Pedimental sculptures in the United States

Women's Building Pediment (1893, destroyed), World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, by Alice Rideout

Pedimental sculptures in the United States sculptures within the frame of a pediment on the exterior of a building. Pedimental sculptures pose special challenges to sculptors: the triangular composition limits the choices for figures or ornament at the ends, and the sculpture must be designed to be viewed both from below and from a distance.

History

Pedimental sculptures in the United States were rare prior to the 1880s, most surviving examples in cities along the east coast. The earliest seems to be Whitehall (1765), outside Annapolis, Maryland, attributed to English architect Joseph Horatio Anderson and English-born carver William Buckland. Greek Revival architecture was dominant throughout the first half of the 19th century, but almost always with chaste, blank pediments. It was only post-Civil War, with the advent of the American Renaissance and the City Beautiful movement especially the architectural vision of "The White City" presented at Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 that the use of sculpture in pediments increased dramatically. The advent of the Great Depression of the 1930s largely brought the use of pediment sculpture to a halt, with the exception of federal government buildings in Washington, D.C.

Compositionally, the restrictions imposed by both the physical triangular shape of a pediment, and the traditional themes that are usually employed for the subject matter, are, according to Professor Gardner of Oxford University, “as exactly regulated as that of a sonnet or a Spencerian stanza:the artist has liberty only in certain directions and must not violate the laws of rhythm.”[1]

As with the ancient Greeks, and the Roman architects and sculptors who followed them, American artists had two different structural approaches creating pedimental sculpture. They are either freestanding statues that stand on the bed (the ledge or cornice that creates the bottom of the pediment), or they can be relief sculpture, attached to the back wall of the pediment.[2]

Lists of pedimental sculptures

Pedimental sculptures in Washington, D.C. (by building)

