Pine (email client)
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Pine 4.64's main menu | |
| Developer(s) | University of Washington |
|---|---|
| Initial release | March 24, 1992 |
| Last release | 4.64 (September 28, 2005) [±] |
| Operating system | Windows, Unix, Linux |
| Type | Email client |
| License | Freeware |
| Website |
www |
Pine is a freeware, text-based email client which was developed at the University of Washington. The first version was written in 1989,[1] and announced to the public in March, 1992.[2] Source code was available for only the Unix version under a license written by the University of Washington. Pine is no longer under development, and has been replaced by the Alpine client, which is available under the Apache License.
Supported platforms
There are Unix, Windows, and Linux versions of Pine.[3] The Unix/Linux version is text user interface based—its message editor inspired the text editor Pico. The Windows (and formerly DOS) version is called PC-Pine. WebPine is available to individuals associated with the University of Washington (students, faculty, etc.)—a version of Pine implemented as a web application.
Most moved over to Alpine, however there are still many users of this software.
Etymology
Many people believe that Pine stands for "Pine Is Not Elm". One of its original authors, Laurence Lundblade, insists this was never the case and that it started off simply as a word and not an acronym, and that his first choice of a backronym for pine would be "Pine Is Nearly Elm". Over time, it was changed by the university to mean Program for Internet News and E-mail.[4] The original announcement said: "Pine was originally based on Elm, but it has evolved much since, ('Pine Is No-longer Elm')."[2]
Licensing and clones
Up to version 3.91, the Pine license was similar to BSD, and it stated that
- Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee to the University of Washington is hereby granted …
The University registered a trademark for the Pine name with respect to "computer programs used in communication and electronic mail applications" in March 1995.[5]
From version 3.92, the holder of the copyright, the University of Washington, changed the license so that even if the source code was still available, they did not allow modifications and changes to Pine to be distributed by anyone other than themselves. They also claimed that even the old license never allowed distribution of modified versions.[6]
The trademark for the Pine name was part of their position in this matter.[7]
In reaction, some developers forked version 3.91 under the name MANA (for Mail And News Agent) to avoid the trademark issue and the GNU Project adopted it as GNU Mana. Richard Stallman claims that the University of Washington threatened[8] to sue the Free Software Foundation for distributing the modified Pine program, resulting in the development of MANA ceasing and no versions being released.[9]
The University of Washington later modified their license somewhat to allow unmodified distribution of Pine alongside collections of free software, but the license still does not conform to the Open Source and the Free Software Guidelines so it is semi-free software, effectively proprietary software.
Alpine
In 2006, the University of Washington announced that it stopped development of Pine with Pine 4.64, although Pine continues to be supported.[10]
In its place is a new family of email tools based upon Pine, called Alpine and licensed under the Apache License, version 2. November 29, 2006 saw the first public alpha release,[11][12] which forms a new approach, since the alpha test of Pine was always non-public.
Alpine 1.0 was publicly released on December 20, 2007. The most recent version 2.20 was released in January 2015.
See also
References
- ↑ "Pine Project History". Retrieved 2009-03-31.
- 1 2 University of Washington (24 March 1992). "Announcing the Pine Mailer". Newsgroup: comp.mail.misc (published 26 March 1992). Usenet: [email protected]. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
- ↑ "Pine Information Center--Obtaining Pine software". University of Washington. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ↑ "Laurence's home page: Naming Pine". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
- ↑ http://tmsearch.uspto.gov/
- ↑ "Branden Robinson remembers UW's unique interpretation of the BSD license". Retrieved 2009-08-06.
- ↑ "What's wrong with Pine". Retrieved 2016-10-13.
- ↑ "RMS said that UW threatened to sue the FSF". Retrieved 2006-12-14.
- ↑ "The Golden Rule as Applied to Intellectual Property". 2002-12-12. Retrieved 2006-07-17.
- ↑ "Steve Hubert answers that Pine development is frozen in favour of Alpine". Retrieved 2006-12-14.
- ↑ "Announce of Alpine 0.8". Retrieved 2006-12-14.
- ↑ "Alpine FTP download directory". Retrieved 2006-12-19.