragile periods of peace. By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced. The war devastated Angola's infrastructure, and severely damaged the nation's public administration, economic enterprises, and religious institutions.
481,664	400,000[329]	580,000[330]	Biological Warfare and Human Experimentation by the Imperial Japanese Army	Parts of Russia and China especially Manchuria	1931	1945	See Unit 731 and the Asian Holocaust
244,949	200,000[331]	300,000[331]	La Violencia	Colombia	1948	1958	La Violencia (Spanish pronunciation: [la βjoˈlensja], The Violence) was a ten-year period of civil war and violence in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the rural countryside. Death toll may include non-civilian victims
223,607	200,000	250,000	Philippine-American War atrocities against civilians	Philippines	1899	1902 (1913 Moro Rebellion)	[332][333][334][lower-roman 1]
223,607	100,000	500,000	Manila Massacre	Manila, Philippines	1945	1945	[335][336][337][338]
205,670	150,000	282,000	Iran-Iraq War Atrocities against civilians.	Iran and Iraq	1980	1988	100,000[339] civilians killed on both sides plus 50 to 182 killed in Kurdish Genocide.
177,307	177,307	177,307	Colombian conflict atrocities against civilians	Colombia	1964	ongoing	[340]
170,461	155,923	186,355	Iraq War Atrocities against civilians	Iraq	2003	2011	Numbers come from Iraq Body Count Project[341][342]
158,114	100,000[343][344]	250,000[345][346]	War in the Vendée	France during the French Revolution	1793	1796	Described as genocide by some historians[344] but this claim has been widely discounted.[347] See also French Revolution.
155,119	106,000	227,000	Viet Cong Atrocities	Vietnam	1955	1975	[348]
151,186	125,000[349]	182,857+[350]	Islamist Terrorism since 9/11	worldwide	2001	ongoing	Death toll depends on how Terrorist attack is defined.
136,931	75,000	250,000	First and Second Chechen Wars Atrocities against civilians	Chechnya	1994-1996	1999-2009	[351][352][353][354] [355][356]
127,232	57,000	284,000	Atrocities caused by South Vietnam during Diem era and Vietnam War	Vietnam	1954	1975	[357]
100,000	100,000	100,000	Crimes of the Lord's Resistance Army	Uganda, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo	1986	2009	Looking back at the LRA's(a rebel group and heterodox Christian cult which operates in northern Uganda, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.) campaign of violence, The Guardian stated in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 people and the kidnapping of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed include raping young girls and abducting them for use as sex slaves.
100,000	100,000	100,000	Crimes of the National Islamic Front	Sudan	1964	1999	Alleged human rights abuses by the NIF regime included war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, and an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing into Uganda, Kenya, Eritrea, Egypt, Europe and North America.[358]
100,000+	100,000+[359]	100,000+[360]	West Papua Atrocities	West Papua	1963	Ongoing	Since Indonesia has taken control of West Papua in 1963 they've been accused the population of West Papua has had over 100,000 unnatural deaths. The administration of West Papua has been called a police state.
87,899	81,426	94,886+	Ongoing Syrian Civil War Atrocities against civilians	Syria	2011	ongoing	See List of massacres during the Syrian Civil War
68,556+	47,000[361]	100,000+[362]	Kashmir Conflict	Jammu and Kashmir, India	1947	ongoing	See Human Rights Abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir Death toll may include non-civilian victims
72,111 (All Victims) 22,361 (Civilian massacre victims)	13,000[363] (All Victims) 5,000[363] (Civilian massacre victims)	400,000[364] (All Victims) 100,000[365] (Civilian massacre victims)	The Rape of Nan(j/k)ing	Nanking, China	1937	1938	The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937. See Death toll of the Nanking Massacre
400,000[364] (All Victims) ---------------- 100,000[365] (Civilians massacre victims)	The Rapes of Nanjing	Nanking, China	1937	1938	See Death toll of the Nanking Massacre The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was a war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on 13 December 1937.
68,784	61,007[366]	77,552	Internal conflict in Peru	Peru	1980	2000	Internal conflict between the Peruvian Army and guerrilla fighters in Peru. The principal actors in the war were the Communist Party of Peru or "Shining Path" and the government of Peru; the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was also involved. All of the armed actors in the war (both terrorists and the Peruvian Army) deliberately targeted and killed civilians, making the conflict more bloody than any other war in Peruvian history since the European colonization of the country. Death toll may include non-civilian victims
24,495 to 70,711	15,000 to 20,000[367]	40,000 to 250,000[368]	Sheikh Said rebellion	Turkey	1925	1925	Sheikh Said Rebellion (Kurdish:Serhildana Şêx Seîdê Pîran, Turkish: Şeyh Said İsyanı, was a rebellion to revive the Islamic Caliphate System and used elements of Kurdish nationalism to recruit.[369] It was led by Sheikh Said and a group of former Ottoman soldiers also known as Hamidiye soldiers. The rebellion was particularly of two Kurdish groups, the Zaza people and the speakers of the related Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish: it "was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions".[370]
26,270	26,270	26,270	Amero-Afghan War Atocities against civilians	Afghanistan	2001	2014	[371]
18,800	18,800	18,800+	Crimes of ISIL	Iraq, Syria, sporadic terrorism worldwide	2011	ongoing	Death toll from ISIL listed is only over the course of 2 years and occurred only in Iraq so death toll is certainly higher.[372]
16,733	7,000[373]	40,000[374]	War Crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War	Sri Lanka	2009	2009	There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers) during the Sri Lankan Civil War, particularly during the final months of the Eelam War IV phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.[375][376] See Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War
15,000	15,000	15,000[377]	First Sack of Thessalonica	Byzantine Empire	904	904	The sack of the second city of the Byzantine Empire by a Muslim fleet under the command of Leo of Tripoli. In addition to the thousands killed the Saracen fleet also took 20,000 Greek slaves.
10,392	6,000	18,000	Child Soldierhood of Iran	Iran	1980	1988	3% of 2 to 6 hundred thousand casualties.[378][379][380][381][382][383][182][384][385][386]
10,000	10,000	10,000	Algerian Civil War Massacres	Algeria	1991	2002	[387][388]
7,628	7,628	7,628+	Balochistan conflict atrocities against civilians	Balochistan, Pakistan	1937-1977, 2004-2009	ongoing	[389][390][391]
5,477	5,000	6,000	Civilians killed by US Soldiers in Vietnam War	Vietnam	1955	1975	[357] [392]
3,800	3,800	3,800+	Civilians killed in Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War	Syria	September 2015	ongoing	See Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=51553
2,977	2,977	2,977	9/11 Terrorist Attacks	United States	9/11/2001	9/11/2001	[393]
2,000	2,000	2,000	Civilians killed in War in Donbass	Donbass, Ukraine	2014	ongoing	[394]
1,269	460[395]	3,500[396]	Sabra and Shatila massacre	West Beirut, Lebanon	September 16, 1982	September 18, 1982	Massacre of a Palestinian refugee camp by Lebanese Christians.
365+	138[397]	965[398] +/- hundreds more[399]	Civilian casualties from US drone strikes	Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen	2006	ongoing

List of dictatorships by death toll

And regime/empires, etc.

