Lyndon LaRouche

Lyndon LaRouche

photograph of Lyndon LaRouche

LaRouche c. 2006
Born Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche, Jr.
(1922-09-08) September 8, 1922
Rochester, New Hampshire, U.S.
Residence Leesburg, Virginia, U.S.
Other names Lyn Marcus
Known for
Political party Democratic (since 1979)
Labor (1973–1979)
Socialist Workers (1949–1964)
Religion Quaker
Spouse(s) Janice Neuberger
(m. 1954–div. 1963; 1 child)
Helga Zepp
(m. 1977–present)
Children Daniel LaRouche (b. 1956)

Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche, Jr. (born September 8, 1922) is an American political activist and founder of the LaRouche movement.[1][2] He has written on economic, scientific, and political topics, as well as on history, philosophy, and psychoanalysis. LaRouche was a presidential candidate in each election from 1976 to 2004, running once for his own U.S. Labor Party and seven times for the Democratic Party nomination.

Background

Early life

LaRouche was born in Rochester, New Hampshire, the oldest of three children of Jessie Lenore (née Weir) and Lyndon H. LaRouche, Sr.[3] His paternal grandfather's family emigrated to the United States from Rimouski, Quebec, whereas his maternal grandfather was born in Scotland.[4] His father worked for the United Shoe Machinery Corporation in Rochester before the family moved to Lynn, Massachusetts.[5]

His parents became Quakers after his father converted from Catholicism. They forbade him from fighting with other children, even in self-defence, which he said led to "years of hell" from bullies at school. As a result, he spent much of his time alone, taking long walks through the woods and identifying in his mind with great philosophers. He wrote that, between the ages of twelve and fourteen, he read philosophy extensively, embracing the ideas of Leibniz, and rejecting those of Hume, Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Rousseau, and Kant.[6][7][8][9] He graduated from Lynn's English High School in 1940. In the same year, the Lynn Quakers expelled his father from the group, for reportedly accusing other Quakers of misusing funds, while writing under the pen name Hezekiah Micajah Jones. LaRouche and his mother resigned in sympathy for his father.[10][11][12]

University studies, Marxism, marriage

LaRouche attended Northeastern University in Boston and left in 1942. He later wrote that his teachers "lacked the competence to teach me on conditions I was willing to tolerate".[13] As a Quaker, he was a conscientious objector (CO) during World War II, and joined a Civilian Public Service camp.[14] In 1944 he joined the United States Army as a non-combatant and served in India and Burma with medical units. He ultimately worked as an ordnance clerk at the end of the war. He described his decision to serve as one of the most important of his life.[15] While in India he developed sympathy for the Indian Independence movement. LaRouche wrote that many GIs feared they would be asked to support British forces in actions against Indian independence forces, and characterized that prospect as "revolting to most of us."[16]

He discussed Marxism in the CO camp, and while traveling home on the SS General Bradley in 1946, he met Don Merrill, a fellow soldier, also from Lynn, who converted him to Trotskyism. Back in the U.S., he resumed his education at Northeastern University. He returned to Lynn in 1948, and the next year joined the Socialist Workers Party (SWP), adopting the name "Lyn Marcus" for his political work.[17] He arrived in New York City in 1953, where he worked as a management consultant.[18] In 1954 he married Janice Neuberger, a psychiatrist and member of the SWP. Their son, Daniel, was born in 1956.[19]

1960s

Teaching and the National Caucus of Labor Committees

Twenty to thirty students would ... sit on the floor surrounding LaRouche, who now sported a very shaggy beard ... LaRouche gave them esoteric assignments, such as searching through the writings of Georges Sorel to discover Rudd's anarchistic origins, or studying Rosa Luxemburg's The Accumulation of Capital.

Tim Wohlforth[20]

By 1961 the LaRouches were living on Central Park West in Manhattan, and LaRouche's activities were mostly focused on his career and not on the SWP. He and his wife separated in 1963, and he moved into a Greenwich Village apartment with another SWP member, Carol Schnitzer, also known as Larrabee.[21] In 1964 he began an association with an SWP faction called the Revolutionary Tendency, a faction which was later expelled from the SWP, and came under the influence of British Trotskyist leader Gerry Healy.[22]

For six months, LaRouche worked with American Healyite leader Tim Wohlforth, who later wrote that LaRouche had a "gargantuan ego", and "a marvelous ability to place any world happening in a larger context, which seemed to give the event additional meaning, but his thinking was schematic, lacking factual detail and depth." Leaving Wohlforth's group, LaRouche briefly joined the rival Spartacist League before announcing his intention to build a new "Fifth International".[20]

In 1967 LaRouche began teaching classes on Marx's dialectical materialism at New York City's Free School,[23] and attracted a group of students from Columbia University and the City College of New York, recommending that they read Das Kapital, as well as Hegel, Kant, and Leibniz. During the 1968 Columbia University protests, he organized his supporters under the name National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC).[23] The aim of the NCLC was to win control of the Students for a Democratic Society branch—the university's main activist group—and build a political alliance between students, local residents, organized labor, and the Columbia faculty.[24][25][26][27] By 1973 the NCLC had over 600 members in 25 cities—including West Berlin and Stockholm—and produced what Dennis King called the most literate of the far-left papers, New Solidarity.[28][29] The NCLC's internal activities became highly regimented over the next few years. Members gave up their jobs and devoted themselves to the group and its leader, believing it would soon take control of America's trade unions and overthrow the government.[30][31][32]

1970s

1971: Intelligence network

Further information: LaRouche movement

Robert J. Alexander writes that LaRouche first established an NCLC "intelligence network" in 1971. Members all over the world would send information to NCLC headquarters, which would distribute the information via briefings and other publications. LaRouche organized the network as a series of news services and magazines, which critics say was done to gain access to government officials under press cover.[33] The publications included Executive Intelligence Review, founded in 1974. Other periodicals included New Solidarity, Fusion Magazine, 21st Century Science and Technology, and Campaigner Magazine. His news services and publishers included American System Publications, Campaigner Publications, New Solidarity International Press Service, and The New Benjamin Franklin House Publishing Company. LaRouche acknowledged in 1980 that his followers impersonated reporters and others, saying it had to be done for his security.[34] In 1982, U.S. News and World Report sued New Solidarity International Press Service and Campaigner Publications for damages, alleging that members were impersonating its reporters in phone calls.[35]

U.S. sources told The Washington Post in 1985 that the LaRouche organization had assembled a worldwide network of government and military contacts, and that his researchers sometimes supplied information to government officials. Bobby Ray Inman, the CIA's deputy director in 1981 and 1982, said LaRouche and his wife had visited him offering information about the West German Green Party, and a CIA spokesman said LaRouche met Deputy Director John McMahon in 1983 to discuss one of LaRouche's trips overseas. An aide to William Clark said when LaRouche's associates discussed technology or economics, they made good sense and seemed to be qualified. Norman Bailey, formerly with the National Security Council, said in 1984 that LaRouche's staff comprised "one of the best private intelligence services in the world. . . . They do know a lot of people around the world. They do get to talk to prime ministers and presidents." Several government officials feared a security leak from the government's ties with the movement.[36] According to critics, the supposed behind-the-scenes processes were more often flights of fancy than inside information. Douglas Foster wrote in Mother Jones in 1982 that the briefings consisted of disinformation, "hate-filled" material about enemies, phony letters, intimidation, fake newspaper articles, and dirty tricks campaigns.[37] Opponents were accused of being gay or Nazis, or were linked to murders, which the movement called "psywar techniques."[38][39]

From the 1970s through to the first decade of the 21st century, LaRouche founded several groups and companies. In addition to the National Caucus of Labor Committees, there was the Citizens Electoral Council (Australia), the National Democratic Policy Committee, the Fusion Energy Foundation, and the U.S. Labor Party. In 1984 he founded the Schiller Institute in Germany with his second wife, and three political parties there—the Europäische Arbeiterpartei, Patrioten für Deutschland, and Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität—and in 2000 the Worldwide LaRouche Youth Movement. His printing services included Computron Technologies, Computype, World Composition Services, and PMR Printing Company, Inc, or PMR Associates.[40]

1973: Political shift; "Operation Mop-Up"

image of letter
A 1973 internal FBI letter, noting the Communist Party's efforts to eliminate LaRouche, and suggesting submission of a "blind memorandum" to the Communist Party's newspaper.

LaRouche wrote in his 1987 autobiography that violent altercations had begun in 1969 between his NCLC members and several New Left groups when Mark Rudd's faction began assaulting LaRouche's faction at Columbia University.[41] Press accounts alleged that between April and September 1973, during what LaRouche called "Operation Mop-Up," NCLC members began physically attacking members of leftist groups that LaRouche classified as "left-protofascists"; an editorial in LaRouche's New Solidarity said of the Communist Party that the movement "must dispose of this stinking corpse."[42][43][44] Armed with chains, bats, and martial-art nunchuk sticks, NCLC members assaulted Communist Party, SWP, and Progressive Labor Party members and Black Power activists, on the streets and during meetings. At least 60 assaults were reported. The operation ended when police arrested several of LaRouche's followers; there were no convictions, and LaRouche maintained they had acted in self-defense. Journalist and LaRouche expert Dennis King writes that the FBI may have tried to aggravate the strife, using measures such as anonymous mailings, to keep the groups at each other's throats.[45][46][47][48][49][50] LaRouche said he met representatives of the Soviet Union at the United Nations in 1974 and 1975 to discuss attacks by the Communist Party USA on the NCLC and to propose a merger, but said he received no assistance from them.[51] One FBI memo, recovered under the Freedom of Information Act, proposes assisting the CPUSA in an investigation "for the purpose of ultimately eliminating him [LaRouche] and the threat of the NCLC." (see image to left)

LaRouche's critics such as Dennis King and Antony Lerman allege that in 1973 and with little warning, LaRouche adopted more extreme ideas, a process accompanied by a campaign of violence against his opponents on the left, and the development of conspiracy theories and paranoia about his personal safety.[52] According to these accounts, he began to believe he was under threat of assassination from the Soviet Union, the CIA, Libya, drug dealers, and bankers.[53] He also established a "Biological Holocaust Task Force," which, according to LaRouche, analyzed the public health consequences of International Monetary Fund (IMF) austerity policies toward impoverished nations in Africa, and predicted that epidemics of cholera as well as possibly entirely new diseases would strike Africa in the 1980s.[54][55]

