David Lange

For the Canadian politician, see David Hadley Lange.
The Right Honourable
David Russell Lange
ONZ CH

Prime Minister David Lange, at the opening of the new Foxton Post Office, 1980s.
32nd Prime Minister of New Zealand
In office
26 July 1984 – 8 August 1989
Monarch Elizabeth II
Governor-General David Beattie
Paul Reeves
Deputy Geoffrey Palmer
Preceded by Robert Muldoon
Succeeded by Geoffrey Palmer
23rd Leader of the Opposition
In office
3 February 1983 – 26 July 1984
Preceded by Bill Rowling
Succeeded by Robert Muldoon
26th Attorney-General
In office
8 August 1989 – 2 November 1990
Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer
Preceded by Geoffrey Palmer
Succeeded by Paul East
Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Mangere
In office
1977–1996
Preceded by Colin Moyle
Succeeded by Taito Phillip Field
Personal details
Born (1942-08-04)4 August 1942
Otahuhu, Auckland, New Zealand
Died 13 August 2005(2005-08-13) (aged 63)
Middlemore, Auckland, New Zealand
Political party Labour
Spouse(s) Naomi Joy Crampton
Margaret Pope
Children 4
(three with Crampton)
(one with Pope)
Profession Lawyer
Religion Methodist

David Russell Lange ONZ CH (/ˈlɒŋi/ LONG-ee; 4 August 1942 – 13 August 2005) served as the 32nd Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989. He headed New Zealand's fourth Labour Government, one of the most reforming administrations in his country's history, but one which did not always conform to traditional expectations of a social democratic party. He had a reputation for cutting wit (sometimes directed against himself) and eloquence. His government implemented far-reaching free-market reforms. Helen Clark described New Zealand's nuclear-free legislation as his legacy.[1]

Early life

Lange was born on 4 August 1942 in Otahuhu, a small industrial borough since absorbed into Auckland.[2] He was the oldest of four children of Roy Lange, a general practitioner and obstetrician and grandson of a German settler, and Phoebe Fysh Lange, who trained as a nurse in her native Tasmania before she migrated to New Zealand. The family had lived in New Zealand for so long that the original pronunciation of their surname, lan-ge, "had all but been forgotten";[3] Lange himself would pronounce it as long-ee. Lange's autobiography suggests that he admired his soft-spoken and dryly humorous father, while his demanding and sometimes overbearing mother tested his tolerance.[4] His cousin Michael Bassett reflected that Roy "knew how to avoid trouble rather than confront it", and David developed a similar aversion to conflict.[5]

He received his formal education at Fairburn Primary School, Otara Intermediate School and Otahuhu College, then at the University of Auckland, where he graduated in law in 1965. He paid his way through university by working in a meat-freezing works. In 1968 he married Naomi Crampton. He gained a Master of Laws in 1970, then practised law in Northland and Auckland for some years, often giving legal representation to the most dispossessed members of Auckland society.

Lange suffered all his life from obesity and the health problems it caused. By 1982 he weighed about 175 kilograms (27.6 st), and had surgery to staple his stomach in order to lose weight.[6][7] He attributed his talents with oratory to the need to compensate for his clumsiness during his intermediate school days.[8][9]

Political career

Parliament of New Zealand
Years Term Electorate Party
1977–1978 38th Mangere Labour
1978–1981 39th Mangere Labour
1981–1984 40th Mangere Labour
1984–1987 41st Mangere Labour
1987–1990 42nd Mangere Labour
1990–1993 43rd Mangere Labour
1993–1996 44th Mangere Labour

Lange joined the Labour Party in 1963, and helped in the campaigns of Phil Amos in 1963 and Norman Douglas in 1966. In 1974 his cousin Michael Bassett suggested that Lange should stand on the Labour ticket for the Auckland City Council. The Council was dominated by conservative interests and the only Labour candidates elected were Jim Anderton and Catherine Tizard; Lange was "...halfway down the field .... which was better than I expected." Lange's father Roy, who was a doctor at Otahuhu, had delivered Bassett. The two would later have strong disagreements, prompting Lange to remark, "My father had delivered him, and it became plain in later days that he must have dropped him."[10]