Infamous African dictator Idi Amin

Geom. mean estimate[1]	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
45,825,757	21,000,000[400]	100,000,000[401]	Red Holocaust	worldwide	1918 (Beginning with the Red Terror in Russia)	ongoing (North Korea)	The combined death toll of all communist regimes.
47,263,517	31,912,000	70,000,000[402]	Mao Zedong Catastrophes	People's Republic of China	1946	1976	Critics of Mao Zedong have argued Mao's China saw unprecedented losses of human life through inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, and class extermination through land reform. Minimum death toll is the minimum estimate of famine dead(15 million)[403] plus minimum estimate of land reform dead(0.8 million)[404] plus minimum estimate for Counterrevolutionaries dead(712 thousand)[232] plus minimum estimate for Cultural Revolution dead(400 thousand)[230] plus minimum estimate for Laogai dead(15 million).[272]
20,736,441	10,000,000	43,000,000[405][406]	Stalinist Crimes against humanity and genocide(s)	Soviet Union	1922	1953	The millions murdered by the regime of Joseph Stalin by famine, purges, labor camps, population transfer, deportations, and NKVD massacres. The minimum death toll(to the left) uses the minimum post-archive calculations from after the fall of the USSR of those not killed in famine which range from 4 to 10 million.,[407][408][409] plus the minimum of those killed in famine which range from 6 to 8 million. Robert Conquest writer of the book The Great Terror started with the estimate with 30 million, a few years later putting it down to 20 million[410] and in his latest revision sais no less than 15 million perished.[411] Estimates before the release of the archives put those killed by Stalin as "low" as 3 million and as high as 60 million.[411]
13,674,790	11,000,000	17,000,000	Nazi Holocaust	Nazi occupied Europe	1939	1945	Nazi Holocaust against Jews, Poles, Gypsies, Serbs, East Slavs, the disabled, homosexuals, Freemasons, POWs and Jehovah's Witnesses.+Soviet Famine
10,511,124	5,965,000	18,522,000	Conscription Killings and Man-made famine from the Chinese Nationalist Government	China	1928	1946	[412]
9,317,081	3,000,000	28,936,000	Japanese War Holocaust	In and around East and South East Asia, Oceania and the Pacific	1895	1945	Mass Killings 3,000,000 to 14,000,000[314][315] Famine and disease 8,136,000 to 14,936,000 See World War II casualties (May be overlap) Minimum is minimum mass killings estimate and maximum is maximum mass killings estimate plus maximum famine and disease estimate.
6,244,998	3,000,000[lower-alpha 3]	13,000,000[280]	Congolese Holocaust	Congo Free State	1885	1908	Private forces under the control of Leopold II of Belgium carried out mass murders, mutilations, and other crimes against the Congolese in order to encourage the gathering of valuable raw materials, principally rubber. Significant deaths also occurred due to major disease outbreaks and starvation, caused by population displacement and poor treatment.[281] Estimates of the death toll vary considerably because of the lack of a formal census before 1924, but a commonly cited figure of 10 million deaths was obtained by estimating a 50% decline in the total population during the Congo Free State and applying it to the total population of 10 million in 1924.[282]
2,171,381	1,386,734[64]	3,400,000[65]	Khmer Rouge Killing Fields	Democratic Kampuchea	1975	1979	The arbitrary torture, execution, starvation and enslavement of the population Cambodia under the rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge for the sake of achieving Agrarian socialism, and the genocide of religious and ethnic minorities by the Khmer Rouge. Minimum death toll is the number of corpses found in the Killing Fields.
1,989,284	1,439,000	2,750,000	Young Turk's Ottoman Holocaust.	Ottoman Empire	1913	1922	A collective term to refer to the various genocides and Ethnic cleansings the Ottoman Empire committed under the administration of the Young Turks. Death toll is the combined death tolls of the Armenian Genocide(800,000 to 1,500,000), Assyrian Genocide(150,000 to 300,000), and Greek Genocide(289,000 to 750,000), and combined with the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon(200,000).
1,576,388	710,000	3,500,000	North Korean Crimes against humanity (and possibly genocide)	North Korea	1948	ongoing	[413] North Korea continues to be one of the most repressive governments in the world with the world's lowest human rights record. Over 200,000 people are interned in concentrations camps for either being political dissidents or being related to political dissidents where they are subject to slavery, torture, starvation, shootings, gassing, and human experimentation.
906,658+	240,500	3,418,000+	Crimes against humanity and genocide(s) under Suharto's Revolution and New Order	Indonesia	1965	1998	65/66 Politicide- 78,500 to 3,000,000 Communists East Timor Atrocities-60,000 to 308,000 East Timorese West Papua Atrocities-100,000 Papuans Petrus Killings-2,000 to 10,000 "Suspected Criminals"
867,468	430,000	1,750,000	Crimes against humanity of Mengistu Haile Mariam	Ethiopia	1977	1987	Manmade Famine- 400,000 to 1,000,000 Politicide-30,000 to 750,000
700,000	700,000[414]	700,000	Crimes of the FRELIMO	Communist Mozambique	1975	1999	See also Mozambican Civil War
481,756	214,500	1,082,000	Crimes of Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong	Vietnam	1954	2000	95,000 Reeducation camps[415] 13,500[260]-200,000[261] Land Reform 106 to 227 Thousand[415] War Crimes 200 to 560 Thousand[415][416] Boat People Minimum death toll is the combined minimum estimates for War Crimes, Reeducation camps, and Land Reform while maximum death toll is the combination of the maximum estimated death toll of Land Reform, War Crimes, Reeducation camps and Boat People which may or may not be attributable to the regime and its controllers depending on your perspective.
429,189	211,000	873,000	Saddam Hussein's Crimes against humanity and genocide(s)	Baathist Iraq	1979	2003	1991 Repression Massacre- 25 to 280 Thousand[417] Al-Anfal Genocide of Kurds- 50 to 182 Thousand[150][151] Iran-Iraq War Atrocities 100 Thousand[418] Post-1991 Uprising Refugee crisis of March and early April (a 36-day period) killed 1,000 per day or 36,000 people.[419] Only 20,000 Marsh Arabs were left in the region after the draining (out of half a million), though it is unknown whether this was caused by famine or migration, except for the 80 to 120 thousand who fled to Iran [420][421] And the 125,000 to 150,000 that remain in Iraq. Minimum estimate is the minimum estimate of civilians killed by Saddam during Iran-Iraq War, Uprising and genocide of Kurds combined, while maximum is the maximum of the aforementioned combined with the maximum demographic decline of Mesopotamian Marshes.
223,607	100,000	500,000	Personal Dictatorship of Idi Amin	Uganda	1971	1979	Idi Amin's rule of Uganda saw excessive and egregious human rights abuses toward ethnic minorities and political opposition earning him the nickname by critics "The Butcher of Uganda."
161,555	60,000[422]	435,000[414]	Communist Repression of Romania	Romania	1945	1964	Does not take into account the Romanian orphans who perished under Nicolae Ceaușescu's policies
109,545	60,000	200,000	Tsardom of Ivan the Terrible	Russian Empire	1533	1584	[423]
83,666	70,000[414]	100,000[422]	Communist Repression of East Germany	East Germany	1945	1989	Political repression in the Iron Curtain
81,240	31,000[424][425]	220,000[414]	Communist Repression of Bulgaria	Bulgaria	1944	1989	Collecitization and political repression in Bulgaria
65,000	65,000	65,000	Communist Repression of Czechoslovakia	Czechoslovakia	1948	1968-	[414]
63,246	50,000	80,000	Personal Dictatorship of Francisco Macías Nguema	Equatorial Guinea	1968	1979	Macías Nguema is regarded as one of the most kleptocratic, corrupt, and dictatorial leaders in post-colonial African history. Depending on the source, he was responsible for the deaths of anywhere from 50,000 to 80,000 of the 300,000 to 400,000 people living in the country at the time.
50,000	50,000	50,000	Personal Dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo	Dominican Republic	1930	1938	[426][427][428]
42,426	30,000	60,000	Dictatorship of François Duvalier	Haiti	1957	1971	Duvalier's rule based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the Tonton Macoute, and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians and the exile of many more.
40,000	40,000	40,000	Personal Dictatorship of Hissène Habré	Chad	1982	1990	In May 2016 Hissène Habré was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison. He is the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation.[429]
29,219	9,240[430]	92,400[430]	Communist Repression of Cuba	Cuba	1976	ongoing	Human rights in Cuba are under the scrutiny of Human Rights Watch, who accuse the Cuban government of systematic human rights abuses, including arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial execution.[431][432][433]
22,000	22,000	22,000	Communist Repression of Poland	Communist Poland	1945	1989	[414]
13,748	7,000	27,000[414]	Communist Repression of Hungary	Hungary	1948	1956	Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in concentration camps, and only counts the 5,000 alleged spies and 2,000 party members executed, noting that 5,000 spies came from only 98,000 out of 700,000 alleged spies. Extrapolate as you will.[434][435]
9,500	9,500	9,500	Imperial Rule of Tiberius	Ancient Rome	14	37	[436]
9,000	9,000	9,000	Imperial Rule of Caligula	Ancient Rome	37	41	[437]
6,000	6,000	6,000	Personal dictatorship of Johnny Paul Koroma	Sierra Leone	1997	1998
5,750	5,750	5,750	Imperial Rule of Nero	Ancient Rome	54	68	[438]
3,000	100[439]	90,000[440]	Personal dictatorship of Jean-Bedel Bokassa	Central African Republic	1966	1976	It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children.[439]
2,935	2,935	2,935	Imperial Rule of Claudius	Ancient Rome	41	54	[441]