1973: U.S. Labor Party

Further information: U.S. Labor Party
logo
Logo of the U.S. Labor Party

LaRouche founded the U.S. Labor Party in 1973 as the political arm of the NCLC.[56][57] At first the party was "preaching Marxist revolution" but by 1977 they shifted from left-wing to right-wing politics.[58]

A two-part article in The New York Times in 1979 by Howard Blum and Paul L. Montgomery alleged that LaRouche had turned the party (at that point with 1,000 members in 37 offices in North America, and 26 in Europe and Latin America) into an extreme-right, antisemitic organization, despite the presence of Jewish members. LaRouche denied the newspaper's charges, and said he had filed a $100 million libel suit; his press secretary said the articles were intended to "set up a credible climate for an assassination hit."[59] The Times alleged that members had taken courses in how to use knives and rifles; that a farm in upstate New York had been used for guerrilla training; and that several members had undergone a six-day anti-terrorist training course run by Mitchell WerBell III, an arms dealer and former member of the Office of Strategic Services, who said he had ties to the CIA. Journalists and publications the party regarded as unfriendly were harassed, and it published a list of potential assassins it saw as a threat. LaRouche expected members to devote themselves entirely to the party, and place their savings and possessions at its disposal, as well as take out loans on its behalf. Party officials would decide who each member should live with, and if someone left the movement, his remaining partner was expected to live separately from him. LaRouche would question spouses about their partner's sexual habits, the Times said, and in one case reportedly ordered a member to stop having sex with his wife because it was making him "politically impotent."[60][61][62]

1973: "Ego-stripping" and "brainwashing" allegations

LaRouche began writing in 1973 about the use of certain psychological techniques on recruits. In an article called "Beyond Psychoanalysis," he wrote that a worker's persona had to be stripped away to arrive at a state he called "little me," from which it would be possible to "rebuild their personalities around a new socialist identity," according to The Washington Post.[63][64] The New York Times wrote that the first such session—which LaRouche called "ego-stripping"—involved a German member, Konstantin George, in the summer of 1973. LaRouche said that during the session he discovered that a plot to assassinate him had been implanted in George's mind.[65]

He recorded sessions with a 26-year-old British member, Chris White, who had moved to England with LaRouche's former partner, Carol Schnitzer. In December 1973 LaRouche asked the couple to return to the U.S. His followers sent tapes of the subsequent sessions with White to The New York Times as evidence of an assassination plot. According to the Times, "[t]here are sounds of weeping, and vomiting on the tapes, and Mr. White complains of being deprived of sleep, food and cigarettes. At one point someone says 'raise the voltage,' but (LaRouche) says this was associated with the bright lights used in the questioning rather than an electric shock." The Times wrote, "Mr. White complains of a terrible pain in his arm, then LaRouche can be heard saying, 'That's not real. That's in the program'." LaRouche told the newspaper White had been "reduced to an eight-cycle infinite loop with look-up table, with homosexual bestiality." He said White had not been harmed and that a physician—a LaRouche movement member—had been present throughout.[65][66] White ended up telling LaRouche he had been programmed by the CIA and British intelligence to set up LaRouche for assassination by Cuban exile frogmen.[67]

According to The Washington Post, "brainwashing hysteria" took hold of the movement. One activist said he attended meetings where members were writhing on the floor saying they needed de-programming.[13] In two weeks in January 1974, the group issued 41 separate press releases about brainwashing. One activist, Alice Weitzman, expressed skepticism about the claims.[68]

1974: Contacts with far right groups, intelligence gathering

LaRouche established contacts with Willis Carto's Liberty Lobby and elements of the Ku Klux Klan in 1974.[69] Frank Donner and Randall Rothenberg wrote that he made successful overtures to the Liberty Lobby and George Wallace's American Independent Party, adding that the "racist" policies of LaRouche's U.S. Labor Party endeared it to members of the Ku Klux Klan.[70] George Michael, in Willis Carto and the American Far Right, says that LaRouche shared with the Liberty Lobby's Willis Carto an antipathy towards the Rockefeller family.[71] The Liberty Lobby defended its alliance with LaRouche by saying the U.S. Labor Party had been able to "confuse, disorient, and disunify the Left."[71]

Gregory Rose, a former chief of counter-intelligence for LaRouche who became an FBI informant in 1973, said that while the LaRouche movement had extensive links to the Liberty Lobby, there was also copious evidence of a connection to the Soviet Union. George and Wilcox say neither connection amounted to much—they assert that LaRouche was "definitely not a Soviet agent" and state that while the contact with the Liberty Lobby is often used to imply "'links' and 'ties' between LaRouche and the extreme right," it was in fact transient and marked by mutual suspicion. The Liberty Lobby soon pronounced itself disillusioned with LaRouche, citing his movement's adherence to "basic socialist positions" and his softness on "the major Zionist groups" as fundamental points of difference. According to George and Wilcox, American neo-Nazi leaders expressed misgivings over the number of Jews and members of other minority groups in his organization, and did not consider LaRouche an ally.[72] Johnson, in Architects of Fear, similarly states that LaRouche's overtures to far right groups were pragmatic rather than sincere. A 1975 party memo spoke of uniting with these groups only to overthrow the established order, adding that once that goal had been accomplished, "eliminating our right-wing opposition will be comparatively easy."[73]

Howard Blum wrote in The New York Times that, from 1976 onwards, party members sent reports to the FBI and local police on members of left-wing organizations. In 1977, he wrote, commercial reports on U.S. anti-apartheid groups were prepared by LaRouche members for the South African government, student dissidents were reported to the Shah of Iran's Savak secret police, and the anti-nuclear movement was investigated on behalf of power companies. Johnson says the intelligence network was made up of "obnoxious devotees commandeering WATS lines and tricking bureaucrats into giving them information."[74] By the late 1970s, members were exchanging almost daily information with Roy Frankhouser, a government informant and infiltrator of both far right and far left groups who was involved with the Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party.[75][76][77][78] The LaRouche organization believed Frankhouser to be a federal agent who had been assigned to infiltrate right-wing and left-wing groups, and that he had evidence that these groups were actually being manipulated or controlled by the FBI and other agencies.[79][80] LaRouche and his associates considered Frankhouser to be a valuable intelligence contact, and took his links to extremist groups to be a cover for his intelligence work.[75][81][82] Frankhouser played into these expectations, misrepresenting himself as a conduit for communications to LaRouche from "Mr. Ed," an alleged CIA contact, who did not exist.[75][83]

Blum wrote, at around this time, that LaRouche's Computron Technologies Corporation included Mobil Oil and Citibank among its clients, that his World Composition Services had one of the most advanced typesetting complexes in the city and had the Ford Foundation among its clients, and that his PMR Associates produced the party's publications and some high school newspapers.[82]

Around the same time, according to Blum, LaRouche was telling his membership several times a year that he was being targeted for assassination, including by the Queen of the United Kingdom, Zionist mobsters, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Justice Department, and the Mossad.[82] LaRouche sued the City of New York in 1974, saying that CIA and British spies had brainwashed his associates into killing him.[84] According to the Patriot-News of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, LaRouche said he had been "threatened by Communists, Zionists, narcotics gangsters, the Rockefellers and international terrorists."[85] LaRouche later said that,

Since late 1973, I have been repeatedly the target of serious assassination threats and my wife has been three times the target of attempted assassination.... My enemies are the circles of McGeorge Bundy, Henry Kissinger, Soviet President Yuri Andropov, W. Averell Harriman, certain powerful bankers, and the Socialist and Nazi Internationals, as well as international drug traffickers, Colonel Gadaffi, Ayatollah Khomaini and the Malthusian lobby."[86]

1975–1976: presidential campaign

photograph
In 1975 Clarence Kelley, FBI Director, called the NCLC a "violence-oriented organization."[87]

In March 1975 Clarence Kelley, director of the FBI, testified before the House Appropriations Committee that LaRouche's NCLC was "a violence-oriented organization of 'revolutionary socialists' with a membership of nearly 1,000 in chapters in some 50 cities." He said that during the previous two years its members had been "involved in fights, beatings, using drugs, kidnappings, brainwashings, and at least one shooting. They are reported to be armed, to have received defensive training such as karate, and to attend cadre schools and training schools to learn military tactics."[87]

In 1975, under the name Lyn Marcus, LaRouche published Dialectical Economics: An Introduction to Marxist Political Economy, called his "magnum opus" by one observer and described by its only reviewer as "the most peculiar and idiosyncratic" introduction to economics he had ever seen. Mixing economics, history, anthropology, sociology and a surprisingly large helping of business administration, the work argued that most prominent Marxists had misunderstood Marx, and that bourgeois economics arose when philosophy took a wrong, reductionist turn under British empiricists like Locke and Hume.[88][89]

In 1976, LaRouche campaigned for the first time in a presidential election as a U.S. Labor Party candidate, polling 40,043 votes (0.05 percent). It was the first of eight presidential elections he took part in between 1976 and 2004, which enabled him to attract $5.9 million in federal matching funds; candidates seeking their party's presidential nomination qualify for matching funds if they raise $5,000 in each of at least 20 states.[90] His platform predicted financial disaster by 1980 accompanied by famine and the virtual extinction of the human race within 15 years, and proposed a debt moratorium; nationalization of banks; government investment in industry especially in the aerospace sector, and an "International Development Bank" to facilitate higher food production.[91] When Legionnaires' disease appeared in the U.S. that year, he said it was a continuation of the swine flu outbreak, and that senators who opposed vaccination were suppressing the link as part of a "genocidal policy."[92]

His campaign included a paid half-hour television address, which allowed him to air his views before a national audience, something that became a regular feature of his later campaigns. There were protests about this, and about the involvement of the NCLC in public life generally. Writing in The Washington Post, Stephen Rosenfeld said LaRouche's ideas belonged to the radical right, neo-Nazi fringe, and that his main interests lay in disruption and disinformation; Rosenfeld called the NCLC one of the "chief polluters" of political democracy. Rosenfeld argued that the press should be "chary" of offering them print or air time: "A duplicitous violence-prone group with fascistic proclivities should not be presented to the public, unless there is reason to present it in those terms." LaRouche wrote in 1999 that this comment had "openly declared... a policy of malicious lying" against him.[93]

photograph
Helga Zepp in 2005

1977: Second marriage

LaRouche married again in 1977. His wife, Helga Zepp, was a leading activist in the German branch of the movement. She went on to work closely with LaRouche for the rest of her career, standing for election in Germany in 1980 for his Europäische Arbeiterpartei (European Workers Party), and founding the Schiller Institute in Germany in 1984.[94]