Lange then stood for Labour in Hobson in 1975, and came third.[11]

Lange entered the New Zealand Parliament as the Labour MP for Mangere, a working-class Auckland electorate with a large Māori population, in 1977 in the Mangere by-election. On becoming an MP, Lange quickly made an impression in the House as a debater, a wit, and the scourge of Prime Minister Robert Muldoon. In his maiden speech, he suggested that New Zealand children had fewer rights than animals received under the Animals Protection Act 1960, and complained of "appalling" rail service from Auckland to Mangere.[12]

In 1980 Lange and a group consisting of Roger Douglas, Michael Bassett, Richard Prebble and Mike Moore tried to remove Bill Rowling as leader of the Labour Party. After Labour lost the 1981 general election, the group, later known as the "Fish and Chip Brigade" (after a picture published at the time with the plotters eating Fish and chips)[13] succeeded in their second attempt in 1983.[14]

Leader of the Opposition

Lange succeeded Rowling as leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party and as Leader of the Opposition on 3 February 1983. Significant debate emerged within the Labour Party on the party's economic direction, following a paper by Roger Douglas to the party's policy council. Eventually a compromise was drafted by Geoffrey Palmer, which Lange described as "A manifesto which appealed to the right, the left, the centre and the totally bewildered. It was, in fact, anodyne."[14]

Muldoon unexpectedly called a snap election in 1984, as a result of Marilyn Waring voting for a members Bill introduced by Richard Prebble to introduce a nuclear-free zone.[15] The timing of the election prevented Labour from creating a proper election platform, instead using the Palmer draft. Lange commented that the party went into the election with an unfinished argument for an economic policy.[16]

Lange led Labour to a landslide victory, greatly helped by vote splitting between National and the New Zealand Party. However, before Lange was sworn in as Prime Minister a foreign exchange crisis arose, which led to a constitutional crisis. The New Zealand Dollar was overvalued and following the announcement of the snap election in June, traders started selling off the New Zealand Dollar on the assumption that Labour would win the election and devalue the currency.[17]

Muldoon refused to follow Lange's instruction to devalue the currency, making the dollar's situation more untenable. Eventually on 19 July Muldoon relented, after his position as leader of the National party was threatened by members of his caucus.[17]

Prime Minister

Lange partaking in a motor race.

David Lange was sworn in as New Zealand's 32nd Prime Minister on 26 July 1984, becoming, at the age of 41, New Zealand's youngest prime minister of the 20th century, a record later surpassed by Mike Moore in 1990.

During his tenure as Prime Minister, Lange engaged in competitive motor-sport, appearing in the New Zealand One Make Ford Laser Sport series.

First term: 1984–1987

During his term of office as Prime Minister, Lange also held the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Rogernomics

Main article: Rogernomics

The currency crisis and devaluation of the New Zealand dollar spurred on the reform drive of Roger Douglas, who Lange made Minister of Finance in the new government.[18] The New Zealand Listener coined the term Rogernomics for these policies, drawing connections with Reaganomics and with Thatcherism.

Upon coming to office, Lange's government was confronted by a severe balance of payments crisis, as a result of the deficits fueled by Muldoon's imposition of a two-year freeze on wages and prices, and stubborn maintenance of an unsustainable exchange rate.[19] Such economic conditions prompted Lange to remark: "We ended up being run very similarly to a Polish shipyard".[20][21] Their first move was to hold an Economic Summit on 14 September 1984, similar to the one held in Australia by Bob Hawke the previous year, to create a feeling of consensus and to lay out the underlying problems in New Zealand's economy.[22] The summit however was dominated by advocacy of radical economic reforms similar to what had been proposed by the Treasury Department,[23] foreshadowing the Lange government's propensity to approach issues from a fundamentally economic standpoint.[24] Margaret Wilson, the Labour Party's president, was deliberately not invited to the summit,[25] a sign of the speed and intolerant approach to opposition that would characterise Rogernomics. Douglas himself saw the summit as a theatrical preparation for his first budget.[23]

Lange and Douglas engaged in a rapid program of deregulation and the removal of tariffs and subsidies. The first sector affected was New Zealand's agricultural community, a traditionally National-supporting community. The loss of subsidies hit some farmers hard.[26] Other changes brought criticism from many people in Labour's traditional supporter base. The Labour Party also lost support from many elderly people by introducing a superannuation surcharge after having promised not to reduce superannuation.