Anthropogenically exacerbated famine, mass starvation, and illness

Engraving from The Graphic, October 1877, showing the plight of animals as well as humans in Bellary district, Madras Presidency, British India during the Great Famine of 1876–78.

Note: Some of these famines diseases were partially caused by nature.
This section includes famines, and disease that were caused or exacerbated by human action.

Geom. mean estimate[1]	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Location	From	To	Notes
79,937,476	71,000,000	90,000,000	Disease caused by Smoking	worldwide	1930	1999	[442][443]
42,426,410	30,000,000	60,000,000	Natural and Man Made Late-Victorian Colonial Famines	worldwide	1876	1902	A series of famines caused by the colonial policies of the countries they occurred in and the natural climate they coincided with.
39,171,418 47,665,501	22,400,000 28,400,000	68,500,000 80,000,000	Communist Famines	worldwide	1933 1921	1998 1998	Combined death toll of famines caused by Communist states as listed bellow. (Great Chinese Famine, Soviet famine of 1932-33, North Korean famine, Cambodian Holocaust Famine, 1983-85 famine in Ethiopia) (Russian Famine of 1921 may have been exacerbated by War Communism policies but it is debatable to what extent. Soviet famine of 1946-47 is debated between by caused more by government policy or war as well.)
28,722,810	15,000,000[403]	55,000,000[444]	Great Chinese Famine	People's Republic of China	1958	1962	During the Great Leap Forward under Mao Zedong tens of millions of Chinese starved to death.[445] State violence during this period further exacerbated the death toll, and some 2.5 million people were beaten or tortured to death in connection with Great Leap policies.[446]
23,065,130	19,000,000	28,000,000	Famine and Disease during World War II	Worldwide	1939	1945	See World War II casualties
11,023,579	8,136,000	14,936,000	Famine and Disease under Japanese Imperialism	Japanese Empire	1937	1945	See World War II casualties Combined death tolls of China's, Vietnam's, Indonesia's and the Philippine's famine and disease.
10,816,650	9,000,000	13,000,000	Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79	China	1876	1879	ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
7,071,072	5,000,000[447]	10,000,000[447]	Russian famine of 1921	Soviet Russia	1921	1922	See also: Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union and Russian Civil War with its policy of War communism, especially prodrazvyorstka
7,071,068	5,000,000	10,000,000	Famine and Disease in China during Japanese Invasion	China	1937	1945	See World War I casualties
6,928,200	6,000,000	8,000,000[448]	Soviet famine of 1932-33	Soviet Union	1932	1933	Majority of famine victims were Ukrainian. Many nations(including Ukraine) regard the famine's effect in the Ukraine as a genocide against Ukraine known as the Holodomor.
5,745,181	5,411,000	6,100,000	Famine and disease during World War I	Worldwide	1914	1918	See World War I casualties
8,300,000[449]	6,100,000[450]	10,320,000[451]	Great Famine of 1876–78	British India	1876	1878	ENSO famine. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
4,529,901	3,800,000	5,400,000	African World War Famine	Africa	1998	2004	Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease.
4,242,641	3,000,000[452]	6,000,000[453]	Decommunization	Former States of the Soviet Union and Eastern Block	1991	2000	Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in Russia and other former Communist States after the fall of the Soviet Union.
3,464,100	3,000,000	4,000,000	Bengal famine of 1943	British India	1943	1943	The Japanese conquest of Burma cut off India's main supply of rice imports[454] However, administrative policies in British India ultimately helped cause the massive death toll.[455]
13,700,000	8,400,000[450]	19,000,000[456]	Indian famine of 1896–97, Indian famine of 1899–1900	British India	1896	1900	ENSO famines. See also: Late Victorian Holocausts
2,449,490	2,000,000[457]	3,000,000[458][459]	Biafran Blockade during Nigeria's Civil War	Nigeria	1967	1970	More than two million Igbo died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockade throughout the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands of people starved to death every day as the war progressed.
2,400,000	2,400,000[460]	2,400,000	Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies	Indonesia	1944	1945	An estimated 2.4 million Indonesians starved to death during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The problem was partly caused by failures of the main 1944–45 rice crop, but mainly by the compulsory rice purchasing system that the Japanese authorities put in place to secure rice for distribution to the armed forces and urban population.[460]
1,224,745	1,000,000	1,500,000	Post-WWII Soviet Famine	Soviet Union	1946	1946	Debated whether it was caused by war or government policy more.
1,060,660	750,000[461][462]	1,500,000[463]	Great Irish Famine[464]	Ireland	1846	1849	Although blight ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, the impact and human cost in Ireland—where a third of the population was significantly dependent on the Irish Lumper potato for food—was exacerbated by a host of political, social and economic factors which remain the subject of historical debate.[465][466]
979,795	240,000.[467][468]	4,000,000[469]	North Korean famine	North Korea	1994	1998	The famine stemmed from a variety of factors. Economic mismanagement and the loss of Soviet support caused food production and imports to decline rapidly. A series of floods and droughts exacerbated the crisis, but were not its direct cause. The North Korean government and its centrally-planned system proved too inflexible to effectively curtail the disaster. Estimates of the death toll vary widely. Out of a total population of approximately 22 million, somewhere between 240,000 and 3,500,000 North Koreans died from starvation or hunger-related illnesses, with the deaths peaking in 1997.[467][468] Recent research suggests the likely number of excess deaths between 1993 and 2000 was about 330,000.[470]
894,427	400,000[471]	2,000,000[472]	Vietnamese Famine of 1945	Vietnam	1944	1945	The Japanese occupation during World War II caused the famine in North Vietnam.[472]