1980s

National Democratic Policy Committee, "October Surprise" theory

From the autumn of 1979, the LaRouche movement conducted most of its U.S. electoral activities as the National Democratic Policy Committee (NDPC), a political action committee.[95] The name drew complaints from the Democratic Party's Democratic National Committee. Democratic Party leaders refused to recognize LaRouche as a party member, or to seat the few delegates he received in his seven primary campaigns as a Democrat.[96] His campaign platforms included a return to the Bretton Woods system, including a gold-based national and world monetary system; fixed exchange rates; and ending the IMF.[97] He supported the replacement of the central bank system, including the U.S. Federal Reserve System, with a national bank;[98] a war on drug trafficking and prosecution of banks involved in money laundering;[99] building a tunnel under the Bering Strait; the building of nuclear power plants; and a crash program to build particle beam weapons and lasers, including support for elements of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). He opposed the Soviet Union and supported a military build-up to prepare for imminent war; supported the screening and quarantine of AIDS patients; and opposed environmentalism, deregulation, outcome-based education, and abortion.[100]

In December 1980, LaRouche and his followers started what came to be known as the "October Surprise" allegation,[101] namely that in October 1980 Ronald Reagan's campaign staff conspired with the Iranian government during the Iran hostage crisis to delay the release of 52 American hostages held in Iran, with the aim of helping Reagan win the 1980 presidential election against Jimmy Carter. The Iranians had agreed to this, according to the theory, in exchange for future weapons sales from the Reagan administration. The first publication of the story was in LaRouche's Executive Intelligence Review on December 2, 1980, followed by his New Solidarity on September 2, 1983, alleging that Henry Kissinger, one of LaRouche's regular targets, had met Iran's Ayatollah Beheshti in Paris, according to Iranian sources in Paris. The theory was later echoed by former Iranian President Abulhassan Banisadr and former Naval intelligence officer and National Security Council member Gary Sick.[102]

1983: Move from New York to Loudoun County

The Washington Post wrote that LaRouche and his wife moved in August 1983 from New York to a 13-room Georgian mansion on a 250-acre section of the Woodburn Estate, near Leesburg, Loudoun County, Virginia. The property was owned at the time by a company registered in Switzerland. Companies associated with LaRouche continued to buy property in the area, including part of Leesburg's industrial park, purchased by LaRouche's Lafayette/Leesburg Ltd. Partnership to develop a printing plant and office complex.[103]

Neighbors said they saw LaRouche guards in camouflage clothes carrying semi-automatic weapons, and the Post wrote that the house had sandbag-buttressed guard posts nearby, along with metal spikes in the driveway and concrete barriers on the road. One of his aides said LaRouche was safer in Loudoun County: "The terrorist organizations which have targeted Mr. LaRouche do not have bases of operations in Virginia." LaRouche said his new home meant a shorter commute to Washington. A former associate said the move also meant his members would be more isolated from friends and family than they had been in New York.[103] According to the Post in 2004, local people who opposed him for any reason were accused in LaRouche publications of being commies, homosexual, drug pushers, and terrorists. He reportedly accused the Leesburg Garden Club of being a nest of Soviet sympathizers, and a local lawyer who opposed LaRouche on a zoning matter went into hiding after threatening phone calls and a death threat.[13] In leaflets supporting his application of concealed weapons permits for his bodyguards in Leesburg, Virginia, he wrote:

I have a major personal security problem...[Without the permits] the assassination teams of professional mercenaries now being trained in Canada and along the Mexico border may be expected to start arriving on the streets of Leesburg...If they come, there will be many people dead or mutilated within as short an interval as 60 seconds of fire."[104]

Regarding LaRouche's paramilitary security force, armed with semi-automatic weapons,[105] a spokesperson said that they were necessary because LaRouche was the subject of "assassination conspiracies".[106]

1984: Schiller Institute, television spots, contact with Reagan administration

Further information: Schiller Institute

Helga Zepp-LaRouche founded the Schiller Institute in Germany in 1984.[107] In the same year, LaRouche was able to raise enough money to purchase 14 television spots, at a cost of $330,000 each, in which he called Walter Mondale—the Democratic Party's presidential candidate—a Soviet agent of influence, triggering over 1,000 telephone complaints.[108] On April 19, 1986, NBC's Saturday Night Live aired a sketch satirizing the ads, portraying the Queen of the United Kingdom and Henry Kissinger as drug dealers. LaRouche received 78,773 votes in the 1984 presidential election.[109]

In 1984, media reports stated that LaRouche and his aides had met Reagan administration officials, including Norman Bailey, senior director of international economic affairs for the National Security Council (NSC), and Richard Morris, special assistant to William P. Clark, Jr. There were also reported contacts with the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the CIA. The LaRouche campaign said the reporting was full of errors.[110] In 1984 two Pentagon officials spoke at a LaRouche rally in Virginia; a Defense Department spokesman said the Pentagon viewed LaRouche's group as a "conservative group ... very supportive of the administration." White House spokesman Larry Speakes said the Administration was "glad to talk to" any American citizen who might have information.[111] According to Bailey, the contacts were broken off when they became public.[30] Three years later, LaRouche blamed his criminal indictment on the NSC, saying he had been in conflict with Oliver North over LaRouche's opposition to the Nicaraguan Contras.[112] According to a LaRouche publication, a court-ordered search of North's files produced a May 1986 telex from Iran–Contra defendant General Richard Secord, discussing the gathering of information to be used against LaRouche.[113] King states that LaRouche's Executive Intelligence Review was the first to report on important details of the Iran–Contra affair, predicting that a major scandal was about to break months before mainstream media picked up on the story.[114]

Strategic Defense Initiative

photograph
The Wheat Building in Leesburg, Virginia, which housed the Fusion Energy Foundation in the 1980s.

The LaRouche campaign supported Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Dennis King wrote that LaRouche had been speculating about space-based weaponry as early as 1975. He set up the Fusion Energy Foundation, which held conferences and tried to cultivate scientists, with some success. In 1979, FEF representatives attended a Moscow conference on laser fusion. LaRouche began to promote the use of lasers and related technologies for both military and civilian purposes, calling for a "revolution in machine tools."[115]

According to King, LaRouche's associates had for some years been in contact with members of the Reagan administration about LaRouche's space-based weapons ideas.[116] LaRouche proposed the development of defensive beam technologies as a policy that was in the interest of both the US and the USSR, as the alternative to an arms race in offensive weapons, and as a generator of spin-off economic benefits. Between February 1982 and February 1983, with the approval of the National Security Council, LaRouche met with Soviet embassy representative Evgeny Shershnev to discuss the proposal. During this period, Soviet economists also began to study LaRouche's economic forecasting model. However, following Reagan's public announcement of the SDI in March 1983, Soviet representatives broke off all contact with LaRouche and his representatives.[115]

Physicist Edward Teller, a proponent of SDI and X-ray lasers, told reporters in 1984 that he had been courted by LaRouche, but had kept his distance. LaRouche began calling his plan the "LaRouche-Teller proposal," though they had never met. Teller said LaRouche was "a poorly informed man with fantastic conceptions."[117]

LaRouche later attributed the collapse of the Soviet Union to its refusal to follow his advice to accept Reagan's offer to share the technology.[118] Former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld reported in his 2011 memoir that at a 2001 dinner in Russia with leading officials, he was told by General Yuri Baluyevsky, then the second highest-ranking officer in the Russian military, that LaRouche was the brains behind SDI. Rumsfeld stated that he believed LaRouche had had no influence whatsoever on the program, and surmised that Baluyevsky must have obtained the information off the Internet.[119] In 2012 the former head of the Russian bureau of Interpol, General Vladimir Ovchinsky, also described LaRouche as the man who proposed the SDI.[120]

1984: NBC lawsuit

In January 1984 NBC aired a news segment about LaRouche, and in March a "First Camera" report produced by Pat Lynch. In an article for the Columbia Journalism Review in 1985, Lynch wrote that the reports included the allegation that LaRouche was "the leader of a violence-prone, anti-Semitic cult that smeared its opponents and sued its critics."[121] In interviews, former members of the movement gave details about their fundraising practices, and alleged that LaRouche had spoken about assassinating U.S. President Jimmy Carter. The reports said an investigation by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) would lead to an indictment, and quoted Irwin Suall, the Anti-Defamation League's (ADL) fact-finding director, who called LaRouche a "small-time Hitler." After the broadcast, LaRouche members picketed NBC's office carrying signs saying "Lynch Pat Lynch," and the NBC switchboard said it received a death threat against her. Another NBC researcher said someone placed fliers around her parents' neighborhood saying she was running a call-girl ring from her parents' home.[122] Lynch said LaRouche members began to impersonate her and her researchers in telephone calls, and called her "Fat Lynch" in their publications.[121]

LaRouche filed a defamation suit against NBC and the ADL, arguing that the programs were the result of a deliberate campaign of defamation against him.[123] The judge ruled that NBC need not reveal its sources, and LaRouche lost the case. NBC won a countersuit, the jury awarding the network $3 million in damages, later reduced to $258,459, for misuse of libel law, in what was called one of the more celebrated countersuits by a libel defendant.[124] LaRouche failed to pay the damages, pleading poverty, which the judge described as "completely lacking in credibility."[125] LaRouche said he had been unaware since 1973 who paid the rent on the estate, or for his food, lodging, clothing, transportation, bodyguards, and lawyers. The judge fined him for failing to answer. After the judge signed an order to allow discovery of LaRouche's personal finances, a cashier's check was delivered to the court to end the case.[126] When LaRouche appealed, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, rejecting his arguments, set forth a three-pronged test, later called the "LaRouche test," to decide when anonymous sources must be named in libel cases.[127]

1985–1986: PANIC, LaRouche's AIDS initiative

LaRouche interpreted the AIDS pandemic as fulfillment of his 1973 prediction that an epidemic would strike humanity in the 1980s. According to Christopher Toumey, his subsequent campaign followed a familiar LaRouche pattern: challenging the scientific competence of government experts, and arguing that LaRouche had special scientific insights, and his own scientific associates were more competent than government scientists. LaRouche's view of AIDS agreed with orthodox medicine in that HIV caused AIDS, but differed from it in arguing that HIV spread like the cold virus or malaria, by way of casual contact and insect bites—which, if true, would make HIV-positive people extremely dangerous. He advocated testing anyone working in schools, restaurants, or healthcare, and quarantining those who tested positive. Some of LaRouche's views on AIDS were developed by John Seale, a British venereological physician who proposed that AIDS was created in a Soviet laboratory. Seale's highly speculative writings were published in three prestigious medical journals, lending these ideas some appearance of being hard science.[54]