Douglas also deregulated the finance markets, removing restrictions on interest rates, lending and foreign exchange. In March 1985, with Lange's blessing, the New Zealand Dollar was floated.[27] From 1 April 1987, several government departments were corporatised into state owned enterprises, with massive loss of jobs.[28]

On the role of Government Lange said "It is there to be the securer of its citizens' welfare. Where the market works well, it should be given its head. Where the market results in manifest inequity, or poor economic performance, the Government must get involved."[29]

International affairs and nuclear free policy

Lange made his name on the international stage with a long-running campaign against nuclear weapons. His government refused to allow nuclear-armed ships into New Zealand waters, a policy that New Zealand continues to this day. The policy, developing in 1985, had the effect of prohibiting United States Navy ships from visiting New Zealand. This displeased the United States and Australia: they regarded the policy as a breach of treaty obligations under ANZUS and as an abrogation of responsibility in the context of the Cold War against the Soviet bloc. After consultations with Australia and after negotiations with New Zealand broke down, the United States announced that it would suspend its treaty obligations to New Zealand until the re-admission of United States Navy ships to New Zealand ports, characterising New Zealand as "a friend, but not an ally".

Erroneous claims sometimes suggest that David Lange withdrew New Zealand from ANZUS. His government's policy may have prompted the US's decision to suspend its ANZUS Treaty obligations to New Zealand, but that decision rested with the US government, not with the New Zealand government.

An Oxford Union debate shown live on New Zealand television in March 1985 showcased Lange, a skilled orator, arguing for the proposition that "Nuclear weapons are morally indefensible",[30] in opposition to US televangelist Jerry Falwell.[31] Lange regarded his appearance at the Oxford Union as the highest point of his career in politics.[32] His speech included his memorable statement "I can smell the uranium on it [your breath]...!".[30]

Rainbow Warrior Affair

Relations with France became strained when French agents of the DGSE bombed and sank the Greenpeace ship the Rainbow Warrior on 10 July 1985 while it lay moored in Auckland Harbour, killing photographer Fernando Pereira. In June 1986 Lange obtained a political deal with France over the Rainbow Warrior affair, presided over by United Nations Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. France agreed to pay compensation of NZ$13 million (US$6.5 million) to New Zealand and also to apologise. In return, Lange agreed that French authorities could detain the convicted French agents Alain Mafart and Dominique Prieur at the French military base on Hao Atoll for three years. However, both spies were freed by May 1988, less than two years later.

1987 general election

Lange's government was re-elected at the August 1987 general election, the first time a Labour government had won a second term since 1938. The government increased its share of the popular vote, although this may have been due to less vote-splitting. Lange toured the country throughout the campaign and faced, for the first time, protests against his government, especially in provincial areas.[33] Labour did not produce a manifesto for the election, primarily due to disagreement between Douglas and Lange over the direction the government would take if re-elected. Lange sought to focus on social services in the second term,[34] and declared in his victory speech, "I'm proud that we are now, in the next three years, going to seal those [economic] gains, in health and education and social welfare progress."[35]

On the night, Labour's candidate Judith Tizard came within 406 votes of winning the traditionally National-held seat of Remuera; she had been forecast as the winner by initial vote counting.[36] Tizard's near-win fueled Lange's misgivings about the direction his government was taking. He commented, "That election night was a great revelation for me. That was an apprehension on my part that we had actually abandoned our constituency. And it set me to think what on earth have we done that we come within 400 votes of winning the true-blue seat of Remuera. And that struck me as being a dangerous flirtation, and an act of treachery to the people we were born to represent."[37][38]

