Stuttgart

Stuttgart
Clockwise from top left: Staatstheater, Cannstatter Volksfest in Bad Cannstatt, fountain at Schlossplatz, Fruchtkasten façade and the statue of Friedrich Schiller at Schillerplatz, New Palace, and Old Castle at Schillerplatz.
Coat of arms
Stuttgart
Location within Administrative Region
Coordinates: 48°47′N 9°11′E / 48.783°N 9.183°ECoordinates: 48°47′N 9°11′E / 48.783°N 9.183°E
Country	Germany
State	Baden-Württemberg
Admin. region	Stuttgart
District	Stadtkreis
Founded	10th century
Government
• Lord Mayor	Fritz Kuhn (Greens)
Area
• Total	207.36 km^2 (80.06 sq mi)
Population (2015-12-31)[1]
• Total	623,738
• Density	3,000/km^2 (7,800/sq mi)
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes	70173–70619
Dialling codes	0711
Vehicle registration	S
Website	stuttgart.de

Schlossplatz (Stuttgart), Evening

Courtyard of the Old Castle

Stuttgart's hilly cityscape from atop the Karlshöhe

Stuttgart (/ˈʃtʊtɡɑːrt/; German pronunciation: [ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt], Swabian: Schduagert, pronounced [ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥]) is the largest city and capital of the German state of Baden-Württemberg with a population of about 623,738 in the city alone^[2] (making it the sixth largest city in Germany)^[3] and is one of the most important cities in the Federal Republic.^[4] The city is the capital of Baden-Württemberg and thus the seat of the State Government of Baden-Württemberg:^[5] the Minister-president (currently Winfried Kretschmann),^[5] who resides at Reitzenstein Villa,^[5] his cabinet, and the State Parliament. It is also home to one of the two co-seats of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart^[6] and the seat of the Bishop of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg.^[7] Stuttgart is also the capital of the greater Stuttgart Metropolitan Region, making it the center of political goings on for a population of 5.3 million people (2008).^[8] It is the fourth-biggest metropolitan in Germany after the Rhine-Ruhr area, Berlin/Brandenburg and Frankfurt/Rhine-Main. Stuttgart is an Independent city that controls 23 City districts^[9] that form the center of a densely populated area, surrounded by a ring of smaller towns. This area is called the Stuttgart Region and has a population of 2.7 million.^[10]

Stuttgart is a very important economic zone within the European Union.^[11] The city ranked 21st globally on Mercer's 2015 List of cities by quality of living,^[12] and was the 6th city in Germany on that list behind such as cities such as Frankfurt, Düsseldorf and Munich.^[12] For economic and social innovation, the city was ranked 24th out of 442 cities globally, third in Germany after Munich and Berlin,^[13] and 10th place among European cities.^[13][14] Such companies as Porsche,^[15] Mercedes-Benz,^[16] Dinkelacker,^[17] Neoplan, and Horváth & Partners are headquartered here.

Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities.^[18] It is spread across a variety of hills (many of them covered in vineyards),^[19] valleys (especially around the Neckar river and the Stuttgart basin) and parks. This is often a source of surprise to visitors who associate the city with its reputation as the 'Cradle of the Automobile'.^[20][21] The city's tourism slogan is "Stuttgart offers more".^[22] Under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure (as part of the Stuttgart 21 project), the city unveiled a new logo and slogan in March 2008 describing itself as "Das neue Herz Europas" ("The new Heart of Europe").^[23] For business, it describes itself as "Standort Zukunft", "Where business meets the future"). In July 2010, Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area.^[24]

Stuttgart has often been nicknamed Schwabenmetropole (English: Swabian metropolis) in reference to its location in the center of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by some natives. In that dialect, the city's name is pronounced Schtugert or Schtuagerd. However, many non-Swabian Germans have emigrated to Stuttgart for economic reasons and 40% of Stuttgart's residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five are of immigrant background.^[25]