LaRouche and his associates devised a "Biological Strategic Defense Initiative" that would cost $100 billion per annum, which they said would have to be directed by LaRouche. Toumey writes that those opposing the program, such as the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control, were accused of "viciously lying to the world," and of following an agenda of genocide and euthanasia.[128] In 1986 LaRouche proposed that AIDS be added to California's List of Communicable Diseases. Sponsored by his "Prevent AIDS Now Initiative Committee" (PANIC), Proposition 64—or the "LaRouche initiative"—qualified for the California ballot in 1986, with the required signature gatherers mostly paid for by LaRouche's Campaigner Publications. Seale, presented as an AIDS expert by PANIC, supported the LaRouche initiative but disagreed with several of LaRouche's views, including that HIV could be spread by insects, and described the group's political beliefs and conspiracy theories as "rather odd".[129] According to David Kirp, professor of public policy at the University of California at Berkeley, the proposal would have required that 300,000 people in the area with HIV or AIDS be reported to public health authorities; might have removed over 100,000 of them from their jobs in schools, restaurants and agriculture; and would have forced 47,000 children to stay away from school.[130]

The proposal was opposed by leading scientists and local health officials as based on inaccurate scientific information and, as the public health schools put it, running "counter to all public health principles." It was defeated, reintroduced two years later, and defeated again, with two million votes in favor the first time, and 1.7 million the second. AIDS became a leading plank in LaRouche's platform during his 1988 presidential campaign.[131]

1986: Electoral success in Illinois; press conference allegations

Further information: Janice Hart

In March 1986, Mark Fairchild and Janice Hart—LaRouche National Democratic Policy Committee candidates—won the Democratic primary for statewide offices in Illinois, bringing LaRouche national attention.[132] The Democratic gubernatorial candidate, Adlai Stevenson III, withdrew his nomination rather than run on the same slate as LaRouche members, and told reporters the party was "exploring every legal remedy to purge these bizarre and dangerous extremists from the Democratic ticket." A spokesman for the Democratic National Committee said it would have to do a better job of communicating to the electorate that LaRouche's National Democratic Policy Committee was unrelated to the Democratic Party.[133] The New York Times wrote that Democratic Party officials were trying to identify LaRouche candidates in order to alert voters, and asked the LaRouche organization to release a full list of its candidates.[134]

A month later, LaRouche held a press conference to accuse the Soviet government, British government, drug dealers, international bankers, and journalists of being involved in a variety of conspiracies. Flanked by bodyguards, he said, "If Abe Lincoln were alive, he'd probably be standing up here with me today," and that there was no criticism of him that did not originate "with the drug lobby or the Soviet operation ..." He said he had been in danger from Soviet assassins for over 13 years, and had to live in safe houses. He refused to answer a question from an NBC reporter, saying "How can I talk with a drug pusher like you?" He called the leadership of the United States "idiotic" and "berserk," and its foreign policy "criminal or insane." He warned of the imminent collapse of the banking system and accused banks of laundering drug money. Asked about the movement's finances, he said "I don't know. ... I'm not responsible, I'm not involved in that."[135]

1986–1988: Raids and criminal convictions

In October 1986, hundreds of state and federal officers raided LaRouche offices in Virginia and Massachusetts. A federal grand jury indicted LaRouche and twelve of his associates on credit card fraud and obstruction of justice. The charges stated that they had attempted to defraud people of millions of dollars, including several elderly people, by borrowing money they did not intend to repay. LaRouche disputed the charges, alleging that they were politically motivated.[136]

When LaRouche's "heavily fortified"[137] estate was surrounded, he at first warned law-enforcement officials not to arrest him, saying that any attempt to do so would be an attempt to kill him. A spokesman would not rule out the use of violence against officials in response. While surrounded, LaRouche sent a telegram to President Ronald Reagan saying that an attempt to arrest him "would be an attempt to kill me. I will not submit passively to such an arrest,... I will defend myself."[138][139]

In 1987, a number of LaRouche entities, including the Fusion Energy Foundation, were taken over through an involuntary bankruptcy proceeding. The government's use of a sealed order in this proceeding was regarded as a rare legal maneuver.[140]

On December 16, 1988, LaRouche was convicted of conspiracy to commit mail fraud involving more than $30 million in defaulted loans; eleven counts of actual mail fraud involving $294,000 in defaulted loans; and a single count of conspiring to defraud the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. He was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison but was released on January 26, 1994.

Thirteen associates were sentenced to prison terms ranging from one month to 77 years for mail fraud and conspiracy.[136]

The trial judge called LaRouche's claim of a political vendetta "arrant nonsense," and said "the idea that this organization is a sufficient threat to anything that would warrant the government bringing a prosecution to silence them just defies human experience."[141]

Defense lawyers filed unsuccessful appeals that challenged the conduct of the grand jury, the contempt fines, the execution of the search warrants, and various trial procedures. At least ten appeals were heard by the United States Court of Appeals, and three were heard by the U.S. Supreme Court.

Former Attorney General Ramsey Clark joined the defense team for two appeals, writing that the case involved "a broader range of deliberate and systematic misconduct and abuse of power over a longer period of time in an effort to destroy a political movement and leader, than any other federal prosecution in my time or to my knowledge."[142]

In his 1988 autobiography, LaRouche says the raid on his operation was the work of Raisa Gorbachev.[143] In an interview that same year, he said that the Soviet Union opposed him because he had invented the Strategic Defense Initiative. "The Soviet government hated me for it. Gorbachev also hated my guts and called for my assassination and imprisonment and so forth." He asserted that he had survived these threats because he had been protected by unnamed U.S. government officials. "Even when they don't like me, they consider me a national asset, and they don't like to have their national assets killed."[144]

LaRouche received 25,562 votes in the 1988 presidential election.[145]

1989: Musical interests and Verdi tuning initiative

LaRouche and his wife have an interest in classical music up to the period of Brahms. A motto of LaRouche's European Workers' Party, is "Think like Beethoven"; movement offices typically include a piano and posters of German composers, and members are known for their choral singing at protest events and for using satirical lyrics tailored to their targets.[146] LaRouche abhors popular music; he said in 1980, "Rock was not an accidental thing. This was done by people who set out in a deliberate way to subvert the United States. It was done by British intelligence," and wrote that the Beatles were "a product shaped according to British Psychological Warfare Division specifications."[147] LaRouche movement members have protested at performances of Richard Wagner's operas, denouncing Wagner as an anti-Semite who found favor with the Nazis, and called a conductor "satanic" because he played contemporary music.[148]

In 1989 LaRouche advocated that classical orchestras should use a concert pitch based on A above middle C (A4) tuned to 432 Hz, which the Schiller Institute called the "Verdi pitch," a pitch that Verdi had suggested as optimal, though he also composed and conducted in other pitches such as the French official diapason normal of 435 Hz, including his Requiem in 1874.[149]

The Schiller Institute initiative attracted support from more than 300 opera stars, including Joan Sutherland, Plácido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti, who according to Opera Fanatic may or may not have been aware of LaRouche's politics. A spokesman for Domingo said Domingo had simply signed a questionnaire, had not been aware of its origins, and would not agree with LaRouche's politics. Renata Tebaldi and Piero Cappuccilli, who were running for the European Parliament on LaRouche's "Patriots for Italy" platform, attended Schiller Institute conferences as featured speakers. The discussions led to debates in the Italian parliament about reinstating Verdi's legislation. LaRouche gave an interview to National Public Radio on the initiative from prison. The initiative was opposed by the editor of Opera Fanatic, Stefan Zucker, who objected to the establishment of a "pitch police," and argued that LaRouche was using the issue to gain credibility.[150]

1990s

Imprisonment, release on parole, attempts at exoneration, visits to Russia

LaRouche began his jail sentence in 1989, serving it at the Federal Medical Center in Rochester, Minnesota. From there he ran for Congress in 1990, seeking to represent the 10th District of Virginia, but he received less than one percent of the vote. He ran for President again in 1992 with James Bevel as his running mate, a civil rights activist who had represented the LaRouche movement in its pursuit of the Franklin child prostitution ring allegations. It was only the second-ever campaign for president from prison.[151] He received 26,334 votes, standing again as the "Economic Recovery" party.[152] For a time he shared a cell with televangelist Jim Bakker. Bakker later wrote of his astonishment at LaRouche's detailed knowledge of the Bible. According to Bakker, LaRouche received a daily intelligence report by mail, and at times had information about news events days before they happened. Bakker also wrote that LaRouche believed their cell was bugged. In Bakker's view, "to say LaRouche was a little paranoid would be like saying that the Titanic had a little leak."[153]

Viktor Kuzin, a member of the Moscow City Council and a founder of the Democratic Union in Russia,[154] travelled to Minnesota in 1993 to meet LaRouche in prison, and afterwards participated in international campaigns to exonerate LaRouche.[155] An advertisement calling for exoneration was published in several US Newspapers, signed by Kuzin, Civil Rights attorney J.L. Chestnut, former Ugandan President Godfrey Binaisa, and others.[156] Chestnut was interviewed in the Tuscaloosa News saying that when he met LaRouche, "I told him that he might as well be black and in Alabama."[157]

The exoneration campaigns garnered the support of a number of State Representatives and State Senators in the US, as well as a former justice of the Washington State Supreme Court.[158][159]

LaRouche was released on parole in January 1994, and returned to Loudoun County. The Washington Post wrote that he would be supervised by parole and probation officers until January 2004.[160] Also in 1994, his followers joined members of the Nation of Islam to condemn the Anti-Defamation League for its alleged crimes against African Americans, reportedly one of several such meetings since 1992.[161]