Second Term: 1987–1989

Following the 1987 election, Lange made himself Minister of Education. He stated that he gave himself the portfolio to "draw a line in the sand" against the influence of the "Treasury troika"[39] (Douglas, Prebble and David Caygill), and in accordance with his wishes to emphasise social policy in his second term.[40]

The stock-market crash of 19 October 1987 damaged confidence in the New Zealand economy, which went into a prolonged recession from December of that year, and remained so until June 1991.[41] During that time unemployment skyrocketed 170%, the unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in the September 1987 quarter to 7.5% in the June 1989 quarter.[41] Lange noted with bitterness that Douglas took advantage of the crash to "rubbish" his stated ambitions to have the government focus on social policy, and push for more economic reforms.[42]

Tomorrow's Schools

As Minister of Education, Lange pushed the introduction of Tomorrow's Schools, a radical restructure of New Zealand's primary and secondary school education system.[43] The Department of Education was down-sized to become the Ministry of Education and have a supervisory role, education boards were abolished and parents at each school elected their own boards of trustees.[44]

The reforms were criticised for the influence of New Right ideas and their effect of introducing market mechanisms and notions of competition in the education system.[34] Lange's appointment of businessman Brian Picot to head a task force into educational reform was taken as a sign of the government giving too much priority to economic and competitive concerns over the social aspect of education.[45]

Resignation

In 1988 consensus on economic policy amongst the Labour leadership finally broke down, with Douglas resigning after Lange overruled his radical flat income-tax and universal basic income proposal. After losing many members, the Labour Party finally fractured; in April 1989 Jim Anderton MP formed a breakaway NewLabour Party, stating: "I did not leave the Labour Party, the Labour Party left me."

However, Labour's caucus re-elected Douglas to the Cabinet on 3 August 1989, and Lange interpreted this as a vote of no-confidence in his leadership. He resigned five days later on 8 August 1989.[46]

Cabinet minister: 1989–1990

Geoffrey Palmer succeeded Lange as Labour party leader and Prime Minister in 1989, Lange became Attorney-General, Minister in Charge of the Serious Fraud Office and a Minister of State. Palmer was then replaced by Mike Moore as Prime Minister shortly before the 1990 general election in November, which Labour lost by a landslide. Lange was re-elected at this election (and again in 1993) as the member for Mangere.

In failing health, Lange retired from Parliament before the 1996 general election. In his valedictory speech, he reflected on the pain caused by his government's economic reforms: "I want to thank those people whose lives were wrecked by us. They had been taught for years they had the right to an endless treadmill of prosperity and assurance, and we did them. People over 60 hate me. They hate me because I was the symbol of what caused that assurance of support and security to be shattered. That is something that has always been part of my burden."[47] His Labour Party colleague Taito Phillip Field succeeded him as the member for the Mangere electorate.

Life after politics

In 1991 and 1992 he wrote a Monday column in The Dominion, published alternately with Simon Upton who, Lange commented, "writes erudite obfuscation tempered by occasional attempts to explain the arcana of the health reforms."[48]

In 1996 Lange sued the Australian Broadcasting Corporation over an alleged defamation that it broadcast about him. The ABC used the defence that there exists in the Australian Constitution an implied right to freedom of speech on political matters, but the High Court of Australia found against them, reversing the then existing law (see Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation). The case was later settled on terms favourable to Lange.

In a key New Zealand defamation case (Lange v Atkinson [2000] 3 NZLR 385), Lange sued political scientist Joe Atkinson for representing him in the magazine North & South as a lazy prime minister. In a 1998 judgment, and on appeal in 2000, the courts affirmed a new qualified privilege for the media to discuss politicians when expressing the criticisms as the "honest opinion" of the author.