Building Location Image Sculpture Sculptor Architect Installedje Medium Notes
William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building
(formerly Ariel Rios Federal Building and Post Office Department Building)
12th Street & Pennsylvania Avenue
38°53′38.04″N 77°1′44.04″W / 38.8939000°N 77.0289000°W / 38.8939000; -77.0289000 (William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building)
12th Street: The Spirit of Progress and Civilization[3] Adolph Alexander Weinman
John Donnelly (carver)
Delano & Aldrich 1935 limestone
Weinman's concave sculptured pediment may be unique in the United States.
(at upper right) Pennsylvania Avenue: The Bond of Postal Union[4] Walker Hancock
Adolph Alexander Weinman
1935 limestone Based on a sketch model by Weinman[5]
(at upper right) 13th Street: Africa and Europe[6] George H. Snowden
Adolph Alexander Weinman
John Donnelly (carver)
1934 limestone
13th Street: America and Asia[7] Joseph E. Reiner
Adolph Alexander Weinman
John Donnelly (carver)
1934 limestone
Daughters of the American Revolution Constitution Hall 18th Street, between C & D Streets
38°53′35″N 77°2′30″W / 38.89306°N 77.04167°W / 38.89306; -77.04167 (DAR Constitution Hall)
Eagle Pediment[8] Ulysses Ricci John Russell Pope 1929 Alabama limestone
Dirksen Senate Office Building Constitution Avenue & 1st Street
38°53′35″N 77°0′19″W / 38.89306°N 77.00528°W / 38.89306; -77.00528 (Dirksen Senate Office Building)
Eagle Pediment[9] Ulysses Ricci
Rochette & Parzini (carvers)
Eggers Group Architects 1956 marble
Eisenhower Executive Office Building
(formerly Old Executive Office Building and State, War, and Navy Building)
1700 Pennsylvania Avenue
38°53′51.24″N 77°2′20.93″W / 38.8975667°N 77.0391472°W / 38.8975667; -77.0391472 (Eisenhower Executive Office Building)
North pediment: War[10] designed by
Richard von Ezdorf
Alfred B. Mullett 1884 painted iron
Herbert C. Hoover Building
United States Department of Commerce
1401 Constitution Avenue NW
38°53′39.48″N 77°1′58.08″W / 38.8943000°N 77.0328000°W / 38.8943000; -77.0328000 (Herbert C. Hoover Building)
Fisheries Pediment[11] Joseph Kiselewski
James Earle Fraser
John Donnelly (carver)
Louis Ayres 1934 limestone
The building's 4 sculptured pediments are on the 15th Street facade, facing The Ellipse.
Mining Pediment[12] Frederick Roth
James Earle Fraser
John Donnelly (carver)
1934 limestone
Foreign and Domestic Commerce Pediment[13] Ulysses Ricci
James Earle Fraser
John Donnelly (carver)
1934 limestone
Aeronautics Pediment[14] Haig Patigian
James Earle Fraser
John Donnelly (carver)
1934 limestone
Jefferson Memorial Tidal Basin
38°52′53″N 77°2′13″W / 38.88139°N 77.03694°W / 38.88139; -77.03694 (Jefferson Memorial)
Drafting the Declaration of Independence[15] Adolph Alexander Weinman John Russell Pope 1943 marble
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building[16] 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
|38°53′35.52″N 77°1′30″W / 38.8932000°N 77.02500°W / 38.8932000; -77.02500 (Robt. F. Kennedy Dept. of Justice Bldg)
Eastern pediment: Ars Aequi (The Rights of Man) C. Paul Jennewein
Henry Kreis
John Donnelly (carver)
Milton Bennett Medary
Zantzinger, Borie & Medary
1935 limestone
The two sculptured pediments are on the Pennsylvania Avenue facade. The building's other pediments are blank.
Western pediment: Ars Boni (The Good of the State) C. Paul Jennewein
Henry Kreis
John Donnelly (carver)
1935 limestone
Library of Congress
Thomas Jefferson Building
Capitol Hill
38°53′19″N 77°00′17″W / 38.8887°N 77.0046°W / 38.8887; -77.0046 (Library of Congress)
America Fostering the Arts and Industries and Atlantes[17] William Boyd Edward Pearce Casey
Smithmeyer & Pelz
1897 granite
The two rounded pediments flank the central pavilion of the Jefferson Building's west front.
Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium /
United States Department of Labor Building
1301 Constitution Avenue NW
38°53′33.4″N 77°1′46.91″W / 38.892611°N 77.0296972°W / 38.892611; -77.0296972 (Andrew W. Mellon Auditorium)
Columbia Pediment[18] Edgar Walter
Edward Ardolino (carver)
Arthur Brown, Jr. 1935 limestone
The Mellon Auditorium is middle-ground center; the U.S. Customs Building is left; the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission is right:
National Academy of Sciences Building 2101 Constitution Avenue NW
38°53′34.8″N 77°2′51.72″W / 38.893000°N 77.0477000°W / 38.893000; -77.0477000 (National Academy of Sciences Building)
Constitution Avenue entrance Lee Lawrie Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue 1924
National Archives Building[19] 700 Pennsylvania Avenue
38°53′34″N 77°01′23″W / 38.89278°N 77.02306°W / 38.89278; -77.02306 (National Archives Building)
North pediment: The Recorder of the Archives[20] James Earle Fraser
Edward H. Ratti (carver)
John Russell Pope 1935 Limestone
South pediment: Destiny[21] Adolph Alexander Weinman
Edward H. Ratti (carver)
1935 Indiana limestone
Milford pink granite
Notre Dame Chapel Trinity Washington University,
125 Michigan Avenue, NE
Madonna and Child Enthroned Attended by Angels D. H. McBride
McBride Studios
Maginnis & Walsh 1924 white Carrara marble
Renwick Gallery 1661 Pennsylvania Avenue
38°53′55.92″N 77°2′22.01″W / 38.8988667°N 77.0394472°W / 38.8988667; -77.0394472 (Renwick Gallery)
Relief portrait bust of William Wilson Corcoran[22] Moses Jacob Ezekiel James Renwick Jr. 1878 bronze
Original home of the Corcoran Gallery of Art:
Riggs National Bank 1503-05 Pennsylvania Avenue Eagle pediment York and Sawyer 1902
In a 1915 photograph:
United States Capitol Capitol Hill
38°53′23.29″N 77°00′32.81″W / 38.8898028°N 77.0091139°W / 38.8898028; -77.0091139 (U.S. Capitol)
Central portico, east front: The Genius of America[23][24] Luigi Persico[25] Thomas Ustick Walter 1828 sandstone (1828)
marble (1960)
By 1959 the original sandstone sculpture group was badly deteriorated. Under the supervision of Paul Manship, sculptor Carl Schmitz repaired the statues, G. Giannetti made a plaster model from them, and Bruno Mankowski carved new statues. These were unveiled in 1960.[26]
Senate wing, east front: The Progress of Civilization[27][28] Thomas Crawford
Carvers:
T. Gagliardi, Vinchenzo Casoni, G. Butti, Louis Galli, G. Caprero, and Domenico Giampaoli[29]
1863 marble
House of Representatives wing, east front: Apotheosis of Democracy[30] Paul Wayland Bartlett
Piccirilli Brothers (carvers)
1916 marble
United States Customs Building /
United States Department of Labor
14th Street & Constitution Avenue NW Eastern pediment: Labor and Industry[31] Albert Stewart
John Donnelly (carver)
Arthur Brown, Jr. 1935 limestone
Western pediment: Abundance and Industry[32] Sherry Fry
John Donnelly (carver)
1936 limestone
United States Department of Agriculture Building Jefferson Drive between 12th & 14th Streets
38°53′16.85″N 77°1′48.12″W / 38.8880139°N 77.0300333°W / 38.8880139; -77.0300333 (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Building)
Fruit[33] Adolph Alexander Weinman Rankin, Kellogg & Crane 1908 Vermont marble
The West and East Buildings (left & right) were completed in 1908. The Administration Building (center), connecting them, was completed in 1930.
Flowers[34] Adolph Alexander Weinman 1908 Vermont marble
Cereals[35] Adolph Alexander Weinman 1908 Vermont marble
West Building:
Forestry[36] Adolph Alexander Weinman 1908 Vermont marble
United States Interstate Commerce Commission Building
(now United States Environmental Protection Agency Building)
1201 Constitution Avenue
38°53′38″N 77°01′44″W / 38.893881°N 77.028891°W / 38.893881; -77.028891 (U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission Building)
Eastern pediment: Interstate Transportation[37] Edward McCartan
John Donnelly (carver)
Arthur Brown, Jr. 1935 Indiana limestone
Western pediment: Commerce and Communications[38] Wheeler Williams
John Donnelly (carver)
1935 Indiana limestone
United States Supreme Court Building Capitol Hill
38°53′25.8″N 77°0′16.2″W / 38.890500°N 77.004500°W / 38.890500; -77.004500 (U.S. Supreme Court Building)
West pediment: Equal Justice Under Law[39][40]
(Liberty Enthroned)
Robert Ingersoll Aitken Cass Gilbert 1935 Vermont marble
East pediment: Justice, the Guardian of Liberty[41][42] Hermon Atkins MacNeil 1935 Vermont marble

Pedimental sculptures (by state, city & building)