Ramsey Clark wrote a letter in 1995 to then-Attorney General Janet Reno in which he said that the case involved "a broader range of deliberate and systematic misconduct and abuse of power over a longer period of time in an effort to destroy a political movement and leader, than any other federal prosecution in my time or to my knowledge". He asserted that, "The government, ex parte, sought and received an order effectively closing the doors of these publishing businesses, all of which were involved in First Amendment activities, effectively preventing the further repayment of their debts." He called the convictions "a tragic miscarriage of justice which at this time can only be corrected by an objective review and courageous action by the Department of Justice".[162] The LaRouche movement organized two panels to review the cases: the Curtis Clark Commission,[163] and the Mann-Chestnut hearings.[164]

Beginning in 1994, LaRouche made numerous visits to Russia, participating in conferences of the Vernadsky State Geological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the RAS Institute of the Far East, and other places. He addressed seminars at the RAS Institute of Economics, the RAS Institute of Oriental Studies. He spoke at hearings in the State Duma of the Russian Federation on measures to ensure the development of the Russian economy at the point of destabilization of the world financial system. Two of his books were translated into Russian.[165]

On September 18, 1996, a full-page advertisement appeared in the New Federalist, a LaRouche publication, as well as The Washington Post and Roll Call. Entitled "Officials Call for LaRouche's Exoneration", its signatories included Arturo Frondizi, former President of Argentina; figures from the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement such as Amelia Boynton Robinson (a leader of the Larouche-affiliated Schiller Institute), James Bevel (a Larouche movement participant) and Rosa Parks; former Minnesota Senator and Democratic presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy; Mervyn M. Dymally, who chaired the Congressional Black Caucus; and artists such as classical vocalist William Warfield and violinist Norbert Brainin, former 1st Violin of the Amadeus Quartet.[166]

In 1996, LaRouche was invited to speak at a convention organized by the Nation of Islam's Louis Farrakhan and Ben Chavis, then of the National African American Leadership Summit. As soon as he began speaking, he was booed off the stage.[167]

In the 1996 Democratic presidential primaries, he received enough votes in Louisiana and Virginia to get one delegate from each state, but before the primaries began, the Democratic National Committee chair, Donald Fowler, ruled that LaRouche was not a "bona fide Democrat" because of his "expressed political beliefs ... which are explicitly racist and anti-Semitic," and because of his "past activities including exploitation of and defrauding contributors and voters." Fowler instructed state parties to disregard votes for LaRouche.[168]

LaRouche opposed attempts to impeach President Bill Clinton, charging it was a plot by the British Intelligence to destabilize the U.S. Government.[169][170] In 1996 he called for the impeachment of Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge.[171][172]

Efforts to clear LaRouche's name continued, including in Australia, where the Parliament acknowledged receipt of 1,606 petition signatures in 1998.[173]

In 1999 China's press agency, the Xinhua News Agency, reported that LaRouche had criticized the Cox Report, a congressional investigation that accused the Chinese of stealing U.S. nuclear weapons secrets, calling it a "scientifically illiterate hoax."[174] On October 13, 1999, during a press conference to announce his plans to run for president, he predicted the collapse of the world's financial system, stating, "There's nothing like it in this century.... it is systematic, and therefore, inevitable." He said the U.S. and other nations had built the "biggest financial bubble in all history," which was close to bankruptcy.[175]

2000s

2000–2003: Worldwide LaRouche Youth Movement, September 11 Attacks, presidential run

photograph
LaRouche supporters in Chicago, 2007

LaRouche founded the Worldwide LaRouche Youth Movement (WLYM) in 2000, saying in 2004 that it had hundreds of members in the U.S. and a lesser number overseas. During the Democratic primaries in June 2000, he received 53,280 votes, or 22 percent of the total, in Arkansas.[176]

In 2002 LaRouche's Executive Intelligence Review argued that the September 11, 2001, attacks had been an "inside job" and "attempted coup d'etat," and that Iran was the first country to question it. The article received wide coverage in Iran, and was cited by senior Iranian government officials, including Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Hassan Rowhani. Mahmoud Alinejad writes that, in a subsequent telephone interview with the Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, LaRouche said the attacks had been organized by rogue elements inside the U.S., aiming to use the incident to promote a war against Islam, and that Israel was a dictatorial regime prepared to commit Nazi-style crimes against the Palestinians.[177]

LaRouche again entered the primary elections for the Democratic Party's nomination in 2004, setting a record for the number of consecutive presidential campaigns; Democratic Party officials distanced themselves from him and did not allow him to participate in candidate forum debates. He did not run in 2008.[178]

As during the preceding decade, LaRouche and his followers denied that human civilization had harmed the environment through DDT, chlorofluorocarbons, or carbon dioxide. According to Chip Berlet, "Pro-LaRouche publications have been at the forefront of denying the reality of global warming".[179]

2003–2012: Overseas press coverage, financial crisis

Iqbal Qazwini wrote in the Arabic-language daily Asharq Al-Awsat in 2003 that LaRouche was one of the first to predict the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1988 and German unification. He said LaRouche had urged the West to pursue a policy of economic cooperation similar to the Marshall Plan for the advancement of the economy of the socialist countries. According to Qazwini, recent years have seen a proliferation of LaRouche's ideas in China and South Asia. Qazwini referred to him as the spiritual father of the revival of the new Silk Road or Eurasian Landbridge, which aims to link the continents through a network of ground transportation.[180]

In April 2005, Tang Yong of the People's Daily of China covered LaRouche's record of economic forecasting, and his warning that the present financial and currency system was already unsalvageable, thus it must be radically restructured, not just merely reformed.[181] Later that year, the paper published an eight-part interview with LaRouche, covering his economic forecasts, his battles with the American media, and his assessment of the neoconservatives. The interviewer wrote that LaRouche was "quite famous in mainland China today," and seemed to be better known overseas than in America.[182]

In 2007, LaRouche began a national lobbying campaign to restore the Glass-Steagall Act, saying that it would be possible to save the U.S. banking system by reorganizing it under bankruptcy protection.[183] Also during 2007 he proposed a "Homeowners and Bank Protection Act". This called for the establishment of a federal agency that would "place federal- and state-chartered banks under protection, freeze all existing home mortgages for a period of time, adjust mortgage values to fair prices, restructure existing mortgages at appropriate interest rates, and write off speculative debt obligations of mortgage-backed securities". The bill envisioned a foreclosure moratorium, allowing homeowners to make the equivalent of rental payments for an interim period, and an end to bank bail-outs, forcing banks to reorganize under bankruptcy laws.[184]

In Spring 2007 he was an honorary foreign guest at a ceremony in honor of the 80th Birthday of Professor Stanislav Menshikov at the Russian Academy of Sciences.[165]

2009: U.S. healthcare reform

LaRouche poster of Barack Obama with a 'Hitler mustache'

During the discussion of U.S. health care reform in 2009, LaRouche advocated a single-payer health care bill, and took exception to what he described as Barack Obama's proposal that "independent boards of doctors and health care experts [should] make the life-and-death decisions of what care to provide, and what not, based on cost-effectiveness criteria." LaRouche said the proposed boards, later compared to "death panels" by Sarah Palin, would amount to the same thing as the Nazis' Action T4 euthanasia program, and urged Americans to "quickly and suddenly change the behavior of this president ... for no lesser reason than that your sister might not end up in somebody's gas oven."

Images at tables of volunteers compared Obama to Hitler, and at least one had a picture of Obama with a Hitler-style mustache. In Seattle, police were called twice in response to people threatening to attack the volunteers. During one widely reported public meeting, Congressman Barney Frank referred to the images as "vile, contemptible nonsense."[185][186][187][188][189][190][191]

Ideology and beliefs

History as a struggle between Platonism and Aristotelianism

University of Notre Dame political philosophers Catherine Zuckert and Michael Zuckert write about LaRouche that "[I]t must be nearly unique in American politics that a presidential candidate... makes the interpretation of Plato a major issue in his campaign."[192]

According to George Johnson, LaRouche sees history as a battle between Platonists, who believe in absolute truth, and Aristotelians, who rely on empirical data. Johnson characterizes LaRouche's views as follows: the Platonists include figures such as Beethoven, Mozart, Shakespeare, Leonardo da Vinci, and Leibniz. He believes that many of the world's ills result from the dominance of Aristotelianism as embraced by the empirical philosophers (such as Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume), leading to a culture that favors the empirical over the metaphysical, embraces moral relativism, and seeks to keep the general population uninformed. Industry, technology, and classical music should be used to enlighten the world, LaRouche argues, whereas the Aristotelians use psychotherapy, drugs, rock music, jazz, environmentalism, and quantum theory to bring about a new dark age in which the world will be ruled by the oligarchs. Left and right are false distinctions for LaRouche; what matters is the Platonic versus Aristotelian outlook, a position that has led him to form relationships with groups as disparate as farmers, nuclear engineers, Black Muslims, Teamsters and pro-life advocates.

The conspirators are not necessarily in touch with one another: "From their standpoint, [the conspirators] are proceeding by instinct," LaRouche has said. "If you're asking how their policy is developed—if there is an inside group sitting down and making plans—no, it doesn't work that way ... History doesn't function quite that consciously."[193][194][195][196][197] In Architects of Fear (1983), Johnson compares the view to the Illuminati conspiracy theory; Johnson writes that after he wrote about LaRouche in The New York Times, LaRouche's followers denounced him as part of a conspiracy of elitists that began in ancient Egypt.[194][198][199][200][201]

Controversy

Allegations of antisemitism

LaRouche and his ideas have been called antisemitic since at least the mid-1970s by dozens of individuals and organizations in countries across Europe and North America. LaRouche and his followers have responded to these allegations by claiming that LaRouche has Jewish supporters and by denying the accusations.

Starting in the mid-1970s allegations appeared that LaRouche had fascist and antisemitic tendencies.[202] Paul Montgomery wrote in The New York Times that the charges of antisemitism dated to around 1976, when LaRouche's U.S. Labor Party began to include Zionist and Jewish groups in its stories about conspiracies.