Lange was a New Zealand Rugby League board member and served as the organisation's Vice-President.[49]

Lange was a supporter of changing New Zealand's flag, and wrote in 1994: "[a] stranger who saw the Australian flag and the New Zealand flag outside adjacent buildings would assume that some British hotel chain was advertising deluxe and standard rooms".[50] Lange also expressed support for a New Zealand republic, stating: "Do such things matter? They certainly do. We suffer in this country from a lack of emotional focus... New Zealand will become a republic just as Britain will be blurred into Europe".[50]

In an interview[51] with The New Zealand Herald (published on 3 July 2004) the reporter asked Lange:

Do you think if the election of 1984 had not been a snap election, there would have been time for the opposing forces within the party to have successfully blocked the reforms or to have severely limited them?

Lange replied:

"You have to talk about why things happened the way they did. You can't actually explain my political life except by a series of situations rather than by some carefully constructed, rigidly progressed ascendancy. You could not imagine two more unlike rides to the top as I had and Helen Clark had: hers the principled, extremely hard-working, fearless really persistence in the face of all sorts of adversities and personal assaults. Whereas mine was some sort of divine roulette. Even entering into Parliament was not one of your created, structured planned-for episodes. I mean one minute I was a clapped-out two guinea legal-aid lawyer and the next minute I was in Parliament. The by-election of 77 saw to that ... I got there in terms of the Labour Party for all the wrong reasons, for all the reasons which weren't part of its tradition. I'd never been a tract writer; I'd never been a philosopher; I'd never taken part in extraordinary industrial dispute activism; I'd not been in any of that background, but I was able to mix it in what had become, conceived to be, the new front line of politics — the ability on television to convey confidence and assurance without saying anything. And that is very important...."
"[I was] plunged into this extraordinary awareness of a crisis in foreign exchange and reserves and having to take steps that were the absolute antithesis of anything that I would ever have expected the week before. If the people of New Zealand thought it was a bit odd, for me it was absolutely staggering.... I had thought of getting the agencies like the IMF, the World Bank to come in and do a de facto receivership. In fact I said so more or less publicly — let us get some external analysis of where we are rather than one which is tainted by my self-interest and by Muldoon's clear self-interest. But it was rendered unnecessary. He put on such an extraordinarily good performance of carrying on and saying I was introducing scorched earth policy. By the time Muldoon had finish[ed] a couple of television appearances, the general public was completely satisfied we were in a mess...."

Accidental release of secret report

In January 2006, Archives New Zealand released to The Sunday Star-Times newspaper a box of David Lange's previously classified documents. They revealed New Zealand's ongoing involvement in Western alliance espionage, and a threat by the United States to spy on New Zealand if it did not back down from its ban on nuclear ships.[52] Archives New Zealand chief executive Dianne Macaskill said the paper did not have the authority to access or print the report, and wrote to the paper revoking permission to publish it. In response, the Sunday Star Times said the information had already been released into the public arena and hence could not be retracted.[53] The release of the document prompted a high-level inquiry to investigate how the top-secret report ended up in Lange's personal papers, in breach of security protocol.[54] A secret diplomatic cable released by Wikileaks in 2010 covers the accidental release of the document.[55]

Honours

Lange received the Right Livelihood Award in 2003 for his strong fight against nuclear weapons.[56]

The Queen made Lange a Companion of Honour in 1990 and created him an Ordinary Member of the Order of New Zealand on 2 June 2003.

Personal life

In 1989 Lange announced in a brief press statement on 10 November that he was separating from his wife of 21 years. On 12 November Naomi Lange named his speech-writer, Margaret Pope as the other woman in a Sunday Times article, and said that she had been told by David five or six months ago that he planned to leave the marriage. Lange's mother Phoebe also publicly criticised him, but they later reconciled.[57] He had three children, Roy, Emily, and Byron (now in their 30s) with his first wife (Naomi) and one daughter, Edith, with his second wife (Margaret). He married Margaret in Glasgow in January 1992 while holidaying in Britain.[58]

In the 1990s Lange's health declined, with diabetes and kidney disorders. In 2002, doctors diagnosed Lange as having amyloidosis, a rare and incurable blood plasma disorder. He underwent extensive medical treatment for this condition. Although initially told he had only four months to live, Lange defied his doctors' expectations, and remained "optimistic" about his health. He entered hospital in Auckland in mid-July 2005 to undergo nightly peritoneal dialysis in his battle with end-stage kidney-failure. On 2 August, he had his lower right leg amputated without a general anaesthetic, as a result of diabetes complications.[59]