871,780	800,000[473]	950,000[474]	Cambodian Holocaust Famine	Cambodia	1975	1979	An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder, forced labor and famine perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, of which nearly half was caused by forced starvation. Came to an end due to invasion by Vietnam in 1979.
632,456	400,000[475]	1,000,000[476]	1983–85 famine in Ethiopia	Ethiopia	1983	1985	The famines that struck Ethiopia between 1961 and 1985, and in particular the one of 1983–5, were in large part created by government policies.[475]
336,000	336,000	336,000	Famine and disease under Japanese occupation of the Philippines	Philippines	1942	1945	See World War I casualties
300,000	300,000	300,000[477][478]	Cuban War of Independence Famine	Cuba	1895	1898	Most of dead in war perished from famine and disease.
200,000	200,000	200,000	Great Famine of Mount Lebanon	Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Empire	1915	1918	Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000.[479] The Mount Lebanon famine caused the highest fatality rate by population of World War I. Bodies were piled in the streets and people were reported to be eating street animals while some even resorted to cannibalism.[97][480]
70,000	70,000[481]	70,000	Sudan famine	Sudan	1998	1998	The famine was caused almost entirely by human rights abuse and the war in Southern Sudan.[482]
n/a	0[483]	576,000[484]	Starvation caused by the Sanctions against Iraq	Iraq	1990	1998	According to Saddam Hussein's government, sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council indirectly caused excess deaths of young children.
n/a	0?	275,000?	Starvation from the Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes	Mesopotamian Marshes, Iraq and Iran	1950s	1990s	Only 20,000 Marsh Arabs were left in the region after the draining (out of half a million), though it is unknown whether this was caused by famine or migration, except for the 80 to 120 thousand who fled to Iran[420][421] And the 125,000 to 150,000 remaining in Iraq.

Riot or political unrest

Romanian Revolution

Victims	Event	Country	City	Date
200,000-2,000,000	Partition of India and Pakistan	British India	Punjab & Bengal	1947
200,000-300,000	La Violencia	Colombia	Country-wide	1948–1960
85,000-87,000	1959 Tibetan uprising	Tibet (China)	Lhasa	1959
30,000	Nika riots		Constantinople	532
6,667-20,000	La semaine sanglante	France	Paris	1871
10,000-30,000	February 28 Incident	Taiwan (Republic of China)		1947
14,000-30,000	Jeju Uprising	South Korea	Jeju island	1948
13,000-15,500	August Uprising	Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic		1924
10,000-40,000	1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising	El Salvador		1932
10,000-20,000	Romanian Peasants' Revolt	Romania		1907
10,000	Kronstadt rebellion	Russia	Kronstadt	1921
2,800-8,000	1984 anti-Sikh riots	India	New Delhi	1984
7,500	March 1st Movement	South Korea	Seoul	1919
4,179–4,354	Second Intifada	Israel/Palestinian territories		2000–2005
3,800	Pitchfork Uprising	Russia		1920
532-60,000	Iranian Revolution[485]	Iran		1979
3,000-10,000	8888 Uprising	Burma / Myanmar		1987–1993
2,204	First Intifada	Israel/Palestinian territories		1987
47-2,000	Banana Massacre	Colombia	Ciénaga	1928
2,300	Santa María School massacre	Chile	Iquique	1907
1,104	Romanian Revolution of 1989	Romania	Bucharest and major cities	1989
1,000–1,200	May 1998 riots of Indonesia	Indonesia	Jakarta, Medan, Surakarta	1998
132-4,000	Bloody Sunday (1905)	Russia	Saint Petersburg	1905
893	2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes	Kyrgyzstan		2010
400	Iranian pilgrim riot	Saudi Arabia	Mecca	1987
379–1,526	Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar) massacre	British India	Amritsar	1919
360+	Telangana movement (Hyderabad)	India	Hyderabad	1969
338	Tunisian Revolution	Tunisia		2010–2011
300–3,000	Tiananmen Square protests of 1989	China	Beijing	1989
285	Gordon Riots	England		1780
249	1929 Palestine riots	British Mandate for Palestine		1929
196	13 May incident	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	1969
187-1,500	Andijan massacre	Uzbekistan	Andijan	2005
139	Cartoon Riots			2006
121–797	Euromaidan	Ukraine	Kiev	2014
100	Napoleon's "whiff of grapeshot"	France	Paris	1795
100	New York City draft riots	United States	New York City	1863
95	Jaffa riots	British Mandate for Palestine	Jaffa	1921
94	1947 Jerusalem riots		Jerusalem	1947
94	July Revolt of 1927	Austria	Vienna	1927
93	Bahraini uprising of 2011	Bahrain		2011
88	2012 Rakhine State riots	Myanmar		2012
84	Riot and crushing during mass arrests	Thailand	Narathiwat Province	2004
74	Port Said Stadium riot	Egypt	Port Said	2012
69	Sharpeville massacre	South Africa	Sharpeville	1960
53	1992 Los Angeles riots	United States	Los Angeles	1992
50	2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots	Myanmar		2013
50	Champ de Mars massacre	France	Paris	1791
46	Boipatong massacre	South Africa	Boipatong	1992
45	Polish 1970 protests	Poland	Gdynia, Szczecin, Gdańsk, and Elbląg	1970[486]
43	Attica Prison riot	United States	Attica, New York	1971
43	1967 Detroit riot	United States	Detroit	1967
41	2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests	Afghanistan		2012
40–200	Paris massacre of 1961	France	Paris	1961
40–50	Midland Revolt	England	Newton, Northamptonshire	1607
39+	Tulsa race riot	United States	Tulsa, Oklahoma	1921
36	1964 race riots in Singapore	Singapore		1964
34	Watts Riots	United States	Los Angeles	1965
30–300	Tlatelolco massacre	Mexico	Mexico City	1968
25	Palingoproer	Netherlands	Amsterdam	1886
25	Corpus Christi massacre	Mexico	Mexico City	1971
23–600	Soweto uprising	South Africa	Soweto	1976
22	Eureka Rebellion	Australia	Ballarat	1854
20	Ludlow Massacre	United States	Ludlow, Colorado	1914
18	Maria Hertogh riots	Singapore		1950
17	6 February 1934 crisis	France	Paris	1934
16	Bloody Sunday (1921)	Northern Ireland	Belfast	1921
14	Bloody Sunday (1972)	Northern Ireland	Derry	1972
13	Socialist riot (1932)	Switzerland	Geneva	1932
13	Chinese middle schools riots	Singapore		1956
13	Mendiola Street massacre	Philippines		1987
12	2011 Nakba Day	Israel/Palestinian territories		2011
11	Peterloo Massacre	England	Manchester	1819
9	1920 Nebi Musa riots	British Mandate for Palestine	Jerusalem	1920
9	Fusillade de Fourmies	France	Fourmies	1891
5	Ådalen shootings	Sweden	Ådalen	1931
5	2011 England riots	United Kingdom		2011
5	Boston Massacre	British America	Boston	1770
5	Greensboro massacre	United States	Greensboro, North Carolina	1979
4	Kent State shootings	United States	Kent, Ohio	1970
4	Hock Lee bus riots	Singapore		1955