In 1977 LaRouche married his current wife, Helga Zepp-LaRouche, who is German and 27 years younger than him. Her 1984 book, "The Hitler Book" argues that "We need a movement that can finally free Germany from the control of the Versailles and Yalta treaties, thanks to which we have staggered from one catastrophe to another for an entire century."[203] Helga founded the Schiller Institute, which has been accused of antisemitism by the Berliner Zeitung and Political Research Associates, a non-profit research group that studies right wing, white supremacist, and militia groups.[204][205]

LaRouche claims that he is anti-Zionist, not antisemitic.[206] When the Anti-Defamation League accused LaRouche of antisemitism in 1979, he filed a $26-million libel suit; however, the case failed when Justice Michael Dontzin of the New York Supreme Court ruled that it was fair comment, and that the facts "reasonably give rise" to that description.[207][208] LaRouche started a campaign against the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith (ADL), and set up a group called "The Provisional Committee to Clean Up B'nai Brith." Montgomery wrote that material sold by LaRouche organizers in airports and shopping centers included a book that said Jews dominated the drug trade with the help of Jewish bankers.(subscription required)

LaRouche said in 1986 that descriptions of him as a neo-fascist or anti-Semite stemmed from "the drug lobby or the Soviet operation—which is sometimes the same thing,"[209][210] and in 2006 wrote that "religious and racial hatred, such as antisemitism, or hatred against Islam, or, hatred of Christians, is, on record of known history, the most evil expression of criminality to be seen on the planet today."[211] Antony Lerman wrote in 1988 that LaRouche used "the British" as a code word for "Jews,"[212] a theory also propounded by Dennis King, author of Lyndon LaRouche and the New American Fascism (1989). George Johnson argued that King's presentation failed to take into account that several members of LaRouche's inner circle were themselves Jewish.[213] Daniel Pipes wrote in 1997 that LaRouche's references to the British really were to the British, though he agreed that an alleged British-Jewish alliance lay at the heart of LaRouche's conspiracism.[214] It was reported in 1989 that many members of LaRouche's inner circle are Jewish.[74]

As of 2016, the Jewish Virtual Library states that "The international organization run by Lyndon LaRouche is a major source of such masked antisemitic theories globally. In the U.S. the LaRouchites spread these conspiracy theories in an alliance with aides to Minister Louis Farrakhan of the Nation of Islam. A series of LaRouchite pamphlets calls the neoconservative movement the "Children of Satan," which links Jewish neo-conservatives to the historic rhetoric of the blood libel."[215]

Allegations of racism

Manning Marable of Columbia University wrote in 1998 that LaRouche tried in the mid-1980s to build bridges to the black community. Marable argued that most of the community was not fooled, and quoted the A. Philip Randolph Institute, an organization for African-American trade unionists, declaring that "LaRouche appeals to fear, hatred and ignorance. He seeks to exploit and exacerbate the anxieties and frustrations of Americans by offering an array of scapegoats and enemies: Jews, Zionists, international bankers, blacks, labor unions—much the way Hitler did in Germany."[216] During LaRouche's slander suit against NBC in 1984, Roy Innis, leader of the Congress of Racial Equality, took the stand for LaRouche as a character witness, stating under oath that LaRouche's views on racism were "consistent with his own." Asked whether he had seen any indication of racism in LaRouche's associates, he replied that he had not.[217]

Movement

Main article: LaRouche movement

Estimates of the size of LaRouche's movement have varied over the years; most say there is a core membership of 500–2000. The estimated 600 members in 1978 paid monthly dues of $24. Johnson wrote in 1983 that the Fusion Energy Foundation and National Democratic Policy Committee had attracted some 20,000 members, as well as 300,000 magazine subscribers.[218][219][220][221][222][223]

A 1987 article by John Mintz in The Washington Post reported that members lived hand-to-mouth in crowded apartments, their basic needs—such as a mattress and pillowcase—paid for by the movement. They worked raising money or selling newspapers for LaRouche, doing research for him, or singing in a group choir, spending almost every waking hour together.[224]

According to Christopher Toumey, LaRouche's charismatic authority within the movement is grounded on members' belief that he possesses a unique level of insight and expertise. He identifies an emotionally charged issue, conducts in-depth research into it, then proposes a simplistic solution, usually involving restructuring of the economy or national security apparatus. He and the membership portray anyone opposing him as immoral and part of the conspiracy.[225][226]

The group is known for its caustic attacks on people it opposes and former members. In the past it has justified what it refers to as "psywar techniques" as necessary to shake people up; Johnson in 1983 quoted a LaRouche associate: "We're not very nice, so we're hated. Why be nice? It's a cruel world. We're in a war and the human race is up for grabs."[227] Charles Tate, a former long-term LaRouche associate, told The Washington Post in 1987 that members see themselves as not subject to the ordinary laws of society: "They feel that the continued existence of the human race is totally dependent on what they do in the organization, that nobody would be here without LaRouche. They feel justified in a peculiar way doing anything whatsoever."[224]