Geography and Climate

Stuttgart at night, looking northwest

Geographical Location

Stuttgart's city center, about an hour away from both the Black Forest and the Swabian Jura mountains,^[26] is located in the heart of the "Stuttgart basin," a fertile, bowl shaped valley created by the Neckar river and one of its tributary stream, the Nesenbach, nestled between many vineyard-covered hills and thick woodland. Because of this, the city is often described as lying "zwischen Wald und Reben", (German: between Forest and Vines). Local residents refer to the basin as the Stuttgarter Kessel, or "Stuttgart cauldron," during the summer months because of its hot and humid climate that is frequently warmer than the surrounding countryside of Württemberg.

Stuttgart covers an area of 207.35 km² (80 sq mi) and sits at elevation ranging from 207 m (679 ft) above sea level by the Neckar river to 549 m (1,801 ft) on Bernhartshöhe hill – something rather unique in large German cities. The most prominent elevated locales in Stuttgart are the Birkenkopf (511 metres (1,677 ft)) on the edge of the Stuttgart basin, the Württemberg (411 metres (1,348 ft)) rising above the Neckartal (English: Neckar valley), and the Grüner Heiner (395 metres (1,296 ft)) at the northeast end of the city. As a result of Stuttgart's long history of viticulture (Even today there are vineyards less than 500 m (1,640 ft) from the Main Station), there are more than 400 flights of stairs (known in the local dialect as the "Stäffele") around the city, equivalent to approximately 20 km (12 mi) of steps.^[27] Later, in the early 19th Century, the city continued to grow and many vineyards were replaced by houses and streets and the Stäffele were used as foot paths to connect the newly built neighborhoods. Some of the stairs were elaborately decorated with fountains and plantings.^[27]

Panorama of Stuttgart looking southeast. From the Neckar valley on the left the city rises to the city center, backdropped by high woods to the south (television tower). Stuttgart South and Stuttgart West are to the right.

• 
  Schlossplatz
• 
  The grave chapel atop the Württemberg
• 
  The mild climate and hilly landscape are perfect for viticulture, as the Romans discovered. Pictured are vineyards near Obertürkheim
• 
  View of Stuttgart from atop the Birkenkopf
• 
  View from the Killesbergpark
• 
  Neckar river flowing through Hedelfingen and Obertürkheim
• 
  Vineyards on the Neckar river in the Mühlhausen area of Stuttgart during the Autumn of 2006

Spatial Planning

Stuttgart Region with Centers

Stuttgart is one of 14 Regional centers in Baden-Württemberg and is naturally the primary center of the Stuttgart Region, making it the administrative center for a region of 3,700 square kilometres (1,400 sq mi) containing a total of 2.76 million people as of December 2014.^[28]

Mittelzentrum / Middle-Stage centers of the Stuttgart Region
Backnang, Bietigheim-Bissingen / Besigheim, Böblingen / Sindelfingen, Esslingen am Neckar, Geislingen, Göppingen / Herrenberg, Kirchheim unter Teck, Leonberg, Ludwigsburg / Kornwestheim, Nürtingen, Schorndorf, Vaihingen, Waiblingen / Fellbach

In addition to those, Stuttgart serves as a Mittelzentrum for Esslingen District cities Leinfelden-Echterdingen and Filderstadt, and Ditzingen, and Gerlingen and Korntal-Münchingen Ludwigsburg District.

Stuttgart is also chief of the three centers Stuttgart Metropolitan Region, an area of 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) containing 5.3 million persons.^[29]

Neighboring Communities

City Districts

The city of Stuttgart is administratively divided into 23 Stadtbezirk (English: City district) – five "Inner" districts and 18 "Outer" districts.^[9] Each district has a Council headed by a District Director. From there, the districts are broken down into Quarters. Since the changes in city statutes 1 July 2007 and 1 January 2009, the total number of quarters rose to 152.