Human sacrifice and ritual suicide

A tzompantli, or skull rack, as shown in the post-Conquest Ramirez Codex.

This section lists deaths from the systematic practice of human sacrifice or suicide. For notable individual episodes, see Human sacrifice and mass suicide.

Geom. mean estimate[1]	Lowest estimate	Highest estimate	Event	Group	Location	From	To	Notes
316,228	20,000[487]	5,000,000[488]	Human sacrifice in Aztec culture	Aztecs	Mexico	14th century	1521	Skull racks: 60,000[489] to 136,000[490]
13,000	13,000[491]	13,000	Human sacrifice	Shang dynasty	China	1300 BC	1050 BC	Last 250 years of rule
12,284	12,284	12,284[492]	Suicide bombings during the Iraq War	Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)	Iraq	2003	2011
7,941	7,941[493]	7,941	Ritual suicides	Sati	India	1815	1828
3,912	3,912	3,912	Kamikaze suicide pilots, see note[494]	Imperial Japan navy and army	Pacific theatre	1944	1945
913	913	913	Jonestown murder-suicide[495]	Followers of The Peoples Temple cult	Jonestown	November 18, 1978	November 19, 1978
967	967	967	Mass suicide motivated religious and political.	Judean rebels	Masada	Spring 73 CE
804	804	804	Palestinian suicide attacks	Palestinian militants	Israel and Palestine	July 6, 1989	April 18, 2016	May only include victims

Anthropogenic floods, drownings and landslides

Note: These are floods and landslides that have been partially caused by humans, for example by failure of dams, levees, seawalls or retaining walls.

Rank	Death toll	Event	Location	Date
1.	2,500,000–3,700,000[496]	1931 China floods	China	1931
2.	900,000–2,000,000	1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	China	1887
3.	500,000–700,000	1938 Yellow River (Huang He) flood	China	1938
4.	200,000-560,000[415][416]	Flight of the Boat People	Gulf of Thailand and Pacific Ocean	1978-79
5.	26,000[497]-230,000[498]	The failure of 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture, Henan, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, caused by Typhoon Nina.	China	August 1975
6.	145,000	1935 Yangtze river flood	China	1935
7.	more than 100,000	St. Felix's Flood, storm surge	Netherlands	1530
8.	100,000	Hanoi and Red River Delta flood	North Vietnam	1971
9.	100,000	1911 Yangtze river flood	China	1911
10.	50,000–80,000	St. Lucia's flood, storm surge	Netherlands, England	1287
11.	10,000–50,000	Vargas Tragedy, landslide	Venezuela	1999
12.	2,400	North Sea flood, storm surge	Netherlands, Scotland, England, Belgium	31 January 1953
12.	2,209	Johnstown Flood	Pennsylvania	31 May 1889

Notes

1. Spanish Empire, Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native American disease and epidemics. These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined. Historian Henige says that "the fifteen fold increase from the original population estimates were based on instrument rather than evidence. Newly introduced European diseases became the chief means used to explain a much greater population decline."^[15] Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II."^[16] "Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented."^[17] A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans. While that research is interesting and important to Native American history, a group of researchers are now exploring wide variations in health of Native Americans before 1492.^[18] They say their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies."^[17]
2. The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".^[279]
3. The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate".^[279]

See also

Other lists organized by death toll

• List of accidents and disasters by death toll
• List of battles and other violent events by death toll
• List of events named massacres
• List of genocides by death toll
• List of murderers by number of victims
• List of natural disasters by death toll
• List of ongoing conflicts
• List of disasters in Australia by death toll
• List of disasters in Canada by death toll
• List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
• List of disasters in New Zealand by death toll
• List of disasters in the United States by death toll

Other lists with similar topics

• List of unusual deaths
• List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
• List of battles
• List of disasters
• Lists of earthquakes
• List of famines
• List of historic fires
• List of invasions
• List of massacres
• List of notable tropical cyclones
• List of riots
• List of terrorist incidents
• List of wars
• Lists of rail accidents

Topics dealing with similar themes

• Casualties of the Iraq War
• Democide
• Famine
• Genocide
• Genocide in history
• Infectious disease
• Mass killings under Communist regimes
• Mass murder
• Most lethal battles in world history
• United States casualties of war

Notes

1. While there are many estimates for civilian deaths, with some even going well over a million for the war, modern historians generally place the death toll between 200,000 and 250,000; see "Casualties".