Publications

References

  1. ↑ Kathlyn Gay, ed. (2011). American Dissidents: An Encyclopedia of Activists, Subversives, and Prisoners of Conscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 377–380. ISBN 1-59884-765-1.
  2. ↑ Atkins, Steven E. (2011). Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism In Modern American History. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. ISBN 1-59884-350-8.
  3. ↑ "A Guide to the Lyndon LaRouche Collection, 1979-1986".
  4. ↑ "Ancestry of Lyndon LaRouche".
  5. ↑ Montgomery 1974 and King 1989, pp. 17–18, 20, 25–26.
  6. ↑ For the parents' religions and other details, see Witt 2004, p. 3, and King 1989, p. 4.
  7. ↑ For "years of hell" and bullying, see LaRouche 1979, pp. 38–39.
  8. ↑ For spending time alone and identifying with philosophers, see LaRouche 1979, pp. 55, 58.
  9. ↑ For the particular philosophers he read, see LaRouche 1987, p. 17.
  10. ↑ For his graduation, see Tong 1994.
  11. ↑ For his father's expulsion, see King 1989, pp. 5–6.
  12. ↑ For an entry mentioning LaRouche in Quaker records, see Stattler, Richard. "Guide to the Records of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in New England", Rhode Island Historical Society, 1997, p. 92.
  13. 1 2 3 Witt 2004, p. 3.
  14. ↑ King 1989, p. 6.
  15. ↑ LaRouche 1987, pp. 37–38
  16. ↑ LaRouche 1987, pp. 18–20.
  17. ↑ For how he adopted Marxism and Trotskyism, for his studies,and joining the SWP, see LaRouche 1987, pp. 62–64. For his use of Lyn Marcus, see Watson, July 19, 1978.
  18. ↑ For his work as a management consultant, see LaRouche 1979, p. 4.
  19. ↑ King 1989, pp. 8–9.
  20. 1 2 Wohlforth, undated.
  21. ↑ King 1989, p. 9.
  22. ↑ LaRouche 1970.
  23. 1 2 Lewers, Bill (2013). A Voter's Journey. Xlibris Corporation. p. 200. ISBN 1483686779.
  24. ↑ Fraser, Steve. NCLC Frame Up," Great Speckled Bird, February 22, 1971.
  25. ↑ Also see LaRouche 1987, p. 116.
  26. ↑ The NCLC was at first called the SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) Labor Committee.
  27. ↑ For LaRouche's teaching, see King 1989, pp. 13–14.
  28. ↑ King 1989, pp. 17–18.
  29. ↑ Also see Rose, Gregory F. "The Swarmy Life and Times of the NCLC", National Review, March 30, 1979.
  30. 1 2 Mintz 1985.
  31. ↑ For members giving up their jobs, see Montgomery, January 20, 1974
  32. ↑ For members giving up their jobs, see: Witt, October 24, 2004, p. 3.
  33. ↑ Johnson 1983, p. 189.
  34. ↑ "LaRouche Says His Supporters Take Covert Roles in Campaign", The New York Times, February 15, 1980: "Lyndon H. LaRouche, the former head of the U.S. Labor Party who is now running as a Democrat, has said that his campaign workers impersonate reporters and others, contending that the covert operation is needed for his security."
    • Other publications included International Journal of Fusion, Investigative Leads, War on Drugs, The Young Scientist, American Labor Beacon, New Federalist, Nouvelle Solidarité, 'and 'Neue Solidarität.
  35. ↑ Lynch, Pat. "Is Lyndon LaRouche using your name?", Columbia Journalism Review, March–April 1985, pp. 42–46.
  36. ↑ For Bailey's comment in 1984, see"Copulus, July 19, 1984" (PDF). Archived from the original on January 19, 2006. Retrieved 2006-01-19. .
  37. ↑ For the Mother Jones article, see Foster January 1982, p. 30.
  38. ↑ For psywar techniques, see Johnson 1983, p. 190.
  39. ↑ For Alexander, Alexander 1991, p. 948.
  40. ↑ "Copulus, July 19, 1984" (PDF). Archived from the original on January 19, 2006. Retrieved 2006-01-19., pp. 2–3.
    • Other groups included the International Caucus of Labor Committees, the Club of Life, the Committee for a Fair Election, the Humanist Academy, the International Workingman's Defense Fund, the Lafayette Academy for the Arts and Sciences, the LaRouche Campaign, the National Anti-Drug Coalition, the National Unemployed and Welfare Rights Organization, and the Revolutionary Youth Movement.
    • For more on the companies, see Mintz, January 13, 1985.
  41. ↑ LaRouche 1987, p. 117.
  42. ↑ For the name "Operation Mop-Up," see Montgomery, January 20, 1974.
  43. ↑ For the Village Voice, see Hentoff, January 24, 1974, pp. 8, 10, an for its discussion of the New Solidarity editorial, see p. 30.
  44. ↑ Also see Alexander 1991, p. 946.
  45. ↑ For the description of the assaults, see Montgomery, January 20, 1974, and Hentoff, January 24, 1974, pp. 8, 10, 30.
  46. ↑ For the number of assaults, see Alexander 1991, p. 947.
  47. ↑ For the arrests, see King 1989, pp. 23–24.
  48. ↑ Also see Clines, October 11, 1973.
  49. ↑ For no convictions see Mintz, September 20, 1987.
  50. ↑ For LaRouche saying he acted in self-defence, see Witt, October 24, 2004, p. 3.
  51. ↑ Perlman 1984.
  52. ↑ Lerman 1988, p. 212.
  53. ↑ Mintz, December 18, 1987.
  54. 1 2 Toumey 1996, pp. 87–92.
  55. ↑ Grauerholz, Dr. John, The AIDS Epidemic Four Years Later: LaRouche Was Right, EIR August 17, 1990
  56. ↑ Watson, July 19, 1978.
  57. ↑ Also see Rose, Gregory F. "The Swarmy Life and Times of the NCLC," National Review, March 30, 1979
  58. ↑ Reich, Kenneth (September 21, 1977). "Tiny U.S. Labor Party Seeks Allies on the Right". Los Angeles Times, page A3.
  59. ↑ Kenney, February 17, 1980.
  60. ↑ Blum, October 7, 1979.
  61. ↑ For Mitchell Werbell saying he had ties to the CIA, see Montgomery, October 8, 1979.
  62. ↑ LaRouche hired WerBell as a security consultant for protection against an assassination threat and to train his security staff; see Donner & Rothenberg 1980.
  63. ↑ Witt, October 24, 2004, p. 3.
  64. ↑ Marcus, L. (Lyndon LaRouche). "Beyond Psychoanalysis", The Campaigner, Vol 6, Nos. 3–4; September/October 1973.
  65. 1 2 Montgomery, January 20, 1974, p. 51, column 5.
  66. ↑ Also see Witt, October 24, 2004, p. 3.
  67. ↑ Tourish & Wohlforth 2000, p. 74.
  68. ↑ For the Weitzman details, see Montgomery, January 20, 1974, p. 1; for 41 press releases about brainwashing, see p. 51, column 2.
  69. ↑ Johnson 1989
    *Boyer, May 31, 1986
    *SPIRO, PETER (February 6, 1984). "PARANOID POLITICS: Your tax dollars at work.". The New Republic. pp. 10–12.
    *Chanes, Jerome A., ed. (June 1995). Antisemitism in America today: outspoken experts explode the myths. Carol Pub. Group. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-55972-290-2. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
    *Michael, George (2008). Willis Carto and the American far right. University Press of Florida. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-8130-3198-9. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
    Hamilton, Neil A. (2002). Rebels and renegades: a chronology of social and political dissent in the United States. Taylor & Francis. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-415-93639-2. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  70. ↑ Donner & Randall 1980
  71. 1 2 Michael 2008, pp. 110–111
  72. ↑ For Gregory Rose's position, see Johnson 1983, p. 204.
  73. ↑ Johnson 1983, p. 207.
  74. 1 2 Johnson 1989
  75. 1 2 3 George & Wilcox 1992, pp. 319–320
  76. ↑ "U.S. Labor Party: Cult Surrounded by Controversy; The U.S. Labor Party: Changing Cult, From Left to Right, Surrounded by Controversy Journalists Harassed Members Arrested Link Zionists and Nazis Members Take Out Loans". October 7, 1979 – via NYTimes.com.
  77. ↑ Shenon 1986
  78. ↑ Sims 1996, p. 63.
  79. ↑ "http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1975/eirv02n32-19750723/eirv02n32-19750723_009-leaa_gestapo_operations_in_readi.pdf" (PDF). External link in |title= (help)
  80. ↑ "The Busing Plot: CIA Plans Fall Race Riots, Organizes Both Sides", EIR, July 8, 1974
  81. ↑ King 1989, p. 201
  82. 1 2 3 Blum, October 7, 1979.
  83. ↑ King 1989, p. 201.
  84. ↑ "LaRouche Filings: Plots, Spies; Judges Tomorrow to Sift Myriad Motions Filed by Corps of Lawyers," John Mintz, Washington Post, May 17, 1987
  85. ↑ "Federal Probe Pins Top Aides of LaRouche," Philip Shenon, Patriot – News, October 7, 1986
  86. ↑ "Oddball tycoon wins some battles," John King, Globe and Mail, January 26, 1984
  87. 1 2 Rosenfeld, September 24, 1976.
  88. ↑ McLemee, Scott. The LaRouche Youth Movement, Inside Higher Ed, July 11, 2007
  89. ↑ Bronfenbrenner, Martin. "Economics in Dialectical Dialect", The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 84, No. 1 (Feb., 1976), pp. 123–130
  90. ↑ Witt, October 24, 2004, p. 3.
  91. ↑ Dabilis, Andy. "Labor candidates explain platform," The Sunday Sun, (Lowell, Mass), May 30, 1976, p. B5.
    • Also see Johnson, Donald Bruce. National Party Platforms: 1960–1976. Volume 2, University of Illinois Press, 1978, p. 1007.
  92. ↑ Gregg, March 1987.
  93. ↑ For Rosenfeld in The Washington Post, see Rosenfeld, September 24, 1976.
  94. ↑ For the election, see "Dunkle Kräfte", Der Spiegel, September 22, 1980; pdf here; Google translation.
    • For the Schiller Institute, see King 1989, pp. xiii, 41.
  95. ↑ Frank, Lynn. "Klenetsky opposes Moynihan with unusual list of charges", The New York Times, September 20, 1982.
  96. ↑ Bradley 2004.
  97. ↑ Benshoff, Anastasia. "Bush and Clinton aren't the only candidates in presidential race," Associated Press, August 27, 1992.
  98. ↑ Tipton 1986.
  99. ↑ The Boston Globe, February 26, 1980.
  100. ↑ "Rightist LaRouche started out as a Marxist", Chicago Sun-Times, March 20, 1986, p. 4.
  101. ↑ Barry, John (November 10, 1991). "Making Of A Myth". Newsweek. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
  102. ↑ "Bani-Sadr, in U.S., Renews Charges of 1980 Deal". The New York Times. May 7, 1991.
  103. 1 2 Mintz, January 13, 1985.
  104. ↑ "Man who calls Queen a pusher worries town", Matthew Wald. Gazette. Montreal, Quebec April 14, 1986
  105. ↑ "1986 Authorities See Pattern of Threats, Plots Dark Side of LaRouche Empire Surfaces", Kevin Roderick, , Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1986
  106. ↑ "CBS Sells Time To Fringe Candidate For Talk", Petter Kerr, New York Times January 22, 1984
  107. ↑ The New York Times, May 29, 1985.
  108. ↑ For the cost of the spots, see Lowther 1986.
  109. ↑ For Saturday Night Live, see Springston, April 23, 1986.
  110. ↑ For Bailey and Morris meetings, and for LaRouche saying the report was mistaken, see "CIA admits talks with rightist pol", Philadelphia Daily News, November 1, 1984.
  111. ↑ King 1989, pp. 132–133.
  112. ↑ St. Petersburg Times 1987
  113. ↑ "LaRouche Lawyers Seek North's Notebooks", Associated Press, April 7, 1988.
  114. ↑ King 1989, p. 161.
  115. 1 2 Benedictine, Kirll, and Diunov, Michael, "The Last Rosicrucian," Terra-America, April 16, 2012
  116. ↑ King 1989, p. 61
  117. ↑ Siano 1992.
  118. ↑ LaRouche, February 1, 2003 at the Wayback Machine (archived October 11, 2003).
    • LaRouche's promotion of space colonization included dealings with German scientists and engineers who had worked under the Nazi government during the Second World War, some of whom had emigrated to the U.S. and had ended up working for NASA. They included Arthur Rudolph and several other Peenemunde rocket experts, such as Krafft Arnold Ehricke, Adolf Busemann, Konrad Dannenberg, and Hermann Oberth. When Rudolph was forced to renounce his U.S. citizenship after an investigation into his past, LaRouche supporters formed a defense fund for him. LaRouche also collaborated with Ehricke on ideas about the colonization of the moon and Mars; after Ehricke's death, LaRouche sponsored the "Krafft Ehricke Memorial Conference," and in 1988 delivered a national TV broadcast titled "The Woman on Mars." See Siano 1992, LaRouche Political Action Committee 1988, and King 1989, pp. 80–81.
  119. ↑ Rumsfeld, Donald, Known and Unknown, Sentinel, 2011, ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6, p. 309
  120. ↑ "Will the Third World flare up in 2012?" Komsomolskaya Pravda – Feb 22, 2012
  121. 1 2 Lynch 1985, p. 42.
  122. ↑ Mintz, John. "Critics of LaRouche Group Hassled, Ex-Associates Say", The Washington Post, January 14, 1985.