The 23 Municipalities and their Districts Inner Districts Stuttgart-Center (10), Stuttgart-North (11), Stuttgart-East (8), Stuttgart-South (7), Stuttgart-West (9) Outer Districts Bad Cannstatt (18), Birkach (3), Botnang (4), Degerloch (5), Feuerbach (8), Hedelfingen (4), Möhringen (9), Mühlhausen (5), Münster (1), Obertürkheim (2), Plieningen: (5), Sillenbuch (3), Stammheim (2), Untertürkheim (8), Vaihingen (12), Wangen (1), Weilimdorf (6), Zuffenhausen (11)

Click me! Municipalities and Districts of Stuttgart

Untertürkheim

Climate

City center, winter

Stuttgart possesses a climate of extreme contradiction. While the city's dense development on top of its location at the center of Europe and especially in the "Kessel" (English: Cauldron), as it is locally known, give Stuttgart a hot and sometimes downright sultry summer, but there is no dry season. However, the winters are cold and heavy with precipitation in the form of snow (except in the Kessel) thanks to the city's oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb).^[30] Typically during summer months, the nearby hills, Swabian Alb mountains, and Black Forest, Schurwald, and Swabian-Franconian Forest act as a shield from harsh weather but the city can be subject to thunderstorms, whereas in the winter periods snow may last for several days. On average, Stuttgart enjoys 1,807 hours of sunshine per year and an average annual temperature of 9 °C (48 °F).^[31][32]

Winters last from December to March. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of 0 °C (32 °F). Snow cover tends to last no longer than a few days although it has been known to last several weeks at a time as recently as 2010. The summers are warm with an average temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) in the hottest months of July and August. Summers last from May until September.

Though it is a rare occurrence in Stuttgart, the city sometimes receives damaging hailstorms. In order to fight this phenomenon, weather stations known as "Hagelflieger" are stationed near the city and are largely funded by the Daimler Group, who maintain several parking lots and factories in the area.^[33]

Climate data for Stuttgart/Echterdingen, Germany for 1981–2010 (Source: DWD)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	17.1 (62.8)	21.0 (69.8)	24.6 (76.3)	26.8 (80.2)	31.5 (88.7)	35.0 (95)	36.6 (97.9)	37.7 (99.9)	31.6 (88.9)	29.7 (85.5)	20.3 (68.5)	16.5 (61.7)	37.7 (99.9)
Average high °C (°F)	3.7 (38.7)	5.4 (41.7)	9.8 (49.6)	14.1 (57.4)	18.6 (65.5)	23.7 (74.7)	26.2 (79.2)	25.9 (78.6)	19.5 (67.1)	14.4 (57.9)	8.1 (46.6)	4.4 (39.9)	14.0 (57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)	0.5 (32.9)	1.3 (34.3)	5.2 (41.4)	9.0 (48.2)	13.6 (56.5)	16.7 (62.1)	18.8 (65.8)	18.3 (64.9)	14.1 (57.4)	9.6 (49.3)	4.4 (39.9)	1.4 (34.5)	9.4 (48.9)
Average low °C (°F)	−2.9 (26.8)	−2.5 (27.5)	0.8 (33.4)	3.8 (38.8)	8.2 (46.8)	11.3 (52.3)	13.3 (55.9)	12.9 (55.2)	9.2 (48.6)	5.4 (41.7)	1.0 (33.8)	−1.6 (29.1)	4.9 (40.8)
Record low °C (°F)	−25.5 (−13.9)	−20.3 (−4.5)	−18.6 (−1.5)	−6.3 (20.7)	−1.9 (28.6)	3.3 (37.9)	5.5 (41.9)	3.8 (38.8)	0.2 (32.4)	−6.3 (20.7)	−14.9 (5.2)	−18.5 (−1.3)	−25.5 (−13.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	41.2 (1.622)	36.5 (1.437)	47.6 (1.874)	49.6 (1.953)	85.7 (3.374)	86.8 (3.417)	86.1 (3.39)	69.1 (2.72)	57.1 (2.248)	58.8 (2.315)	49.8 (1.961)	50.4 (1.984)	718.7 (28.295)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	79.8	96.4	137.9	177.0	216.5	216.8	232.4	224.1	169.4	122.6	74.1	60.4	1,807.2
Percent possible sunshine	29	34	37	43	46	45	48	50	45	37	27	23	40
Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst, note: sunshine hours are from 1990–2012 [34]