Building Location Image Sculpture Sculptor Architect Installed Medium Notes
Calhoun County Courthouse Alabama
25 West 11th Street,
Anniston
Eagle pediment J. W. Golucke 1900
burned 1931
a flying eagle flanked by fasces and cornacopias
Santa Cruz County Courthouse[43] Arizona
Morley Avenue & Court Street,
Nogales
Trost & Rust 1904
Now a museum.
Inyo County Courthouse California
Independence
36°48′13″N 118°11′56″W / 36.80361°N 118.19889°W / 36.80361; -118.19889 (Inyo County Courthouse)
William H. Weeks? 1921-22? "Reposed women" hold a shield that is presumed to represent Justice.[44]:5
California State Capitol California
Sacramento
West portico: California[45] Pietro Mezzara M. Frank Butler
Reuben Clark
Gordon Cummings
1873 cast stone
California State Library California
10th Street & Capitol Mall,
Sacramento
Into the Highlands of the Mind Let Me Go[46] Edward Field Sanford, Jr. Weeks and Day 1928 painted terra cotta
California State Office Building
(now Jesse M. Unruh State Office Building)
California
915 Capitol Mall,
Sacramento
Bring Me Men to Match My Mountains[47] Edward Field Sanford, Jr. Weeks and Day 1928 painted terra cotta
Sacramento City Hall California
915 I Street,
Sacramento
Rounded pediments on end pavilions Rudolph A. Herold 1909 terra cotta
California State Chamber of Commerce Building
San Francisco Mining Exchange
California
350 Bush Street,
San Francisco
Greek Pediment[48] Jo Mora Miller & Pflueger 1921 terra cotta
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Building[49]
(now Ritz Carlton San Francisco)
California
Nob Hill, 600 Stockton Street,
San Francisco
An Allegorical Group[50] Haig Patigian
Jo Mora
Miller & Pflueger 1920 glazed terra cotta Napoleon LeBrun & Sons designed the original building, 1909. The pediment was added as part of Miller & Pflueger's 1919-20 expansion.[51]
San Francisco City Hall California
400 Van Ness Avenue,
San Francisco
Van Ness Avenue pediment[52] Henri Crenier Bakewell & Brown 1914 granite
Polk Street pediment[53]
San Francisco Savings Union Bank
(now Emporio Armani)
California
1 Grant Avenue,
San Francisco
Liberty[54] Haig Patigian Bliss & Faville 1911 granite
Patigian's bas relief head of Liberty was based on the 1907 $20 gold coin.
Hearst Castle
San Simeon
California
San Simeon
Neptune Pool Roman Temple: Neptune and Neraids[55] pediment is a collection of unrelated Roman & Greek works.[56] Julia Morgan 1936 white marble
The Roman Temple was assembled from ancient architectural fragments and modern reproductions.
Colorado State Capitol Colorado
200 East Colfax Avenue,
Denver
West pediment: Elijah E. Myers 1894
Pueblo County Courthouse Colorado
10th & Main Streets,
Pueblo
Eagle and wreath Albert Randolph Ross 1912 white sandstone
New Haven County Courthouse[57] Connecticut
121 Elm Street,
New Haven
The pediment figures are Justice, Victory, Precedence, Accuracy, Common Law, Statutory Law, Progress and Commerce.[58] John Massey Rhind Allen & Williams 1917 marble
Basilica of the Immaculate Conception Connecticut
74 West Main Street,
Waterbury
Virgin Mary flanked by angels Maginnis & Walsh 1928
Georgia State Capitol Georgia
Capitol Square,
Atlanta
West pediment: Seal of Georgia, flanked by Commerce, Industry, Justice, and Prosperity[59] George Crouch[60] Edbrooke & Burnham 1889 Oolitic limestone
The building's other pediments are blank.
Chatham Academy Georgia
Bull Street & East Oglethorpe Avenue,
Savannah
pediment on western facade: a scene of several young women studying, with a background of the Coliseum and the Parthenon unknown Henry Urban 1908 stone
Boise High School Idaho
1010 West Washington Street,
Boise
Boise High School Portico[61] Joseph Conradi Tourtellotte & Hummel 1922 A relief head of Plato is at center.
Civic Opera Building Illinois
20 North Wacker Drive,
Chicago
North entrance Pediments over north and south entrances Henry Hering Graham, Anderson, Probst & White 1929
South entrance
Home of the Lyric Opera of Chicago
Kankakee County Courthouse Illinois
450 East Court Street,
Kankakee
41°7′9″N 87°51′37″W / 41.11917°N 87.86028°W / 41.11917; -87.86028 (Kankakee County Courthouse)
Zachary Taylor Davis 1912 Similar pediments above "KANKAKEE COUNTY COURTHOUSE" on north and south sides of courthouse include an escutcheon (coat of arms) representing the county.[62]
Allen County Courthouse Indiana
715 South Calhoun Street,
Fort Wayne
41°4′47″N 85°8′21″W / 41.07972°N 85.13917°W / 41.07972; -85.13917 (Allen County Courthouse)
Spirit of the Law Calhoun Street pediment: Spirit of Civilization
Main Street pediment: Spirit of Government
Berry Street pediment: Spirit of the Law
Court Street pediment: Spirit of the Arts
Barth & Staak? Brentwood S. Tolan 1902 Bedford limestone
Circle Theater[63] Indiana
45 Monument Circle,
Indianapolis
Alexander Sangernebo Rubush & Hunter 1916 terra cotta
Indiana State House Indiana
200 West Washington Street,
Indianapolis
East pediment: Edwin May
Adolph Scherrer
1888
Tippecanoe County Courthouse Indiana
Public Square,
Lafayette
North and south pediments: William Henry Harrison - Marquis de Lafayette - Tecumseh
East and west pediments: Justice - Industry - Agriculture[64]
J. L. Mott Iron Works Elias Max and/or
James F. Alexander
1884 painted zinc
Identical sculpture groups on the north and south pediments, and on the east and west pediments.
Boone County Courthouse Indiana
Courthouse Square,
Lebanon
North & south pediments[65] Joseph T. Hutton 1911 limestone The building has identical sculptured pediments on the north and south facades.
Muncie Public Library Indiana
301 East Jackson Street,
Muncie
Marshall S. Mahurin 1903 Indiana limestone
Iowa State Capitol Iowa
Des Moines
East facade East pediment:
West pediment:
John C. Cochrane
Alfred H. Piquenard
1886 sandstone
West facade:
Dubuque County Courthouse Iowa
720 Central Avenue,
Dubuque
West facade: Eagle pediment Fridolin Heer & Son 1891
Painted zinc sculptures adorn the roof:
Macbride Hall Iowa
University of Iowa,
17 North Clinton Street,
Iowa City
A buffalo stands flanked by two elk Sinclair Shearer[66] Proudfoot & Bird 1908
Greene County Courthouse Iowa
114 North Chestnut Street,
Jefferson
Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson 1918
First Newton National Bank Iowa
100 N 2nd Avenue West,
Newton
a central figure of agricultural plenty is surrounded by four other figures and farm scenes in low relief[67] E. Jackson Case Company of Chicago[68] 1920
Kenton County Library Kentucky
1028 Scott Street,
Covington
pediment with four figures surrounding an angel J.C. Meyerberg[69] Boll & Taylor[70] 1904 sandstone Built as a Carnegie library and auditorium
The building is now The Carnegie, a community arts center.
Kentucky State Capitol Kentucky
Frankfort
North pediment[71] Charles Henry Niehaus
Peter A. Rossack (carver)
Frank Mills Andrews 1906 Oolitic limestone
The building's east, west and south pediments are blank.
Louisville City Hall Kentucky
601 West Jefferson Street,
Louisville
Progress[72] unknown John Andrew Artha 1873 Indiana limestone The pedimental sculpture depicts a steam locomotive moving toward southern flora.
The Cabildo Louisiana
701 Chartres Street,
New Orleans
Pietro Cardelli Gilberto Guillemard 1822 The 1795-99 building's pediment originally featured the Royal Arms of Spain, by sculptor Cristobal Le Prévost.[73][74] This was replaced in 1822 by an American eagle flanked by cannons, by Cardelli.[75]
Gallier Hall
(New Orleans City Hall)
Louisiana
545 St. Charles Avenue,
New Orleans
figures of Liberty, Justice, and Commerce[76] R.E. Launitz James Gallier 1851 white marble
Maryland State House Annex Maryland