  123. ↑ LaRouche, Lyndon. "LaRouche testifies on his case", Executive Intelligence Review], undated.
  124. ↑ "LaRouche Jury Gives $3 Million to NBC-TV", The New York Times, November 2, 1984. Constantini & Nash 1990.
  125. ↑ "Judgment is reduced in LaRouche-NBC Case", Associated Press, February 24, 1985.
  126. ↑ "LaRouche to pay $250,000 to NBC", Associated Press, September 20, 1986.
  127. ↑ LaRouche v. National Broadcasting Company, 780 F.2d 1134, 1139 (4th Cir. 1986).
  128. ↑ Toumey 1996, pp. 87–88
  129. ↑ Petit, Charles. "Doctor Supports Prop. 64—Sort Of", San Francisco Chronicle, September 30, 1986, pg. 8
  130. ↑ Kirp, David L. "LaRouche Turns To AIDS Politics", The New York Times, September 11, 1986.
  131. ↑ Roderick 1986.
    • For criticism from leading scholars, including California schools of public health and Stanford University, see Toumey 1996, pp. 88–89.
    • For opposition campaigns and number of votes in favor, see Berlet & Lyons 2000, p. 237.
    • "LaRouche says he'll be swept into office," The Boston Globe, June 28, 1987.
  132. ↑ Frantz 1986, p. 2.
  133. ↑ "Win by LaRouche candidate shocks national Democrats", Associated Press, March 20, 1986.
  134. ↑ "Democrats step up LaRouche alert", The New York Times, April 26, 1986.
  135. ↑ "LaRouche Calls Critics Insane, Wants Regan Put in Jail", Los Angeles Times, April 10, 1986.
  136. 1 2 "LaRouche Gets 15 Years for Cheating His Backers, IRS: 6 Aides Also Get Prison Terms, Fines," Associated Press, January 27, 1989.
  137. ↑ "LaRouche Group, Long on the Political Fringe Gets Mainstream Scrutiny After Illinois Primary", Ellen Hume, Wall Street Journal, March 28, 1986
  138. ↑ "Prosecutor Moves to Disarm LaRouche Guards; Lawyer for Security Men Tells Judge They Would Not Resist Law Enforcement Officers", John Mintz, Washington Post, January 31, 1987
  139. ↑ Shenon 1986.
  140. ↑ "U.S. Agents Take Over 3 LaRouche Companies", Associated Press, April 21, 1987.
  141. ↑ "LaRouche Convicted of Mail Fraud; 6 Associates of Extremist Also Found Guilty in Loan Solicitations", The Washington Post, December 17, 1988.
  142. ↑ Clark 1995
  143. ↑ The Power of Reason: 1988, an autobiography by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., 1987, Executive Intelligence Review, Designed by World Composition Services, ISBN 0-943235-00-6, p. 309
  144. ↑ "Outsider making his 8th White House bid / LaRouche says he'd fix economy", Rachel Gravges, Houston Chronicle, March 6, 2004
  145. ↑ "American presidential election, 1988", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011, Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  146. ↑ For LaRouche's interests, see LaRouche, Lyndon. "Correspondence: Classical Composition," The New Republic, December 26, 1988.
    • For the movement's interests, see Roderick. Kevin. "Raid Stirs Reports of LaRouche's Dark Side," Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1986.
    • For "Think like Beethoven," see Smith, Susan, J. "Bonn exhibit depicts Germany's Beethoven cult", Associated Press, September 29, 1986.
    • For singing at events, see Fitzgerald, Michael. "Plenty of weirdness in 2007," The Record, Stockton, CA, January 2, 2008.
    • For an example of a LaRouche choir singing at a protest, see Milbank, Dana. "Where Does the Bean Soup Fit In?", The Washington Post, April 27, 2005.
    • Roddy, Dennis. "LaRouchies, Anarchists doth protest, but not too much," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 30, 2004.
    • Yamamura, Kevin. "Governor begins Mexico visit with praise for Dems," Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, November 10, 2006.
    • Roderick, Kevin. "Raid Stirs Reports of LaRouche's Dark Side," Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1986.
  147. ↑ For rock, see Hume, Ellen. "LaRouche Trying to Lose Splinter Label," Los Angeles Times, February 1980.
  148. ↑ Ng, May 30, 2010.
    • Also see Ng, David. "Protesters greet start of 'Ring'," Los Angeles Times, May 31, 2010.
  149. ↑ Rosen, David, Verdi, Requiem
  150. ↑ "Shall Lyndon LaRouche call the tuning pitch?", Richmond Times Dispatch, September 16, 1989.
  151. ↑ Dorr 1992.
  152. ↑ "American presidential election, 1992", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011, Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  153. ↑ Witt 2004, p. 2.
  154. ↑ McFaul, Michael and Markov, Sergei, The Troubled Birth of Russian Democracy: Parties, Personalities, and Programs Hoover Press, 1993
  155. ↑ Mitrofanov, Sergei, Линдон Ларуш против мирового порядка ("Lyndon LaRouche against the world order"), Russian Journal, March 31, 1999
  156. ↑ Alabama Times Daily, September 28, 1994
  157. ↑ Reeves, Jay, LaRouche Contact Shocks Judge England, The Tuscaloosa News, September 30, 1994
  158. ↑ Miller, Dean, State senators sign petition to clear LaRouche, Document demands exoneration of fraud conviction, The Spokesman-Review, August 21,
  159. ↑ Pittmen, David, Four lawmakers seek `exoneration’ of Lyndon LaRouche, Tucson Citizen, June 20, 1995
  160. ↑ Pea, Peter and Smith, Leef. "LaRouche Back in Loudoun After 5 Years in Prison", January 24, 1994.
  161. ↑ Goodstein 1994
  162. ↑ Clark, Ramsey (April 26, 1995). "Letter from former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark to Attorney General Janet Reno". LaRouche in 2004. Archived from the original on December 21, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
  163. ↑ "The Curtis Clark Commission Findings: Exonerate Lyndon LaRouche". LaRouche in 2004. September 3, 1994. Archived from the original on December 19, 2003. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
  164. ↑ "Statement of Mann-Chestnut Commission" (Press release). Schiller Institute. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
  165. 1 2 A Word About LaRouche – On the 90th birthday of the famous American non-conformist, editorial in Zavtra ("Tomorrow,") September 5, 2012 -translation into English available here, accessed Sept. 21, 2012
  166. ↑ "Exonerate LaRouche". LaRouche in 2004. Archived from the original on February 28, 2004. Retrieved October 11, 2008. LaRouche's Schiller Institute paid for the advertisement. Amelia Boynton Robinson was at that time a board member of the Institute. James Bevel and William Warfield had been active in various LaRouche organizations.
  167. ↑ Quinton 1996.
  168. ↑ Bligh 2008.
    • LaRouche sued in federal court, claiming a violation of the Voting Rights Act. After losing in the district court, the case was appealed to the First District Court of Appeals, which upheld the lower court's decision. See v. Fowler, August 28, 1998.
  169. ↑ Walker, Martin (July 15, 1995). "A long list of conspiracy feeders". The Gazette. Montreal, Que. p. B.5.
  170. ↑ "Why The British Kill American Presidents", The New Federalist (December 1994)
  171. ↑ "LaRouche takes call for Ridge impeachment to TV // Supporters have criticized changes in welfare program". The Patriot. Harrisburg, Pa. August 24, 1996. p. B.6.
  172. ↑ "Impeach Tom Ridge!".
  173. ↑ Records of Australian Parliament, June 29, 1998
  174. ↑ "U.S. Scholars Refute Cox Report", Xinhua News Agency, June 4, 1999.
  175. ↑ "LaRouche Vows to Change U.S. Politics if Elected President," Xinhua News Agency, October 25, 1999.
  176. ↑ For the founding of WYLM and the membership figures, see Witt 2004, p. 2, and Silva 2006.
  177. ↑ Alinejad 2004, pp. 105–106.
  178. ↑ Roberts, May 2, 2003.
  179. ↑ Berlet, Chip (September 13, 2007). "Lyndon LaRouche: Man of Vision or Venom?: What's the Real Story?". Political Research Associates.
  180. ↑ Qazwini, Iqbal. "Major International Crises Need a Giant Project to Overcome Them", Asharq Al-Awsat, January 23, 2003.
  181. ↑ Tang Yong, People's Daily, U.S. Treasury and American experts: to force the appreciation of the renminbi is a mistake, April 13, 2005.
  182. ↑ Tang 2005
  183. ↑
  184. ↑ "Former candidate returns to Illinois", saukvalley.com, November 2, 2007.
  185. ↑ Overley, Jeff. "LaRouche activists press message; Demonstrators battle health care overhaul by likening ideas to Hitler's policies", Orange County Register, August 23, 2009.
  186. ↑ For the pamphlets and posters, see Schultz 2009.
  187. ↑ For the police being called, see McNerthney 2009.
  188. ↑ For Barney Frank, see CNN, August 19, 2009.
  189. ↑ For parallels between Palin's "death panel" comments and LaRouche, see "Hate – Ingloriously Basterdizing Obama", The Faster Times, September 22, 2009.
  190. ↑ For parallels between Palin's "death panel" comments and LaRouche, see "Stabbing babies to fight healthcare reform", Salon, August 24, 2009.
  191. ↑ For parallels between Palin's "death panel" comments and LaRouche, see Mackey, Robert. "Visitors from Planet LaRouche", The New York Times, August 25, 2009.
  192. ↑ Zuckert, Catherine H and Michael P, The Truth about Leo Strauss: Political Philosophy and American Democracy, p. 12
  193. ↑ Toumey 1996, p. 85ff.
  194. 1 2 Johnson 1983, pp 187ff.
  195. ↑ For the empiricists, see also Robins & Post 1997, p. 196.
  196. ↑ For the list of friends and foes, see Johnson 1983, pp. 22, 188, 192–193, 198
  197. ↑ For LaRouche's comment about the conspirators not needing to be in touch with each other, see Johnson 1983, p. 198.
  198. ↑ Copulus 1984, p. 2.
  199. ↑ Johnson 1983, pp. 14
  200. ↑ George & Wilcox 1992, pp. 314ff.
  201. ↑ For LaRouche on his philosophy, see LaRouche, Lyndon. "The Secrets Known Only to the Inner Elites", The Campaigner, May–June 1978, p. 5ff.
  202. ↑ For example, see Rosenfeld 1976; Horowitz 1981; Lerman 1988; Griffin & Feldman 2003, p. 144; and Blamires 2006.
  203. ↑ In German: "Wir brauchen eine Bewegung, die Deutschland endlich aus der Kontrolle der Kräfte von Versailles und Jalta befreit, die uns schon ein ganzes Jahrhundert lang von einer Katastrophe in die andere stürzt."
  204. ↑ "Tod auf der Straße". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Berlineonline.de. October 23, 2008. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2014. Article title in English is "Death on the Streets".
  205. ↑ Samuels, Tim. "Jeremiah Duggan's death and Lyndon LaRouche," Newsnight, 12 February 2004.
  206. ↑ Montgomery 1979.
  207. ↑ Copulus 1984, p. 4, footnote 5.
  208. ↑ Also see Binder, Sarah. "Commonwealth candidates cause concern", The Canadian Press, September 1, 1984.
  209. ↑ For the drug lobby quote, see McLaughlin, April 11, 1986.
  210. ↑ Also see "LaRouche alleges conspiracy from Moscow to White House", Associated Press, April 19, 1986.
  211. ↑ "LaRouche, September 17, 2006". Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-22..
  212. ↑ Lerman 1988, p. 213.
  213. ↑ Johnson 1989, p. 2.
  214. ↑ Pipes 1997, pp. 137, 142.
  215. ↑ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/neonazism.html
  216. ↑ Manning 1998.
  217. ↑ George & Wilcox 1992, pp. 317, 322.
  218. ↑ In 1974 Larouche said the NCLC had 1,000 members and his other organizations 1,000–2,000; see Valentine, Paul W. (February 25, 1974), "NCLC Fights a Psychic War Against CIA and Left Rivals", The Capital Times (Madison, Wis.): pp. 22–23.
  219. ↑ For 1978 membership, see Watson, July 19, 1978.
  220. ↑ For 20,000 members in the Fusion Energy Foundation and National Democratic Policy Committee, and 300,000 magazine subscribers, see Johnson 1983, p. 191.
  221. ↑ By 1986 LaRouche said his group had 10,000 active members and an annual budget of $30 million; see Springston, Rex. "LaRouche evokes fear in Va. town; with the candidate came guns and his bodyguards", Richmond Times-Dispatch, April 4, 1986.
  222. ↑ In 1987 John Mintz of the Washington Post wrote that there more than 500 members worldwide; see Mintz, September 20, 1987.
  223. ↑ In 2004 The Washington Post estimated that the LaRouche Youth Movement had hundreds of members in the U.S. and more abroad; see Witt 2004.
  224. 1 2 Mintz, September 20, 1987.
  225. ↑ Toumey 1996, p. 86
  226. ↑ Mintz, September 20, 1987; see above.
  227. ↑ Johnson 1983, pp. 191–192.

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