History

Historical affiliations

 Roman Empire 83–475
 Holy Roman Empire 911–1806
Kingdom of Württemberg 1805–1918
 German Empire 1871–1918
 Weimar Republic 1918–1933
 Nazi Germany 1933–1945
 Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949
 West Germany 1949–1990
 Germany 1990–present

Stuttgart's first Coat of Arms (1286)^{[Note 1]}

1634 Drawing of Stuttgart by Matthäus Merian

Drawing of Stuttgart, 1794

Map of Stuttgart, 1888

Map of Stuttgart area, 1888

View of Stuttgart from Alexanderstraße, 1895. The Rotebühlkaserne is visible to the left, and the Old Castle and Stiftskirche to the right.

Stuttgart Rathaus on the Marktplatz, 1907. The building was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War Two. What was left of the building was used to build the current City Hall.

The 'Old Castle', which dates to 950

The Wilhelm Palace of 1840, and until summer 2011 the city library

War-damaged Neues Schloss at Schlossplatz prior to restoration in 1956

Pragsattel Flakturm-Flak Tower and Air Raid Shelter^[35]

Etymology

Stuttgart, in name and form, grew out of its roots as a mid 10th Century stud farm,^[26][36] or "Stuotgarten" in Old High German.^[37]

Antiquity

Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley as the hilly rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt.^[38] Thus, the first settlement of Stuttgart was a massive Roman Castra stativa (Cannstatt Castrum)^[26] built c. 90 AD to protect the Villas and vineyards blanketing the landscape and the road from Mogontiacum (Mainz) to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg). As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby and remained there even after the Limes moved further east. When they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery.^[39] When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in the 3rd Century by the Alamanni,^[40] the settlement temporarily vanished from history until the 7th Century.^[41]

Middle Ages

In 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property.^[42] Archaeological evidence shows that later Merovingian era Frankish farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did.^[43]

Cannstatt is mentioned in the Abbey of St. Gall's archives as "Canstat ad Neccarum" (German: Cannstatt-on-Neckar) in 708. The etymology of the name "Cannstatt" is not clear, but as the site is mentioned as condistat in the Annals of Metz (9th Century), it is mostly derived from the Latin word condita ("foundation"), suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix "Condi-." Alternatively, Sommer (1992) suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the Civitas Aurelia G attested to in an inscription found near Öhringen.^[44] There have also been attempts at a derivation from a Gaulish *kondâti- "confluence".^[41][45]

In 950 AD, Duke Liudolf of Swabia, son of the current Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the Hungarian invasions of Europe on a widened area of the Nesenbach river valley 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the old Roman castrum.^[38] The land and title of Duke of Swabia remained in Liudolf's hands until his rebellion was quashed by his father four years later. In 1089, Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the Old Castle.^[42]

Stuttgart's viticulture, first documented in the Holy Roman Empire in the year 1108 AD,^[42] kept people in the area of that stud farm for some time, but the area was still largely overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt thanks to its role as a local crossroad for many major European trade routes.^[46] Nevertheless, the existence of a settlement here (despite the terrain being more suited for that original stud farm) during the High Middle Ages is provided by a gift registry from Hirsau Abbey dated to around 1160 that mentions a "Hugo de Stuokarten."^[42] A settlement at this locale was again mentioned in 1229, but this time by Pope Gregory IX.^[37] In 1219 AD, Stuttgart (then Stuotgarten) became a possession of Herman V, Margrave of Baden.^[37] In addition to Backnang, Pforzheim, and Besigheim, Hermann would also found the Stuttgart we know today in c. 1220.^[47] In 1251, the city passed to the Ulrich I von Württemberg as part of Mechthild von Baden's dowry. His son, Eberhard I "the Illustrious,"^[37] would be the first to begin the many major expansions of Stuttgart under the House of Württemberg.

Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the anti-king Henry Raspe IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, but was thwarted by the action of Emperor Rudolph I. Further resistance by Eberhard I against the Emperor's created Vogts and Bailiwicks as well as the newly appointed Duke of Swabia Rudolf II, Duke of Austria eventually led to armed conflict and initial successes upon Emperor Rudolph I's death in 1291 against the Emperor's men. After initially defeating his regional rivals, Henry VII, newly elected as Emperor, decided to take action against Eberhard I in 1311 during his war with the Free imperial city of Esslingen by ordering his Vogt, Konrad IV von Weinberg, to declare war on Eberhard I. Eberhard I, defeated on the battlefield, lost Stuttgart and his castle (razed in 1311)^[4] to Esslingen and the city was thus managed by the city state from 1312–15.^[37] Total destruction of the County was prevented by Henry VII's death in 24 August 1313 and the elections of Louis IV as King of the Germans and Frederick III as anti-king. Eberhard seized the opportunity granted to him by the political chaos, and recaptured his hometown and birthplace in 1316,^[48] and made much territorial gain. With peace restored at last, Eberhard began repairs and expansion to Stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of Wirtemberg Castle, ancestral home to the House of Württemberg, in 1317 and then began expansion of the city's defenses. The early 1320s were an important one for Stuttgart: Eberhard I moved the seat of the County to the city to a new and expanded castle,^[49] the collegiate church in Beutelsbach, where previous members of the Württemberg dynasty had been buried prior to its destruction in 1311,^[48] moved to its current location in Stuttgart in 1320,^[48] and the town's Stiftkirche was expanded into an abbey, and the control of the Martinskirche by the Bishopric of Constance was broken by Papal order in 1321.^[48] A year after the city became the principal seat of the Counts of Württemberg in 1320,^[26] the city was granted status as a city and given civic rights.^[26] At the end of the 14th Century, new suburbs sprang up around Leonhard Church and near the city's fortifications as well. Towards the end of the 15th Century, Count Ulrich V began construction of a new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city around the Dominican monastery Hospitalkirche. In the 1457, the first Landtag of the Estates of Württemberg was established in Stuttgart and a similar institution was established in Leonberg. After the temporary partitions of the County of Württemberg by the Treaties of Nürtingen, Münsingen, and Esslingen, Stuttgart was once again declared the capital of the County in 1483.^[48]