References

1. Pinto, Carla M. A.; Lopes, A. Mendes; Machado, J. A. Tenreiro (2014), Ferreira, Nuno Miguel Fonseca; Machado, José António Tenreiro, eds., "Casualties Distribution in Human and Natural Hazards", Mathematical Methods in Engineering, Springer Netherlands: 173–180, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7183-3_16, ISBN 978-94-007-7182-6
2. "WWII: The Casualties". Archived from the original on 25 December 2010.
3. David Wallechinsky (1996-09-01). David Wallechinskys 20th Century: History With the Boring Parts Left Out. Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-92056-8.
4. Fink, George (2010-11-25). Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Academic Press. ISBN 9780123813824.
5. "Taiping Rebellion – Britannica Concise". Concise.britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
6. "The Taiping Rebellion 1850–1871 Tai Ping Tian Guo". Taipingrebellion.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
7. Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression, page 468
8. By Train to Shanghai: A Journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway By William J. Gingles page 259
9. Robert B. Marks (2011). China: Its Environment and History (World Social Change). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442212756.
10. Graziella Caselli (2005). Demography - Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. ISBN 012765660X.
11. The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, p.622, cited by White
12. Matthew White (2011-11-07). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
13. Pre-Columbian Population
14. American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015; Page 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90-95 percent."
15. "Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population"; David P. Henige; University of Oklahoma Press; 1998; Pg. 24
16. http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian%20population.pdf
17. "Don't Blame Columbus for All the Indians' Ills". The New York Times. 29 October 2002.
18. Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose: The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press; 1st edition; Pg. 79; ISBN 9780521617444
19. Alan Macfarlane (1997-05-28). The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0.
20. "Death toll figures of recorded wars in human history".
21. Willmott 2003, p. 307
22. "The Rehabilitation Of Tamerlane". Chicago Tribune. 17 January 1999.
23. J.J. Saunders, The history of the Mongol conquests (page 174), Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1971, ISBN 0812217667
24. Michael Lynch (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945-49. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-671-3.
25. "Russian Civil War". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-12-05. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
26. "The Thirty Years War (1618–48)". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
27. Charles Esdaile "Napoleon's Wars: An International History."
28. "Mankind's Worst Wars and Armed Conflicts". Retrieved December 7, 2010.
29. Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths, European Journal of Population" (2005) 21: 145–166.
30. "Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study" – Reuters, 22 Jan 2008.
31. "Huguenot Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562–1598)". Users.erols.com. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
32. Philip Pregill. Landscapes in History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-29328-6.
33. Frederic Baumgartner. France in the Sixteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-15856-9.
34. "Shaka: Zulu Chieftain". Historynet.com. Archived from the original on 2008-02-09. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
35. "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics.com. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
36. John Shertzer Hittell, "A Brief History of Culture" (1874) p.137: "In the two centuries of this warfare one million persons had been slain..." cited by White
37. Robertson, John M., "A Short History of Christianity" (1902) p.278. Cited by White
38. Charles Hirschman et al., "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review, December 1995.
39. Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
40. Nigel Bagnall., "The Punic Wars" June 23, 2005.
41. "Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war". Archived from the original on 2004-12-10. Retrieved 2004-12-10., U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived 10 December 2004 on the Internet Archive. Accessed 10 April 2007
42. Rummel, R.J., Statistics Of North Korean Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources, Statistics of Democide, 1997.
43. Derk Bodde, China's First Unifier: A Study in the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu, 280? – 208 BC, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967, p 5-6.
44. Chris Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed before the last campaign in 230-221 BC, Warlords of China, 700 BC to AD 1662, London: Arms and Armour, 1998, p 59.
45. Jones, Geo H., Vol. 23 No. 5, p. 254.
46. Buchenau, Jürgen (2005). Mexico otherwise: modern Mexico in the eyes of foreign observers. UNM Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-8263-2313-8.
47. Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace. p. 538. ISBN 0-670-61964-7.
48. Jurg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–5
49. Another estimate is that from the pre-war population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, p. 164. Boston, 1915; Applied Genetics, Paul Popenoe, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1918)
50. "Human costs of war: Direct war death in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan October 2001 - February 2013" (PDF). Costs of War. February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
51. "Update on Iraqi Casualty Data" by Opinion Research Business. January 2008.
52. "Revised Casualty Analysis. New Analysis 'Confirms' 1 Million+ Iraq Casualties". January 28, 2008. Opinion Research Business. Word Viewer for.doc files.
53. Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945. New York: Beechhurst Press. Review by Friedman, Philip (1954). "Review of The Final Solution". Jewish Social Studies 16 (2): 186–9. JSTOR 4465231. See also a review by Hyamson, Albert M. (1953). "Review of The Final Solution". International Affairs 29 (4): 494–5. JSTOR 2606046
54. "How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?". Yad Vashem. (FAQs about the Holocaust).
55. "The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members". JVL. Retrieved November 2013.
56. "Seven million died in the 'forgotten' holocaust - Eric Margolis". www.ukemonde.com. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
57. Stanislav Kulchytsky, "How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933", Zerkalo Nedeli, 23–29 November 2002. Available online in Russian at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 July 2006) and in Ukrainian at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 May 2006)
58. Stalislav Kulchytsky, "Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century" at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 July 2006), Zerkalo Nedeli, 2–8 October 2004 (in Russian), and (in Ukrainian) at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 March 2007)
59. Ellman, Michael (2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies 57 (6): 823–41. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392.
60. Michael Ellman, Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932-33 Revisited Europe-Asia Studies, Routledge. Vol. 59, No. 4, June 2007, 663-693. PDF file
61. Snyder 2010, p. 53. "One demographic retrojection suggests a figure of 2.5 million famine deaths for Soviet Ukraine. This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths, which is about 2.4 million. The latter figure must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded. Another demographic calculation, carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent Ukraine, provides the figure of 3.9 million dead. The truth is probably in between these numbers, where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found. It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933".
62. David R. Marples. Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. p.50
63. Deleting the Holodomor:Ukraine Unmakes Itself on World Affairs by Alexander J.Motyl http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/deleting-holodomor-ukraine-unmakes-itself
64. Sharp, Bruce (April 1, 2005). "Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia". Retrieved July 5, 2006.
65. Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
66. Purcell, Victor. CHINA. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 167
67. Quoted in Ibid., p. 239.
68. Chesneaux, Jean. PEASANT REVOLTS IN CHINA, 1840–1949. Translated by C. A. Curwen. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40
69. Rummel, R.J. "Statistics Of Russian Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE.
    Who calculated from
    McCarthy, Justin (1983). MUSLIMS AND MINORITIES: THE POPULATION OF OTTOMAN ANATOLIA AND THE END OF THE EMPIRE. New York University Press. p. 138.
70. Czaplicka, M.A. (1918). THE TURKS OF CENTRAL ASIA IN HISTORY AND AT THE PRESENT TIME: AN ETHNOLOGICAL ENQUIRY INTO THE PAN-TURANIAN PROBLEM, AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL RELATING TO THE EARLY TURKS AND THE PRESENT TURKS OF CENTRAL ASIA. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press. pp. 16–17.
    link: https://archive.org/stream/turksofcentralas00czapuoft#page/16/mode/2up
71. Prucha. Great Father. p. 241. note 58
72. Ehle. Trail of Tears. pp. 390–92.
73. Thompson, Russel & Anderson (Editor). "Demography of the Trail of Tears". Trail of Tears. pp. 75–93.
74. Carter (III), Samuel (1976). Cherokee sunset: A Nation Betrayed: A Narrative of Travail and Triumph, Persecution and exile. New York: Doubleday. p. 232.
75. Curtis, Nancy C. (1996). Black Heritage Sites. United States: ALA Editions. p. 543. ISBN 0-8389-0643-5.
76. Osborn, William M. (2001). The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During The American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee. Garden City, NY: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50374-0.
77. Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1994 [1894]. p. 637.
78. "Residential School History: A Legacy of Shame" (PDF). Wabano Centre for Aboriginal Health. 2000. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
79. "The Canadian Genocide: Tens of Thousands of CHILDREN Killed by the CHURCH". Humans Are Free.
80. Namely the 83% of the "fully identified" 42,275 civilians killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War. See CEH 1999, p. 17, and "Press conference by members of the Guatemala Historical Clarification Commission". United Nations website. 1 March 1999. Retrieved June 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
81. Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total amount of person killed or disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war (at least 200.000). See CEH 1999, p. 17.
82. Robins & Jones 2009, p. 50.
83. White, Matthew. "http://necrometrics.com/20c300k.htm#Brazil". Necrometrics. External link in |title= (help)
84. Carlos A. Floria and César A. García Belsunce, 1971. Historia de los Argentinos I and II; ISBN 84-599-5081-6.
85. Chapman 2010, p. 544.
86. Gardini, Walter (1984). "Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu". Anthropos. Bd. 79, H. 4./6.: 645–47.
87. Kiernan, Ben. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. p. 374.
88. D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 9780415565660.
89. Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 9781134378258.
90. Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India. Duke University Press.
91. White, Matthew. "Albigensian Crusade". necrometrics.
92. Raphael Lemkin (2012). Steven Leonard Jacobs, ed. Lemkin on Genocide. Lexington Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7391-4526-5. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
93. "Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33)". Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. 23 October 1974. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
94. Jack, Ian (20 May 2011). "It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. It's that we pay attention". The Guardian.
95. Bass, Gary (2013-11-19). "Looking Away from Genocide". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
96. The British Medical Journal in 2008, conducted a study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou estimated that up to 269,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict
97. "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history – Asia". BBC. 25 March 2010.
98. http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
    