His declining health resulted in the bringing-forward of the publication of his memoir My Life to 8 August 2005. TV3 broadcast on Campbell Live on the same day an interview;[60] John Campbell had interviewed him just before he went into hospital. In his last interview, given to the Herald on Sunday from his hospital bed, he made a potent intervention in New Zealand's 2005 election campaign by saying he "wanted to get out of bed and get a wheel-chair to Wellington" to stop any relaxation of his ban on nuclear ships.[61]

Lange died of complications associated with his renal failure and blood disease in Middlemore Hospital in Auckland at 10 pm on 13 August 2005.[62] He is buried at Waikaraka Cemetery and the headstone has the simple inscription "David Lange 1942 ~ 2005".[63] The David Lange Memorial Trust has erected a memorial to him in Otahuhu.[62]

Lange's brother Peter is a widely respected New Zealand potter.[64] He has won numerous arts awards and has exhibited widely in New Zealand and overseas.[65] Lange's third cousin Michael Bassett became a fellow Cabinet-minister. Bassett published a book in 2008 about the Lange government entitled Working With David: Inside the Lange Cabinet.

See also

References and notes

Notes

  1. ↑ "Former PM David Lange dies". Newstalk ZB. 2005-08-14.
  2. ↑ Lange 2005, pp. 20,21-22.
  3. ↑ Lange 2005.
  4. ↑ Lange & 2005 passim.
  5. ↑ Bassett, Michael (2010). Working with David: Inside the Lange Cabinet (e-book ed.). Auckland: Hachette New Zealand. p. 2000. ISBN 978-1-86971-241-9.
  6. ↑ "The new leader of the Labour Party". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. 30 October 2013.
  7. ↑ Lange 2005, pp. 143-144.
  8. ↑ Lange 2005, p. 50.
  9. ↑ "Early life and education". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  10. ↑ Lange 2005, p. 98.
  11. ↑ Lange 2005, pp. 98,99.
  12. ↑ Pickmere, Arnold (14 August 2005). "Obituary: David Russell Lange". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  13. ↑ "Photo of the Fish and Chip Brigade in 1980 in Douglas' office; Bassett, Douglas, Lange and Moore". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 13 July 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  14. 1 2 Russell 1996, p. 39.
  15. ↑ Russell, p. 49.
  16. ↑ Lange 2005, pp. 164.
  17. 1 2 Russell 1996, p. 69.
  18. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 76.
  19. ↑ Fiske, Edward B.; Ladd, Helen F. (2000). When Schools Compete: A Cautionary Tale. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-8157-2835-2. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  20. ↑ "David Lange, in his own words". New Zealand Herald. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  21. ↑ Gingrich, Jane Rebecca (2007). Whose Market Is It Anyways: Making Multiple Markets in the Welfare State. University of California, Berkeley. p. 1. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  22. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 75.
  23. 1 2 Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part two)" (video). 7:54-8:46, 10:05-10:15. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  24. ↑ Fiske, Edward B.; Ladd, Helen F. (2000). When Schools Compete: A Cautionary Tale. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-8157-2835-2. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  25. ↑ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part two)" (video). 9:31-10:05. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  26. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 101.
  27. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 80.
  28. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 120.
  29. ↑ "Business biting hand of nanny govt". The National Business Review. 7 March 1990. p. 24.
  30. 1 2 Lange, David. "Nuclear Weapons are Morally Indefensible". Public Address: Great New Zealand argument. Public Address. Retrieved 7 September 2008. And I'm going to give it to you if you hold your breath just for a moment... I can smell the uranium on it as you lean forward!
  31. ↑ "Audio of Lange's speech". TVNZ, Public Address.
  32. ↑ Lange 2005, p. 208.
  33. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 144.
  34. 1 2 Riley, Brett (February 1988). "Aotearoa's hamburger chain". New Internationalist (180). Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  35. ↑ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part two)" (video). 54:49-55:01. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  36. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 142.