State Circle,
Annapolis
Seal of Maryland Baldwin & Pennington 1905
The west portico and pediment were part of a 1902-05 expansion of the 1722 building.
Whitehall Maryland
1915 Whitehall Road, Annapolis
Seal of Province of Maryland[77] William Buckland Joseph Horatio Anderson 1765 painted wood
Baltimore City Recreational Pier Maryland
Fells Point,
1715 Thames Street,
Baltimore
Recreation Pier Relief[78] Theodore Wells Pietsch 1914 limestone
First Unitarian Church Maryland
Charles & Franklin Streets,
Baltimore
Pediment with the Angel of Truth emerging from a sunburst[79] Antonio Cappellano
Henry Berge (1960 copy)
Maximilian Godefroy 1818
1960
polychrome terra cotta The pedimental sculpture was replaced by a copy, 1960.[80]
Baltimore Museum of Art Maryland
Art Museum Drive,
Baltimore
39°19′34″N 76°37′9″W / 39.32611°N 76.61917°W / 39.32611; -76.61917 (Baltimore Museum of Art)
To the Fine Arts[81] Adolph Alexander Weinman John Russell Pope 1930 limestone
Colonial Theatre Maryland
12-14 South Potomac Street,
Hagerstown
two figures, with lute and lyre, face each other, with two angelic putti[82] Henri Plasschaert of the Boston Terra Cotta Company Harry E. Yessler 1914 polychrome terra cotta
Dunster House Massachusetts
Harvard University,
945 Memorial Drive,
Cambridge
Central pediment: Harvard College Coat of Arms Hugh Shepley of Coolidge, Shepley, Bulfinch & Abbott 1930
Named for Henry Dunster, Harvard's first president.
One end pavilion pediment features the coat of arms of the Dunster family, and the other the coat of arms of Dunster's alma mater, Magdalene College, Cambridge.
New Bedford City Hall Massachusetts
William Street,
New Bedford
New Bedford Industries and City Seal[83] Timothy J. McAuliffe Samuel C. Hunt 1908 brownstone
New Bedford Institution for Savings Massachusetts
174 Union Street,
New Bedford
Worker and mother flank an angel, who is both winged and modestly dressed[84] Hugh Cairns Charles Brigham 1897
Saint Joseph Memorial Chapel Massachusetts
College of the Holy Cross,
1 College Street,
Worcester
Maginnis & Walsh 1924[85] Memorial to Holy Cross students and alumni killed in World War I.
Wayne County Courthouse Michigan
600 Randolph Street,
Detroit
General Anthony Wayne and Indians Conducting a Treaty[86] Edward Wagner John Scott 1901 stone
Michigan State Capitol Michigan
Lansing
The Rise and Progress of Michigan[87] Carl H. Wehner
Lewis T. Ives
Richard Rutter (carver)
Richard Glaister (carver)
Elijah E. Myers 1876 sandstone
Basilica of Saint Mary Minnesota
1600 Hennepin Avenue,
Minneapolis
Virgin Mary with attendants and putti Emmanuel Louis Masqueray 1914
Mississippi State Capitol[88] Mississippi
Mississippi Street,
Jackson
32°18′14″N 90°10′56″W / 32.30389°N 90.18222°W / 32.30389; -90.18222 (Mississippi State Capitol)
Robert Bringhurst Theodore C. Link 1900
"Sculpted in 1900, with an enthroned personification of the state at the center, surrounded by figures representing Poetry, Industry, and Science, huntsmen, farmers, white people, black people, and Native American, they are Mississippi’s version of the pediment of the Parthenon in Athens, Greece."[89]
Illinois State Memorial Mississippi
Vicksburg National Military Park,
Vicksburg
Pediment[90] Charles J. Mulligan William Le Baron Jenny 1906 Georgia white marble
Missouri State Capitol Missouri
201 West Capitol Avenue,
Jefferson City
Missouri State Capitol Pediment[91] Adolph Alexander Weinman Tracy & Swartout 1926 Burlington limestone
New Masonic Temple Missouri
3681 Lindell Boulevard,
St. Louis
two pediments, front and rear, decorate the attic temple of a neo-Classical concrete Masonic lodge[92] Victor Berlendis[93] Eames & Young with Albert B. Groves 1926 front: two lamassu standing in profile face a radiant central structure (perhaps a Masonic altar). rear: low-relief garlands and floral carving
Omaha Central High School Nebraska
124 N 20th Street,
Omaha
Omaha Central High School pediment[94] Jacob Maag John Latenser Sr. 1912
Latchis Theatre New Hampshire
55 Pleasant Street,
Claremont
Pediment[95] Mason & Haynes 1928 concrete
New Hampshire State House New Hampshire
107 North Main Street,
Concord
Seal of New Hampshire Stuart Park 1819 granite
New Hampshire State House c. 1875:
Dover City Hall New Hampshire
228 Central Avenue,
Dover
Dover City Seal[96] Edward J. Richardson 1935[97] concrete
Saint Joseph Church New Hampshire
150 Central Avenue,
Dover
St. Joseph with Infant Child[98] Lualdi & Sons James J. O'Shaughnessy 1948 Indiana limestone
William L. Dickinson High School New Jersey
2 Palisade Avenue,
Jersey City
John T. Rowland 1906
American Insurance Company Building New Jersey
15 Washington Street,
Newark
central eagle in deep relief, trailing garlands John H. & Wilson C. Ely 1930 limestone Formerly housed S. I. Newhouse Center for Law and Justice (Rutgers School of Law – Newark)
Old Passaic County Courthouse New Jersey
71 Hamilton Street,
Paterson, New Jersey
Samuel Burrage Reed 1903
Buffalo History Museum
(built as the New York State Pavilion for the 1901 Pan-American Exposition)
New York
Delaware Park,
Buffalo
Pediment[99] Edmond Amateis George Cary 1930 Vermont white marble
The building's pediment was blank for the 1901 Pan-American Exposition.[100] Amateis created the pedimental sculptures and 9 relief panels, 1929-30.[101]
Greene County Courthouse[102] New York
Catskill
A. P. Lombard Company William J. Beardsley 1909 Ohio sandstone
Hall of Christ New York
Chautauqua Institution,
Wythe & South Streets,
Chautauqua
Aula Christie pediment[103] Paul J. Pelz 1908[104] concrete The sculptured pediment features an open Bible emitting rays of knowledge.
Elmira City Hall New York
Lake & West Church Streets,
Elmira
Arts & Sciences South pediment: The Arts and Sciences[105]
East pediment: Liberty?
Architectural Terra Cotta Company Pierce & Bickford 1895 terra cotta
Bronx Zoo New York
Bronx Park,
2300 Southern Boulevard,
Bronx, New York City
Primate House: Orangutan Pediment[106] A. Phimister Proctor Heins & La Farge 1901 stone
Proctor also modeled the baboon figure atop the pediment and the monkey frieze along the building's cornice.
Lion House: Lion Pediment[107] Eli Harvey 1903 stone Harvey also modeled the seated lion sentinels and the lion heads in the building's cornice.
Brooklyn Museum New York
200 Eastern Parkway,
Brooklyn, New York City
Science and Art[108] Daniel Chester French
Adolph Alexander Weinman
Piccirilli Brothers (carvers)
McKim, Mead & White 1913 Indiana limestone
Dime Savings Bank of Brooklyn New York
9 Dekalb Avenue, Brooklyn, New York City
Morning and Evening of Life[109] Lee Lawrie Robert Helmer
Halsey, McCormack & Helmer
1932 stone
The original 1908 building, by architects Mowbray & Uffinger, had no pediment.
The portico and pediment were added by Helmer, 1931-32.
Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State New York
35 East 25th Street,
Manhattan, New York City
The Triumph of Law[110] Charles Henry Niehaus James Brown Lord 1900 white marble
Daniel Chester French's acroterion sculpture Justice, atop the pediment.
Baudouine Building New York
1181-1183 Broadway,
Manhattan, New York City
one fully carved pediment on an attic Greek temple, facing east; another two pediments on top floor contain floral designs[111][112] Alfred Zucker 1896 difficult to see from street level
Bowery Savings Bank New York
130 Bowery,
Manhattan, New York City
130 Bowery pediment 2 identical sculpture groups[113] Frederick MacMonnies
Piccirilli Brothers (carvers)
Stanford White
McKim, Mead & White
1895 limestone The L-shaped building has sculptured pediments on the Bowery and Grand Street facades.

