Richelieu, Indre-et-Loire

Richelieu
Place du Cardinal
Coat of arms
Richelieu
Location within Centre-Val de Loire region  Richelieu
Coordinates: 47°00′54″N 0°19′28″E / 47.015°N 0.3244°ECoordinates: 47°00′54″N 0°19′28″E / 47.015°N 0.3244°E
Country	France
Region	Centre-Val de Loire
Department	Indre-et-Loire
Arrondissement	Chinon
Canton	Richelieu
Government
• Mayor (2008–2014)	Hervé Novelli
Area^1	5.09 km^2 (1.97 sq mi)
Population (2009)^2	1,956
• Density	380/km^2 (1,000/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
INSEE/Postal code	37196 / 37120
Elevation	47–77 m (154–253 ft)
^1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. ^2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Richelieu is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.

It lies south of Chinon and west of Sainte-Maure de Touraine and is surrounded by mostly agricultural land. Its inhabitants are called Richelais, and Richelaises.

Because of its design as the "ideal city" of the seventeenth century, the town is the subject of protective measures for its architecture.

History

Town gate

In 1343, salt became a state monopoly by order of the Valois king Philip VI, who established the gabelle, the tax on salt. Anjou was part of the "great gabelle" area and encompassed sixteen special tribunals or "salt granaries", including that of Richelieu.

The village was a 17th-century model "new town". It was built at the order of Cardinal Richelieu (1585–1642), who had spent his youth there and bought the village of his ancestors; he had the estate raised to a duché-pairie August 1631. He engaged the architect Jacques Lemercier, who was already responsible for the Sorbonne and the Cardinal's hôtel in Paris, the Palais Cardinal (now the Palais-Royal). With the permission of King Louis XIII, he created from scratch a walled town on a grid arrangement, and, enclosing within its volumes the modest home of his childhood, an adjacent palace, the Château de Richelieu,^[1] surrounded by an ornamental moat and large imposing walls enclosing a series of entrance courts towards the town and, on the opposite side, grand axially-planned formal vista gardens of parterres and gravel walks, a central circular fountain, and views reaching to an exedra cut in the surrounding trees and pierced by an avenue in the woodlands extending to the horizon. The pleasure grounds were enclosed in woodland;^[2] since their innovative example was followed and extended at Vaux-le-Vicomte and in the gardens of Versailles, and since André Le Nôtre's father was employed at Richelieu in 1629, and it is not improbable that the young boy was employed as well,^[3] it is worth making a detailed survey. Construction took place between 1631 and 1642 – the year of the Cardinal's death – and employed around 2000 workers.

A smaller chateau built for the Cardinal's mistress is located 4 km outside the town. ^[4]

Grande Rue near Place des Religieuses

Geography

The town

The town itself (as distinct from the Château grounds) is about 700 meters long by 500 meters wide. It is accessible by three monumental gates; a fourth, dummy gate exists to respect the symmetry of the whole. The urban plan revolves around two symmetrically arranged places: Place Royale (religious) and the Place du Cardinal (now Market Square), in which are grouped the presbytery, the "audience" (now the town hall), a covered open market hall (still surviving, with wooden pillars and roof beams) and shops.

To ensure quick settlement, the Cardinal imposed no city taxes. In return, buyers of plots for construction undertook to build within two years a "flag" or a house according to the plans and specifications filed with the court of the city, while being forced to choose as builder one of the Cardinal's appointees. A register of specific transactions is kept, allowing historians to know today the list of owners of the original buildings of the city.

Upon the death of Cardinal, the city ceased to grow, but continued to have illustrious visitors, like Louis XIV of France, Jean de La Fontaine, and Voltaire. According to La Fontaine, Richelieu was at the time of writing the "most beautiful village of the universe."

In 1790, during the convening of the Estates General, representatives of the town of Richelieu sat with those of Mirebeau in the delegation of Saumur, within the generality of Tours. The same year, the town of Richelieu was separated from Saumur to integrate with the then new Department of Indre-et-Loire.

The château

Population

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1793	3,205	—
1800	3,152	−1.7%
1806	3,117	−1.1%
1821	2,817	−9.6%
1831	2,782	−1.2%
1836	2,914	+4.7%
1841	2,820	−3.2%
1846	2,660	−5.7%
1851	2,649	−0.4%
1856	2,593	−2.1%
1861	2,601	+0.3%
1866	2,641	+1.5%
1872	2,542	−3.7%
1876	2,418	−4.9%
1881	2,423	+0.2%
1886	2,471	+2.0%
1891	2,364	−4.3%
1896	2,318	−1.9%
1901	2,305	−0.6%
1906	2,281	−1.0%
1911	2,124	−6.9%
1921	1,957	−7.9%
1926	1,861	−4.9%
1931	1,698	−8.8%
1936	1,782	+4.9%
1946	1,915	+7.5%
1954	2,051	+7.1%
1962	2,004	−2.3%
1968	2,214	+10.5%
1975	2,444	+10.4%
1982	2,433	−0.5%
1990	2,223	−8.6%
1999	2,165	−2.6%
2006	1,993	−7.9%
2009	1,956	−1.9%

Administration

The mayor of Richelieu is Hervé Novelli, formerly a Secretary of State in the French cabinet. He is assisted by five deputies.

Festival

Periodically the town holds historical re-enactments.

See also

• Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department

References

• INSEE commune file

1. The château was engraved by Jean Marot, La magnifique chasteau de Richelieu, about 1660; it is unlikely that essential changes had been made since the Cardinal's death. The château was described, on the basis of Marot's engraving, by H. Carrington Lancaster, "The Chateau de Richelieu and Desmaretz's Visionnaires" Modern Language Notes 60.3 (March 1945:167-172) on which the present description is based.
2. SMarot's engraving preserves the layout of the gardens in detail.
3. Derek Clifford, A History of Garden Design 1963 fig. 26 facing p. 65.
4. "Chateau/Manor, Nr. Richelieu, Indre-et-Loire". Winkworth International.

External links

• Official town site (French)