  37. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 143.
  38. ↑ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part two)" (video). 54:16-54:53. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  39. ↑ Easton, Brian (1997). The Commercialisation of New Zealand. Auckland: Auckland University Press. p. 74. ISBN 1 86940 173 5. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  40. ↑ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part three)" (video). YouTube. 9:58-10:31. Retrieved 3 July 2016. ...it was quite blatantly, although I didn't express it at the time, to destabilise the thrust of the troika - Roger, Richard and David Caygill. And to emphasise the social policy aspect, to place a whole new focus of the meaning of this government, I took on education.
  41. 1 2 "How bad is the Current Recession? Labour Market Downturns since the 1960s". Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  42. ↑ Russell, Marcia; Carlaw, John (1996). "Revolution (part three)" (video). YouTube. 7:36-8:45. Retrieved 3 July 2016. ...and then came the stock market crash, and the advantage was taken of that, so while we won in '87, earlier this year, because we had the right policies, the stock market's crashed, now we must be further, farther, faster, we must sell more things, we must become more right wing.
  43. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 160.
  44. ↑ "The impact of education reforms from 1989:Summary of New Zealand education reforms". New Zealand Council for Educational Research. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  45. ↑ Fiske, Edward B.; Ladd, Helen F. (2000). When Schools Compete: A Cautionary Tale. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 0-8157-2835-2. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  46. ↑ Russell 1996, p. 202.
  47. ↑ "David Lange's valedictory speech in Parliament: August 22, 1996". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  48. ↑ Lange 1992, p. 1.
  49. ↑ "NZRL chief back in the gun". The Sunday Star-Times. 6 September 1998.
  50. 1 2 Lange 1994, p. ?.
  51. ↑ Young, Audrey (3 July 2004). "Interview: David Lange". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  52. ↑ Bain, Helen (15 January 2006). "Lange's secret papers reveal USA's bully tactics". The Sunday Star Times. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  53. ↑ "Star-Times may face action over report". Television New Zealand. 24 January 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  54. ↑ Change, Derek (16 January 2006). "Inquiry into spying file found in Lange's papers". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  55. ↑ Wikileaks (19 December 2010). "Wikileak: Lange's Last Laugh - 16/1/2006". Scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  56. ↑ "David Lange Biography". Right Livelihood Award.
  57. ↑ Bassett 2008, p. 525.
  58. ↑ Bassett 2008, p. 543.
  59. ↑ Middleton, Julie (4 August 2005). "I'd rather lose a leg than my life, says Lange". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  60. ↑ "Nice and Nasty". TV3 (New Zealand). 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  61. ↑ Milne, Jonathan (31 July 2005). "Ailing Lange still has strong voice on nukes". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  62. 1 2 "David Lange Memorial". David Lange Memorial Trust.
  63. ↑ Em, Sandy. New Zealand's 32nd Prime Minister David Russell LANGE (gravestone). Waikaraka Cemetery: Flickr. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  64. ↑ Savage, Jared (23 July 2006). "Memorial for Lange". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  65. ↑ "Pottery NZ – Peter Lange". Retrieved 29 July 2010.

References

External links

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Government offices
Preceded by
Robert Muldoon		 Prime Minister of New Zealand
1984–1989 		Succeeded by
Geoffrey Palmer
Political offices
Preceded by
Russell Marshall		 Minister of Education
1987–1989 		Succeeded by
Geoffrey Palmer
Preceded by
Geoffrey Palmer		 Attorney-General
1989–1990 		Succeeded by
Paul East
Preceded by
Bill Rowling		 Leader of the Opposition
1983–1984 		Succeeded by
Robert Muldoon
New Zealand Parliament
Preceded by
Colin Moyle		 Member of Parliament for Mangere
1977–1996 		Succeeded by
Taito Phillip Field
Party political offices
Preceded by
Bill Rowling		 Leader of the Labour Party
1983–1989 		Succeeded by
Geoffrey Palmer
Preceded by
Bob Tizard		 Deputy-Leader of the Labour Party
1979–1983
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