228 Grand Street pediment:
Federal Hall (demolished) New York
Wall Street,
Manhattan, New York City
Eagle Pediment unknown Pierre Charles L'Enfant 1788 wood? George Washington's first presidential inauguration took place on the balcony in 1789.

Demolished 1812
Henry Clay Frick House
Frick Collection
New York
1 East 70th Street,
Manhattan, New York City
Garden pavilion, south pediment:[114] Philip Martiny
Ardolino Brothers (carvers)
Thomas Hastings 1914 Bedford blue limestone
Two of the rounded pediments adorn the garden pavilion, at left.
Garden pavilion, north pediment: Orpheus?[115] Attilio Piccirilli
Ardolino Brothers (carvers)
1914 Bedford blue limestone
70th Street pediment: Charles Keck[116] 1914
Originally over the porte cochere. Now over the public entrance.
71st Street pediment: Sherry Fry 1914 Originally over the porte cochere. Now beside the Frick Art Reference Library entrance.
Hudson River Railway Company Freight Terminal (demolished)
(New York Central Railroad)
New York
Hudson Street at St. John's Park,
Manhattan, New York City
Cornelius Vanderbilt pediment Ernst Plassmann George Fischer & Brother, founder 1868 Statue: bronze
Relief: bronze
The statue was relocated in 1913 to Grand Central Station:[117]
The freight terminal site is now an approach to the Holland Tunnel.
Madison Square Presbyterian Church (demolished) New York
Madison Square,
24th Street & Madison Avenue,
Manhattan, New York City
The Adoration of the Shrine of Truth
pedimental relief sculpture of the Ark of the Covenant, flanked by angels, cherubs, a knight and a shepherd figures in white & gold set against a blue background
Adolph Alexander Weinman Stanford White
McKim, Mead & White
Atlantic Terra Cotta Works
1910 terra cotta
MMA Library exterior, 1920.
The 44-foot-long pediment was removed prior to the church's demolition in 1919, and installed on the exterior of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Library.[118]
It was destroyed during a museum expansion in 1960.
Museum of the City of New York New York
1220-27 Fifth Avenue,
Manhattan, New York City
Seal of New York City Leo Friedlander Joseph H. Freedlander 1930 white marble
New York City Police Headquarters New York
240 Center Street,
Manhattan, New York City
four pediments, with the main (western) facade featuring two figures on either side of a crest, trailing garlands[119] Hoppin and Koen 1909
New York County Courthouse
(now New York State Supreme Court Building)
New York
60 Centre Street,
Manhattan, New York City
The True Administration of Justice is the Finest Pillar of Good Government[120] Frederick Warren Allen Guy Lowell 1927 granite
New York County National Bank Building New York
Eight Avenue and West 14th Street,
Manhattan, New York City
a lone eagle, wings spread, centered in the pediment[121] unknown designer Rudolph Daus for DeLemos & Cordes, architects 1907 stone
New York Public Library Main Branch New York
Fifth Avenue & 42nd Street,
Manhattan, New York City
Northern pediment: The Arts[122] George Grey Barnard
John Donnelly (carver)
Ulysses Ricci
carver
Carrère and Hastings 1917 marble
The sculptured pediments are atop the end pavilions of the Fifth Avenue façade.
Southern pediment: History[123] George Grey Barnard
John Donnelly (carver)
Ulysses Ricci
carver
1917 marble
New York Stock Exchange New York
11 Wall Street,
Manhattan, New York City
Integrity Protecting the Works of Man[124] John Quincy Adams Ward
with Paul Wayland Bartlett
Gentulio Piccirilli (carver)
George Browne Post 1904 white marble (1904)
painted copper (1936)
Ward's marble figures were replaced with painted copper replicas in 1936.
St. Andrew's Roman Catholic Church New York
20 Cardinal Hayes Place,
Manhattan, New York City
two male winged angels flank a cartouche[125][126] Maginnis & Walsh with Robert J. Reiley 1939
St. Paul's Chapel New York
209 Broadway,
Manhattan, New York City
Statue of St. Paul unknown Thomas McBean 1790 wood (tulip poplar)
In a 1799 painting by Archibald Robertson:

