Lofentanil

Lofentanil
Clinical data
ATC code none
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
Synonyms Lofentanil; methyl (3S,4R)-1-(2-cyclohexylethyl)-4 -(cyclohexyl-propanoylamino)-3-methylpiperidine-4-carboxylate
CAS Number 61380-40-3 N
PubChem (CID) 10070040
ChemSpider 8245580 YesY
UNII 7H7YQ564XV YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL28198 YesY
Chemical and physical data
Formula C25H32N2O3
Molar mass 408.533 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Lofentanil is one of the most potent opioid analgesics known and is an analogue of fentanyl, which was developed in 1960. It is most similar to the highly potent opioid carfentanil (4-carbomethoxyfentanyl), only slightly more potent. Lofentanil can be described as 3-methylcarfentanil, or 3-methyl-4-carbomethoxyfentanyl. While 3-methylfentanyl is considerably more potent than fentanyl itself, lofentanil is only slightly stronger than carfentanil.[1][2] This suggests that substitution at both the 3 and 4 positions of the piperidine ring introduces steric hindrance which prevents μ-opioid affinity from increasing much further. As with other 3-substituted fentanyl derivatives such as ohmefentanyl, the stereoisomerism of lofentanil is very important, with some stereoisomers being much more potent than others.

Lofentanil is very similar to carfentanil in effects, but has a longer duration of action.[3] This makes it unsuitable for most practical applications, with carfentanil being the preferred agent for tranquilizing large animals, and short-acting derivatives such as sufentanil or remifentanil being preferred for medical use in human surgical procedures. The long duration and high lipophilicity of lofentanil has been suggested as an advantage for certain types of analgesia,[4] but the main application for lofentanil at the present time is research into opioid receptors.[5][6]

Side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea, and potentially serious respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening. Fentanyl analogs have killed hundreds of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear.[7] Side effects from lofentanil might be particularly problematic given its reportedly long duration of action. Another side effect which is characteristic of fentanyl and its derivatives is their tendency to rapidly induce tolerance, due to their high binding affinity triggering rapid internalization of chronically activated opiate receptors.[8] This might be expected to be a particular problem with lofentanil as it is not only one of the most potent drugs in the series, but also is longer acting than most other fentanyl analogues, meaning that development of tolerance triggered by receptor over-activation is likely to be especially rapid, occurring with as little as a single active dose.

In addition to acting on the μ-opioid receptor, lofentanil has also been found to act as a full agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (Ki = 8.2 nM; EC50 = 153 nM; Emax = 100%).[9]

References

  1. ↑ Gommeren, W; Leysen, JE (Jul 1982). "Binding properties of 3H-lofentanil at the opiate receptor". Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie. 258 (1): 171–3.
  2. ↑ Meert, TF; Lu, HR; van Craenndonck, H; Janssen, PA (Sep 1988). "Comparison between epidural fentanyl, sufentanil, carfentanil, lofentanil and alfentanil in the rat: analgesia and other in vivo effects". European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 5 (5): 313–21.
  3. ↑ Laduron, PM; Janssen, PF (August 1982). "Axoplasmic transport and possible recycling of opiate receptors labelled with 3H-lofentanil". Life Sciences. 31 (5): 457–62. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(82)90331-9. PMID 6182434.
  4. ↑ Foldes, FF (1991). "Pain control with intrathecally and peridurally administered opioids and other drugs". Anaesthesiologie und Reanimation. 16 (5): 287–98.
  5. ↑ Maguire, P; Tsai, N; Kamal, J; Cometta-Morini, C; Upton, C; Loew, G (March 1992). "Pharmacological profiles of fentanyl analogs at mu, delta and kappa opiate receptors". European Journal of Pharmacology. 213 (2): 219–25. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(92)90685-w.
  6. ↑ Huang, XQ; Jiang, HL; Luo, XM; Chen, KX; Zhu, YC; Ji, RY; Cao, Y (Jun 2000). "Study on mechanism of interaction of nociceptin and opioids binding with opioid receptor-like 1 receptor". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 21 (6): 536–46.
  7. ↑ Jane Mounteney; Isabelle Giraudon; Gleb Denissov; Paul Griffiths (July 2015). "Fentanyls: Are we missing the signs? Highly potent and on the rise in Europe.". The international journal of drug policy. 26 (7): 626–631. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.04.003. PMID 25976511.
  8. ↑ Bot, G; Blake, AD; Li, S; Reisine, T (Jun 1998). "Fentanyl and its analogs desensitize the cloned mu opioid receptor". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 285 (3): 1207–18.
  9. ↑ Gharagozlou, Parham; Hashemi, Ezzat; DeLorey, TimothyM; Clark, J David; Lameh, Jelveh (2006). BMC Pharmacology. 6 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/1471-2210-6-3. ISSN 1471-2210. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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