Politics of the Republic of Macedonia

Politics in the Republic of Macedonia occur within the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Political System

The political system of the Republic of Macedonia consists of three branches: Legislative, Executive and Judicial. The Constitution^[1] is the highest law of the country. The political institutions are constituted by the will of its citizens by secret ballot at direct and general elections. Its political system of parliamentary democracy was established with the Constitution of 1991, which stipulates the basic principles of democracy and guarantees democratic civil freedom. The Elections for Representatives in the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia is held in October. The Assembly is composed of 120 Representatives, who are elected for a period of four years. Out of this number, 85 are elected according to the majority principle in 85 constituencies and 35 according to the proportional principle (the territory of the Republic of Macedonia representing one constituency). There are approximately 1.5 million voters registered in the General Electoral Roll for the election of Representatives in the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia, assigned in 85 constituencies, in 2.973 polling stations. The voting for the Representatives according to the majority principle can be conducted in two electoral rounds, whereas the voting according to the proportional principle ends in the first round.^[2]

Majority principle

85 Representatives - 85 Constituencies Out of 40 registered political parties, 28 have nominated candidates. 635 candidates have been proposed from 28 political parties, eight coalitions and eight private members. In the first round, the candidate who wins the majority of votes (50% of the total number of votes cast) will be elected, providing that the number of votes won is not less than 1/3 of the total number of registered voters in the constituency. Second round: If no candidate has won the required number of votes in the first round, the voting will be repeated in 14 days (1 of November, 1998). The first two candidates in a constituency, who have won the largest number of votes in the first round shall participate in the second round.The candidate who has won the largest number of votes from the votes cast in the second round shall be elected Representative.^[2]

Proportional Principle

35 representatives - 1 Constituency 17 lists of candidates have been submitted from 22 political parties, out of which independently from 12 political parties, from four coalitions and from one group of voters, and the total number of nominated candidates is 595. The D’Hondt formula shall be applied for establishing the results of the vote. Only candidates’ lists, which have won at least 5% of the votes cast, may be represented in Assembly.^[2]

Presidents

• Kiro Gligorov (1991–1999)
• Boris Trajkovski (1999–2004)
• Branko Crvenkovski (2004–2009)
• Gjorge Ivanov (2009–present)

Executive branch

Main office holders

Office	Name	Party	Since
President	Gjorge Ivanov	VMRO-DPMNE	12 May 2009
Acting Prime Minister	Emil Dimitriev	VMRO-DPMNE	18 January 2016

Although in Macedonian, these roles have very similar titles (Претседател на Република Македонија "President of the Republic of Macedonia" and Претседател на Владата на Република Македонија "President of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia") it is much less confusing to refer to them in English as President and Prime Minister respectively. These are also the terms used in the English translation of the constitution.

The President

Coat of arms of the President of Macedonia

• cannot hold any other public office or position in a political party
• is elected for a 5-year term and can serve a maximum of two terms
• is Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and President of the Security Council
• nominates a candidate from the majority party or parties in the Assembly who then proposes the Government who are elected by the Assembly
• makes diplomatic appointments and some judicial and Security Council appointments
• grants decorations, honours and pardons^[3]

The Government

The power of the President is fairly limited with all other executive power being vested in what the Constitution describes as the Government, i.e., the Prime Minister and Ministers.

Ministers:

• cannot be Representatives in the Assembly
• cannot hold any other public office or follow a profession while in office
• are elected by a majority vote in the Assembly
• are granted immunity
• cannot be called for service in the Armed Forces
• propose laws, budget and regulations to be adopted by the Assembly
• control diplomatic policy
• make other state appointments^[3]

Current Cabinet

The current cabinet is a coalition of VMRO-DPMNE, the Democratic Union for Integration, the Socialist Party of Macedonia, and the Party for the Movement of Turks in Macedonia.

The members of the Cabinet of the Republic of Macedonia are chosen by the Prime Minister and approved by the national Parliament, however certain cabinet level positions are chosen by both President and Prime Minister, and approved by the Parliament.