The statue was replaced by a resin replica in 2016.[127] The original has been restored,[128] and is now housed inside the chapel.
Kykuit
John D. Rockefeller Estate
New York
200 Lake Road,
Pocantico Hills
Francois Tonetti, possibly assisted by his spouse Mary Lawrence Tonetti Delano & Aldrich 1913
Rush Rhees Library New York
University of Rochester,
Rochester
Ulysses Ricci
Edward Ardolino (carver)
Charles A. Platt
Gordon & Kaelber
1930
Hall of Springs New York
Saratoga Spa State Park,
Saratoga
3 pediments: Man and Nature Join Together in the Waters of the Springs[129]
Athena Introduces Asklepios to the Saratoga Springs[130]
The Infidelity of Asklepios[131]
George H. Snowden Joseph Freedlander 1934 stone
Stark County Courthouse Ohio
Tuscarawas Street,
Canton
Commerce - Justice - Agriculture - Industry[132] unknown George F. Hammond 1895
The 1870 Second Empire style courthouse was dramatically altered to a Beaux Arts style by Hammond, 1893-95.[133]
Cleveland Trust Company Building Ohio
9th Street & Euclid Avenue,
Cleveland
The Blessings of Land and Water[134] Karl Bitter George Browne Post & Sons 1907 granite
Severance Hall Ohio
11001 Euclid Avenue,
Cleveland
Severance Hall Pediment[135] Henry Hering Frank Ginn
Walker and Weeks
1931 Indiana limestone
Stambaugh Auditorium Ohio
1000 Fifth Avenue,
Youngstown
Pediment Group[136] Gaetano Cecere Harvey Wiley Corbett 1926 Indiana limestone
Carnegie Library (Guthrie, Oklahoma) Oklahoma
402 East Oklahoma Avenue,
Guthrie
South pediment 2 identical pediments on south and west facades J. H. Bennett 1903 terra cotta?
First National Bank Building Oregon
401 SW 5th Avenue,
Portland
Seal of Oregon Territory flanked by allegorical figures Coolidge & Shattuck 1916
Lynnewood Hall Pennsylvania
920 Spring Avenue,
Elkins Park
Pedimental sculpture[137] Henri-Léon Gréber Horace Trumbauer 1914 Caen stone
Trumbauer altered the 1897 mansion's original pediment to accommodate Gréber's sculpture group.[138]
Westmoreland County Courthouse Pennsylvania
2 North Main Street,
Greensburg
William S. Kaufman 1906
Broad Street Station (demolished) Pennsylvania
Broad & Market Streets,
Philadelphia
Fire and Water Tamed and Harnessed to the Service of Man Karl Bitter Frank Furness 1894 red terra cotta
Installed above the entrance to the 15th Street tunnel.

Demolished 1953
First Bank of the United States Pennsylvania
120 South 3rd Street,
Philadelphia
Eagle Pediment[139] Clodius F. Legrand & Sons Samuel Blodgett (attributed),
possibly with James Hoban[140]
1797 painted mahogany
Free Library of Philadelphia
Parkway Central Library
Pennsylvania
1901 Vine Street,
Philadelphia
Eastern pediment: History of Printing[141] John Donnelly & Company[142] Horace Trumbauer 1927 limestone
Vine Street façade:
Putti with books and screw printing press:
Western pediment: Writing John Donnelly & Company[143] 1927 limestone
Putti with paper and typewriter:
Girard Trust Corn Exchange Bank
(now Ritz-Carlton Philadelphia)
Pennsylvania
34-35 South Broad Street,
Philadelphia
Relief portrait bust of Stephen Girard flanked by sailing ships Frank Furness (preliminary design)
Allen Evans (plan)
McKim, Mead & White (detailing)[144]
1908 white marble
Ritz-Carlton Philadelphia:
Philadelphia County Family Court Building Pennsylvania
1801 Vine Street,
Philadelphia
Eastern pediment: Family Unity Giuseppe Donato John T. Windrim
Morton Keast
1940 limestone
The building is a near twin to the Parkway Central Library (left).
Western pediment: Family Protection[145] Louis Milione 1940 limestone
Philadelphia Museum of Art Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin Parkway,
Philadelphia
Western Civilization[146] C. Paul Jennewein Horace Trumbauer
Zantzinger & Borie
1932 polychrome terra cotta The museum's exterior features 8 pediments. Only this sculpture group has been completed.
The one-third-size plaster models for sculptor John Gregory's never-completed Pursuit of Wisdom Pediment (1926) are in PMA's collection.[147]
Rodin Museum Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin Parkway & 21st Street,
Philadelphia
replica of the Meudon Monument (Rodin's grave) Benedict Stone Corp. Paul Philippe Cret 1929 limestone
sculpture: cast stone
Meudon Monument
The Meudon Monument features the ruins of an 18th-century façade from the Château d'Issy (burned 1871). Rodin's grave is marked by a copy of his most famous sculpture, The Thinker.[148]
University of Pennsylvania Law School (now Silverman Hall)[149] Pennsylvania
34th & Chestnut Streets,
Philadelphia
pediment with two unicorns flanking cartouche, eagle above Edward Maene Cope and Stewardson 1902 limestone The building was modeled after Christopher Wren's 1689–1702 addition to Hampton Court Palace, which shows a similar heraldic image but with no pediment.
Charleston City Hall
(formerly Charleston Branch, Bank of the United States)
South Carolina
80 Broad Street,
Charleston
Charleston City Seal[150] James E. Walker & Brothers Gabriel Manigault (attributed), 1804[151]