    • D.Smith says 500,000
    • S&S: 500,000 (Civil War, Mar.-Dec. 1971)
99. http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
    • 1984 World Almanac: up to 1,000,000 civilians were killed.
    • Hartman: 1,000,000 Bengalis
    • B&J: 1,000,000 Bengalis
    • Porter: 1M-2M
100. http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
     
     • Harff & Gurr: 1,250,000 to 3,000,000
     • Kuper cites a study by Chaudhuri which counted 1,247,000 dead, and mentions the possibility that it may be as many as 3,000,000.
101. http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
     • Eckhardt: 1,000,000 civ. + 500,000 mil. = 1,500,000 (Bangladesh)
     • Rummel: 1,500,000.
102. http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
     • Porter: 1M-2M
103. http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/
104. http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh
     
     • Harff & Gurr: 1,250,000 to 3,000,000
     • The official estimate in Bangladesh is 3 million dead. [AP 30 Dec. 2000; Agence France Presse 3 Oct. 2000;
     • Rounaq Johan: 3,000,000 (in Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views, Samuel Totten, ed., (1997))
     • Compton's Encyclopedia, "Genocide": 3,000,000
     • Encyclopedia Americana (2003), "Bangladesh": 3,000,000
105. Smith 1997, p. 600–1 n. 8
106. 'Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts', The Department of Information and International Relations: Central Tibetan Administration, 1996. p. 53
107. Kuzmin, S.L. Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation. Dharamsala, LTWA, 2011
108. 897,000 Circassians were deported and killed in an event similar in time period and method to this one and of those about 45% died. ("Caucasus Report: July 15, 2005". Radio Free Europe.) if this is applied to the median of the following rough estimates and then rounded up (Since this a very rough estimate anyway) you will end up with a very rough estimate of 390,000 killed.
     
     following estimates:
     