Member	Portfolio	Logo
Emil Dimitriev	Prime Minister
Zoran Stavreski	Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Finance
Musa Xhaferi	Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Framework Agreement Implementation
Vladimir Peševski	Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Economic Affairs
Dr. Fatmir Besimi	Deputy Prime Minister in charge of European Integration
Nikola Poposki	Minister of Foreign Affairs
Zoran Jolevski	Minister of Defense
Oliver Spasovski	Minister of Internal Affairs
Blerim Bexheti	Minister of Justice
Vlado Misajlovski	Minister of Transport and Communication
Valon Saracini	Minister of Economy
Ljupčo Dimovski	Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Watersupply
Nikola Todorov	Minister of Health
Pance Kralev	Minister of Education and Science
Ivo Ivanovski	Minister of Information Society
Nevzat Bejta	Minister of Local Self-Government
Elizabeta Kančeska Milevska	Minister of Culture
Frosina Remenski	Minister of Labor and Social Policy
Abdilaqim Ademi	Minister of Environment and Physical Planning
Bill Pavleski	Minister for Attracting foreign investment
Hadi Neziri	Minister without Portfolio
Nedžet Mustafa	Minister without Portfolio
Vele Samak	Minister without Portfolio
Dimitar Bogov	Governor of the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia
Ljupco Shvrgovski	Attorney General
Metodija Velichkovski	Chief of the General Staff of the Army of the Republic of Macedonia
Zoran Jolevski	Special Envoy and Chief Negotiator of the Macedonia name dispute

Legislative branch

Logo of the Macedonian Assembly

The Assembly (Sobranie) has 123 members, elected for a four-year term, by proportional representation.

Political parties and elections

 Summary of the 22 March and 5 April 2009 Macedonian presidential election results

Candidate	Nominating party	First round		Second round
		Votes	%	Votes	%
Gjorge Ivanov	VMRO–DPMNE	345,850	35.04	453,616	63.14
Ljubomir Frčkoski	Social Democratic Union of Macedonia	202,691	20.54	264,828	36.86
Imer Selmani	New Democracy	147,547	14.95
Ljube Boškoski	Independent	146,878	14.88
Agron Buxhaku	Democratic Union for Integration	73,629	7.46
Nano Ružin	Liberal Democratic Party	40,042	4.06
Mirushe Hoxha	Democratic Party of Albanians	30,225	3.06
Invalid/blank votes		32,386	3.18	45,589	5.87
Total		1,019,268	100.00	764,033	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		1,792,082	56.9	1,792,082	42.6
Source: SEC, Nohlen & Stöver[4]

Party/Coalition	Abbreviation	Number of votes	% of votes	Number of seats won	Seats change from dissol.
VMRO-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity, Socialist Party of Macedonia, Democratic Union, Democratic Renewal of Macedonia, Democratic Party of Turks of Macedonia, Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia, Union of Roma in Macedonia,	VMRO-DPMNE	438,138	38.98	56	7
Social Democratic Union of Macedonia, New Social Democratic Party, Party for European Future, Liberal Party of Macedonia,	SDSM	368,496	32.78	42	18
Democratic Union for Integration	DUI	115,092	10.24	15	3
Democratic Party of Albanians	DPA	66,315	5.90	8	1
National Democratic Revival	NDR	29,996	2.67	2	2
VMRO – People's Party	VMRO-NP	28,217	2.51	0	0
New Democracy	ND	19,958	1.78	0	4
United for Macedonia	OM	17,081	1.52	0	0
Liberal Democratic Party	LDP	16,551	1.47	0	4
Political Party Dignity	PPD	8,837	0.79	0	0
Democratic Union of Albanians	DUA	4,517	0.40	0	0
Party of United Democrats of Macedonia	PODEM	4,395	0.39	0	0
Social Democratic Union	SDU	2,270	0.20	0	0
Social Democratic Party of Macedonia	SDPM	1,807	0.16	0	0
Democratic Right	/	1,517	0.13	0	0
National Democratic Union	NDU	470	0.04	0	0
Party for Democratic Prosperity	PDP	277	0.02	0	0
European Party of Macedonia	/	130	0.01	0	0
Total (turnout 63,48%)		1,124,064	100	123	3

• Source: State Election Commission of Macedonia^[5]

Judicial branch

Judiciary power is exercised by courts, with the court system being headed by the Judicial Supreme Court, Constitutional Court and the Republican Judicial Council. The assembly appoints the judges.

Administrative divisions

With the passage of a new law and elections held in 2005, local government functions are divided between 78 municipalities (општини, opštini; singular: општина, opština. The capital, Skopje, is governed as a group of ten municipalities collectively referred to as "the City of Skopje". Municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia are units of local self-government. Neighbouring municipalities may establish cooperative arrangements.

Ethnic diversity

The country's main political divergence is between the largely ethnically-based political parties representing the country's Macedonian majority and Albanian minority. The issue of the power balance between the two communities led to a brief war in 2001, following which a power-sharing agreement was reached. In August 2004, the Republic's parliament passed legislation redrawing local boundaries and giving greater local autonomy to ethnic Albanians in areas where they predominate.

Foreign relations

The Republic is member of the ACCT, BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

References

1. "Republic of Macedonia Constitution".
2. Macedonian Political System
3. Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia
4. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p2054 ISBN 9873832956097
5. http://217.16.84.11/Default.aspx