Charles Reichardt, 1839
1839 stone
Manigault designed the building as the Charleston Branch, Bank of the United States, 1804. Reichardt altered it into the City Hall, 1839. The seal's Latin motto translates, '"The Body Politic, She Guards Her Buildings, Customs and Laws." The building is the "second-oldest city hall in continuous use in America."[152]
South Carolina National Bank of Charleston South Carolina
16 Broad Street,
Charleston
carved, gilded eagle[153] unknown unknown 1817 gilded oak
Parthenon Tennessee
Centennial Park,
Nashville
East pediment: The Birth of Athena[154] George Julian Zolnay (1897)
Belle Kinney (1931)
Leopold Scholz (1931)
Capt. W.C. Smith, (1897)
Russell E. Hart, (1931)
1931 painted concrete Nashville's nickname is "The Athens of the South," and a replica of the Parthenon was built to be the main attraction at the 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition. Constructed of artificial stone over wood, it was expected to be temporary building.
A permanent replica, constructed of concrete over a steel armature, was begun in the 1920s and completed in 1931.[155]
West pediment: The Battle between Athena and Poseidon[156]
Schermerhorn Symphony Center Tennessee
1 Symphony Place,
Nashville
Raymond Kaskey David M. Schwarz
Earl Swensson Associates
2006 marble Home of the Nashville Symphony
Noyes Building Utah
Snow College,
150 East College Avenue,
Ephraim
The Three Muses[157] Richard C. Watkins 1903 painted tin over carved wood or plaster
George Washington Masonic National Memorial Virginia
101 Callahan Drive,
Alexandria
George Washington Medallion[158] Gail Sherman Corbett Harvey Wiley Corbett 1932 granite
Cabell Hall Virginia
University of Virginia,
Charlottesville
Ye Shall Know the Truth, and the Truth Shall Make You Free[159] George Julian Zolnay Stanford White
McKim, Mead & White
1898 painted concrete
Marion County Courthouse West Virginia
Adams & Jefferson Streets,
Fairmont
Entrance Pediment[160] W. D. Priest of Whyte & Priest Yost & Packard 1900 stone
Tyler County Courthouse and Jail West Virginia
Main & Dodd Streets,
Middlebourne
seated Justice flanked by male and female supplicants[161] unknown Holmboe and Pogue 1922 The portico and pediment date from the 1922 redesign of an 1854 building.
Wisconsin State Capitol Wisconsin
2 East Main Street,
Madison
East pediment: Liberty Supported by the Law[162] Karl Bitter
John Grignola (carver)
George Browne Post & Sons 1910 Bethel Vermont granite[163]
West pediment: Wisconsin State Resources[164] Karl Bitter 1917 Bethel Vermont granite
Bitter's plaster model for the west pediment.
North pediment: The Learning of the World[165] Attilio Piccirilli
Furio Piccirilli (carver)
1915 Bethel white granite
South pediment: Wisdom, Thought, and Reflection[166] Adolph Alexander Weinman 1917 Bethel Vermont granite
Germania Building Wisconsin
135 W. Wells Street,
Milwaukee
two pediments: lower on entry portico has two putti flanking cartouche, upper with two seated figures flanking cartouche reading "1896"[167] Carl Kuehns of the Milwaukee Ornamental Carving Company[168] Schnetsky & Liebert 1896 stone