     low estimate In 1893 the Hazaras of Afghanistan were massacred and displaced to a point in which they lost over 60% of their population. The number of living Hazaras at the time is unknown but their population in 2014 was 2,864,056. 2,864,056 population out of a 2014 world population of 7,200,000,000 making Hazaras in Afghanistan approximately 0.04% of the world's population.
     دلجو, عباس (2014). تاریخ باستانی هزاره ها. کابل: انتشارات امیری. ISBN 9936801504.
     "Afghanistan: 31,822,848 (July 2014 est.) @ 9% (2014)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
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     high estimate In 1893 the Hazaras of Afghanistan were massacred to a point in which they lost over 60% of their population. The number of living Hazaras at the time is unknown but their population in 2014 was 2,864,056. 2,864,056 population out of a 2014 world population of 7,200,000,000 making Hazara's in Afghanistan approximately 0.04% of the world's population.
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     World population estimates#Before 1950
     The population of the world in 1892-93 is unknown but there are estimates for years that are close to these: In 1900 the world population was estimated to be 1,656,000,000. If the Hazara proportion is applied to this population there were roughly 662,400 Hazaras at the time. Since the Hazaras had already lost 60% of their population at the time the death and displacement toll would be 150% of this making it 993,600.
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345. Jean-Clément Martin, La Vendée et la France, Éditions du Seuil, collection Points, 1987 he gives the highest estimate of the civil war, including republican losses and premature death. However, he does not consider it as a genocide.
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368. (page 104)
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370. Mehmed S. Kaya (2011), The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society, I.B.Tauris, 15 Jun 2011. p. 64
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388. "Wanton and Senseless? The Logic of Massacres in Algeria", Stathis N. Kalyvas, Rationality and Society, Vol. 11, No. 3, 243–285 (1999)
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398. Bureau of Investigative Journalism
399. Carter, Jimmy (24 June 2012). "A Cruel and Unusual Record". New York Times.
400. Valentino (2005) Final solutions p. 91.
401. Malia, Martin (1999). "Foreword". In Courtois, Stéphane Courtois; Kramer, Mark. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press. pp. ix–xx. ISBN 9780674076082. Retrieved 24 August 2015. "...with a grand total of victims variously estimated by contributors to the volume at between 85 million and 100 million."
402. Fenby, J (2008). Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. Ecco Press. p. 351. ISBN 0-06-166116-3. "Mao's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin, his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking"
403. Stéphane Courtois; Mark Kramer (1999-10-15). Livre Noir Du Communisme: Crimes, Terreur, Répression. ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2.
404. Gruson, Sidney. "Mao Text Shows Reds 'Liquidated' 800,000 Since '49". New York Times.
405. http://www.distributedrepublic.net/archives/2006/05/01/how-many-did-stalin-really-murder/
406. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/PERSONAL.HTM
407. Getty, J. A.; Rittersporn, G. T.; Zemskov, V. N. (1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years". American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1017–49. doi:10.2307/2166597. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008.
408. Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 48 (8): 1319–1353. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. JSTOR 152781.
409. Wheatcroft, Stephen (1990). "More light on the scale of repression and excess mortality in the Soviet Union in the 1930s" (PDF). Soviet Studies. 42 (2): 355–367. doi:10.1080/09668139008411872. JSTOR 152086.
410. Conquest, Robert (1991) The Great Terror: A Reassessment, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507132-8
411. "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". See also: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: The Gulag Archipelago 1918–1956, 1973–1976 ISBN 0-8133-3289-3
412. R.J.Rummel. "CHINA'S BLOODY CENTURY".
413. R.J.Rummel. "Statistics Of North Korean Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE.
414. http://www.scottmanning.com/content/communist-body-count/
415. Rummel, Rudolph (1997), Statistics of Vietnamese Democide, in his Statistics of Democide, Table 6.1A, line 467 & Table 6.1B, lines 675, 730, 749-751.
416. The Associated Press of 1979
417. Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath, Human Rights Watch, June 1992.
418. Rumel, Rudolph. "Lesser Murdering States, Quasi-States, and Groups: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". Power Kills. University of Hawai'i.
419. "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991. The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, November 1991, p.14.
420. Iraq's Marsh Arabs, Modern Sumerians - The Oregonian, May 14, 2003
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426. "La matanza de 1937 - La Lupa Sin Trabas". La Lupa Sin Trabas. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
427. Capdevilla (1998)
428. Eric Paul Roorda (1996). "Genocide next door: the Good Neighbor policy, the Trujillo regime, and the Haitian massacre of 1937". Diplomatic History. 20 (3): 301–319. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x.
429. "Chad's former president has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Who's next?". The Economist. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
430. "It has so far verified the names of 9,240 victims of the Castro regime and the circumstances of their deaths. Archive researchers meticulously insist on confirming stories of official murder from two independent sources.
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435. Crampton 1997, p. 267
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437. http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm
438. http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm
439. Papa in the Dock Time Magazine
440. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-2091670/Hitler-Stalin-The-murderous-regimes-world.html
441. http://necrometrics.com/romestat.htm
442. White, Matthew. "http://necrometrics.com/all20c.htm". Necrometrics. External link in |title= (help)
443. R. Peto (23 May 1992). Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics.
444. Wemheuer, Felix (July 2011). "Sites of horror: Mao's Great Famine [with response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. JSTOR 41262812. on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 million
445. Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks p.xi.
446. Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62. Walker & Company, 2010. p. 298.
447. "How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine". Stanford University. April 4, 2011.
448. "Ukraine – The famine of 1932–33". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
449. "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
450. Seavoy, Ronald (1986). Famine in Peasant Societies. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313251306.
451. Digby, William (1901). 'Prosperous' British India. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 128. OCLC 6671095.
452. Hough, Jerry (18 August 1998). "See http://necrometrics.com/all20c.htm". LA Times. External link in |title= (help)
453. See http://necrometrics.com/all20c.htm (27 Jan 2000). La Times (London) http://necrometrics.com/all20c.htm. Missing or empty |title= (help)
454. Nicholas Tarling (Ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.II Part 1 pp139-40
455. Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. See also Book review: Churchill's secret war in India by Susannah York
456. "Notes from India". The Lancet. 157. 1901.
457. Stevenson, "Capitol Gains" (2014), p. 314.
458. "Biafra/Nigeria". eNotes.com. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
459. "Nigerian Civil War". Polynational War Memorial. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
460. Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) 'Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950.' MPRA Paper No. 8852, pp.35–38. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/
461. Foster, R.F. 'Modern Ireland 1600–1972'. Penguin Press, 1988. p324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no.4 (November 1984), pp. 473–488."
462. Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society p. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'.
463. Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978
464. The Great Irish Famine Approved by the New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education on 10 September 1996, for inclusion in the Holocaust and Genocide Curriculum at the secondary level. Revision submitted 11/26/98.
465. Cecil Woodham-Smith (1991). The great hunger: Ireland 1845–1849. Penguin Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-14-014515-1.
466. Christine Kinealy (2006). This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–52. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4.
467. Noland, Marcus, Sherman Robinson and Tao Wang, Famine in North Korea: Causes and Cures, Institute for International Economics.
468. Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel. 2012. "Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008", Population and Development Review, 38(1), pp. 133-158.
469. The resource above is based on Andrew S. Natsios states, "From 1994 to 1998, 2-3 million people died of starvation and hunger-related illnesses, and the famine has generated a range of social and political effects." Natsios, "The Politics of Famine in North Korea"
470. Daniel Goodkind; Loraine West; Peter Johnson (28 March 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993-2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
471. Charles Hirschman et al. "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate". Population and Development Review (December 1995).
472. Koh, David (21 August 2008). "Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
473. Bruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong.
474. Marek Sliwinski (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, p. 82.
475. de Waal, Alex (2002) [1997]. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0-85255-810-4.
476. "Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine". BBC News. April 6, 2000.
477. Sheina, Robert L., Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791-1899 (2003)
478. COWP: Correlates of War Project, University of Michigan
479. Harris 2012, p.174
480. Ghazal, Rym (14 April 2015). "Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18". The National. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
481. Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009), Famine: a short history, Princeton University Press, p. 24, ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
482. Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily CNN, Accessed May 25, 2006
483. Spagat, Michael (September 2010). "Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions" (PDF). Significance (journal).
484. Garfield, Richard (1999). "Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children from 1990 Through 1998: Assessing the Impact of the Gulf War and Economic Sanctions". Retrieved 9 July 2013.
485. A Question of Numbers Web: IranianVoice.org August 08, 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar
486. http://www.grudzien70.ipn.gov.pl/portal/g70/254/1755/Lista_ofiar_Grudnia_03970.html
487. Cocker, Mark (1998). Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold.
488. Prescott, William (1843). History of the Conquest of Mexico.
489. Ruben Mendoza (2007) p. 407-408.
490. Harner (1977) p. 122
491. National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White
492. "Casualties in civilians and coalition soldiers from suicide bombings in Iraq, 2003–10: a descriptive study". The Lancet. September 3, 2011.
493. Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", p.2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005).
494. This toll is only for the number of Japanese pilots killed in Kamikaze suicide missions. It does not include the number of enemy combatants killed by such missions, which is estimated to be around 4,000. Kamikaze pilots are estimated to have sunk or damaged beyond repair some 70 to 80 allied ships, representing about 80% of allied shipping losses in the final phase of the war in the Pacific (see Kamikaze).
495. The largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until the September 11, 2001 attacks.
496. "Worst Natural Disasters In History". Nbc10.com. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
497. Dai Qing (1998). The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7656-0206-0.
498. 230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in Yi 1998

External links

• Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II
• Top 100 aviation disasters on AirDisaster.com