References

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  4. Bond of Postal Union, from SIRIS.
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  9. Eagle Pediment, from SIRIS.
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  13. Foreign and Domestic Commerce Pediment, from SIRIS.
  14. Aeronautics Pediment, from SIRIS.
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  16. Department of Justice Building, from SIRIS.
  17. America Fostering the Arts and Industries and Atlantes, from SIRIS.
  18. Columbia Pediment, from SIRIS.
  19. Symbols of Significance: The Pediments of the National Archives Building, from National Archives.
  20. Recorder of the Archives, from SIRIS.
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  23. The Genius of America, from SIRIS.
  24. Architect of the Capitol Under the Direction of the Joint Committee on the Library, Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol, United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1965 p. 378
  25. Architect of the Capitol Under the Direction of the Joint Committee on the Library, Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol, United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1965 p. 378
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  31. Labor and Industry, from SIRIS.
  32. Abundance and Industry, from SIRIS.
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  34. Flowers Pediment. from SIRIS.
  35. Cereals, from SIRIS.
  36. Forestry, from SIRIS.
  37. Interstate Transportation, from SIRIS.
  38. Commerce and Communications, from SIRIS.
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  46. Into the Highlands of the Mind Let Me Go, from SIRIS.
  47. Bring Me Men to Match My Mountains, from SIRIS.
  48. Greek Pediment, from SIRIS.
  49. J. R. Miller & T. L. Pflueger, Architects, Exterior Rendering of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Building, from San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.
  50. An Allegorical Group, from SIRIS.
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  53. City Hall Pediments, from SIRIS.
  54. Pediment Bas-Relief, from SIRIS.
  55. Neptune and Neraids, from SIRIS.
  56. Kvaran & Lockley
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  59. Capitol Building - Pediment, from SIRIS.
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  64. Tippecanoe County Courthouse, from SIRIS.
  65. Boone County Courthouse, from SIRIS,
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  72. Louisville City Hall, from SIRIS.
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  74. Architect Benjamin Latrobe's 1819 elevation of the Cabildo, from Historic New Orleans Collection.
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  76. "Gallier Hall". Encyclopedia of Louisiana. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  77. Seal of Province of Maryland, from SIRIS.
  78. Recreation Pier Relief, from SIRIS.
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  82. "A Historic Building". Bridge of Life Church (current owners). Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  83. New Bedford Industries and City Seal, from SIRIS.
  84. "New Bedford Institution for Savings". David J. Russo (on Charles Brigham). Retrieved 16 November 2016.
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  86. General Anthony Wayne and Indians Conducting a Treaty, from SIRIS.
  87. The Rise and Progress of Michigan, from SIRIS.
  88. Mississippi State Capitol, from SIRIS.
  89. The Pediment Sculptures, from Welty Biennial.
  90. Illinois Memorial, from SIRIS.
  91. Missouri State Capitol - Pediment for South Entrance, from SIRIS.
  92. Bryant, Tim (12 Dec 2014). "Masonic Temple to go on sale". St. Louis Post Dispatch. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
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  94. "A Monument in Stone" (PDF). Central HIgh School Omaha. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  95. Latchis Building Pediment, from SIRIS.
  96. Dover City Seal, from SIRIS.
  97. Cornelius Weygandt, ed., New Hampshire: A Guide to the Granite State (Federal Writers' Project, 1938), p. 145.
  98. St. Joseph with Infant Child, from SIRIS.
  99. Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society Pediment and Reliefs, from SIRIS.
  100. "The outside pediment to the south is void of statuary, waiting for a donation ..." George Cary, "The New Home of the Historical Society: The Building Described by Its Architect," Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society (Buffalo, New York: 1902), vol. 5, p. 408.
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  102. Greene County Courthouse, from SIRIS.
  103. Hall of Christ, from SIRIS.
  104. "First Service in the Aula Christi," The Chautauquan, vol. 52, no. 3 (November 1908), pp. 443-46.
  105. Liberty and Others, from SIRIS.
  106. Primate House, from SIRIS.
  107. Lion House, from SIRIS.
  108. Science and Art, from SIRIS.
  109. Morning and Evening of Life, from SIRIS.
  110. Triumph of Law, from SIRIS.
  111. Dunlap, David W. "A Future for Madison Square's Past", The New York Times (July 15, 2001)
  112. Postal, Mathew A.; Presa, Donald G.; et al. "NYCLPC Madison Square North Historic District Designation Report" New York Landmarks Preservation Commission (June 26, 2001)
  113. Bowery Savings Bank Pediments, from SIRIS.
  114. Pediment on H. C. Frick Residence, from SIRIS.
  115. "American Stone Carving and Sculpture," Stone; An Illustrated Magazine, vol. 35, no. 12 (December 1914), pp. 641-43.
  116. Helen Weston Henderson, A Loiterer in New York: Discoveries Made by a Rambler through Obvious Yet Unsought Highways and Byways (Doran, 1917), p. 323.
  117. Commodore Vanderbilt, from SIRIS.
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  119. "Police Building Apartments". New York Architecture. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  120. Pediment for the New York County Courthouse, from SIRIS.
  121. Carter, Horsley. "The Bank Building, 300 West 14th Street". City Realty. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  122. The Arts, from SIRIS.
  123. History, from SIRIS.
  124. New York Stock Exchange Pediment, from SIRIS.
  125. "St. Andrew's Church". New York Architecture. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  126. "Parish History". Our Lady of Victory and the Church of St. Andrew. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  127. Andy Mai & Denis Slattery, "St. Paul statue returns to old Manhattan chapel," The New York Daily News, October 5, 2016.
  128. Carl Glassman,"After Descending to Earth, St. Paul (the statue) Is Given New Life," Tribeca Trib, February 26, 2016.
  129. Man and Nature, from SIRIS
  130. Athena Introduces Asklepios, from SIRIS.
  131. [ The Infidelity of Asklepios], from SIRIS.
  132. Stark County Courthouse Pediment, from SIRIS.
  133. Ohio Historic Places Dictionary, Volume 2 (Somerset Publishers, 1999), p. 1301.
  134. Pediment - Ameritrust Corporation, from SIRIS.
  135. Severance Hall Pediment, from SIRIS
  136. Pediment Group, from SIRIS.
  137. Pedimental Sculpture, from SIRIS.
  138. Michael C. Kathrens, American Splendor: The Residential Architecture of Horace Trumbauer (Acanthus Press, 2009), p. 67-68.
  139. Eagle, from SIRIS.
  140. Baigell, Matthew (May 1969). "James Hoban and the First Bank of the United States". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 28 (2): 135–136. JSTOR 988511.
  141. History of Printing, from SIRIS.
  142. Sculptor (John Donnelly?) working on the model, 1925, from Free Library of Philadelphia.
  143. Model by John Donnelly, 1925, from Free Library of Philadelphia.
  144. Girard Trust Corn Exchange Bank, from Philadelphia Architects and Buildings.
  145. West Pediment, from SIRIS.
  146. Philadelphia Museum of Art Pediment, from SIRIS.
  147. Steven E. Bronson, "The Forgotten Pediment of the Philadelphia Museum of Art," National Sculpture Review (Spring 1976), pp. 16-17.
  148. John Junius, "The Rodin Museum, Philadelphia," Architecture, vol. 64 (October 1931), pp. 189-95.
  149. "William Draper Lewis Hall". University of Pennsylvania Archives. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  150. Charleston City Hall Seal, from SIRIS.
  151. Charleston City Hall, from National Park Service.
  152. Poston, Jonathan H., The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City’s Architecture, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina 1997 pp. 166-167.
  153. "South Carolina Bank of Charleston". National Park Service. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  154. East Pediment of the Parthenon, from SIRIS
  155. Wilbur F. Creighton, The Parthenon In Nashville: From a Personal Viewpoint (self-published, 1968) pp. 21-22.
  156. West Pediemnt of the Parthenon, from SIRIS
  157. The Three Muses, from SIRIS.
  158. George Washington Medallion, from SIRIS.
  159. Cabel Hall Pediment, from SIRIS.
  160. Entrance Pediment, from SIRIS.
  161. Rodney S. Collins (March 13, 1980). "National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Tyler County Courthouse and Jail" (pdf). National Park Service.
  162. Liberty Supported by the Law, from SIRIS.
  163. Rajer, Anton, Christine Style, Public Sculpture in Wisconsin: An Atlas of Outdoor Monuments, Memorials, and Masterpieces in the Badger State, SOS! Save Outdoor Sculpture, Wisconsin, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison WI, 1999 p. 24
  164. Wisconsin State Resources, from SIRIS.
  165. Learning of the World, from SIRIS.
  166. Wisdom, Thought, and Reflection, from SIRIS.
  167. Jeramey Jannene. "Germania Building to Become Apartments", Urban Milwaukee, November 11, 2016.
  168. "The Milwaukee Ornamental Carving Company". Old Milwaukee.net. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
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