Early Modern Era

In 1488, Stuttgart finally officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home, the Old Castle.^[36] Eberhard I, then Count Eberhard V, became the first Duke of Württemberg^[50] in 1495,^[38] and made Stuttgart the seat of the Duchy of Württemberg in addition to the County thereof. All this would be lost to the Württembergs during the reign of his son, Ulrich. Though Ulrich initially made territorial gains thanks to his decision to fight alongside the Emperor Maximilian I,^[51] he was no friend of the powerful Swabian League nor of his own subjects,^[51] who launched the Poor Conrad rebellion of 1514.^[52][53] Despite this and his rivalry with the Swabian League, his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to Sabina of Bavaria.^[54] In 1515, Ulrich killed an imperial knight and lover of Sabina's by the name of Hans von Hutten,^[55] obliging her to flee to the court of her brother, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, who successfully had Ulrich placed under Imperial ban twice. When the Emperor died in 1519, Ulrich struck, seizing the Free Imperial City of Reutlingen, prompting the League to intervene. That same year, Ulrich was soundly defeated and he was and driven into exile in France and Switzerland following the League's conquest of Württemberg.^[51] Württemberg was then sold by the League to Emperor Charles V,^[56] who then granted it to his brother, Ferdinand I, thus beginning the 12 year ownership of the county by the Habsburgs.^[46] When the peasants Ulrich had crushed before rose once again in the German Peasants' War,^[52][53] Stuttgart was occupied by the peasant armies for a few days in the Spring of 1525. Ulrich, with the help of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, seized the chance to restore himself to power (albeit as an Austrian vassal)^[51] in the turmoil of the Reformation and War with the Turks and invited Erhard Schnepf to bring the Reformation to Stuttgart. He accepted, was named Court Preacher in Stuttgart, and worked in concert with Ambrosius Blarer until his dismissal following his resistance to the Augsburg Interim by the Duke in 1548.^[57] Duke Ulrich himself died two years later, and was succeeded by his son, Christoph. He had grown up in a Württemberg in turmoil, and wished to rebuild its image. To this end, he once again began a construction boom all over the Duchy under the direction of Court Architect Aberlin Tretsch;^[58] knowing full well that the time of the Reisekönigtum was over, Christoph and Tretsch rebuilt and remodeled the Old Castle into a Renaissance palace,^[49] and from 1542–44, what is today the Schillerplatz was built as a town square.^[38] Duke Christoph also responded to the increasing made for drinking water by embarking upon a massive hydraulic engineering project in the form of a 2,810 feet (860 m) tunnel to Pffaf Lake, the Glems, and the Nesenbach from 1566–75. In 1575, Georg Beer was also appointed Court Architect, and he built the Lusthaus. But it was architect Heinrich Schickhardt who would carry Tretsch's torch further; Schickhardt constructed the Stammheim Castle in the suburb of Stammheim, rebuilt the Fruchtkasten in the today's Schillerplatz,^[59] and expanded the Prinzebau.^[60] It seems the fortunes of Stuttgart died in the Thirty Years' War^[36] alongside Schickhardt, killed by invading Habsburg soldiers.^[61]

The Thirty Years' War devastated the city,^[62] and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on.^[26] After the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant Heilbronn League by the Habsburgs at Nörlingen in 1634, Duke Eberhard III and his court fled in exile to Strasbourg, abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro-Habsburg forces. The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years, and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro-Habsburg armies in Swabia. Ferdinand III, King of the Romans, entered the city in 1634 and once again in 1636 in his attempts to re-Catholicize Württemberg.^[63] The next year, the Bubonic plague struck and devastated the population.^[64] The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region, and entirely ravaged by the war. In the Duchy itself, battle, famine, plague and war reduced the Duchy's population of 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about 57% of the population of Württemberg.^[65] Recovery would be slow for the next several decades, but began nonetheless with the city's first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686.^[66] This progress was almost entirely undone when French soldiers under Ezéchiel du Mas appeared outside the city's walls in 1688 during the Nine Years' War,^[66] but the city was saved the fate suffered by Heidelberg and other southwestern German cities thanks to the diplomatic ability of Magdalena Sibylla,^[66] reigning over Württemberg as regent for her son,^[67] Eberhard Ludwig.^[68]

For the first time in centuries, Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart to Ludwigsburg, founded in 1704,^[69] in 1718 while the namesake Baroque palace, known as the "Versailles of Swabia,"^[69] was still under construction.^[69] When Eberhard Ludwig died, his nephew Charles Alexander, ascended to the throne.^[62] Charles Alexander himself died in 1737, meaning his son Charles Eugene became the premature Duke (and later King) at the age of nine. When he came of age and returned from his tutoring at the court of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, Charles desired to move the capital back to Stuttgart. He commissioned the construction of the New Castle in 1746,^[70] Castle Solitude in 1763,^[71] Castle Hohenheim in 1785,^[72] and the Karlsschule in 1770.^[73] The rule of Charles Eugene also saw the tutoring and origins of Friedrich Schiller in Stuttgart, who studied medicine and completed The Robbers here.^[62] Stuttgart, at the end of the 18th Century, remained a very provincial town of 20,000 residents, narrow alleys, and agriculture and livestock. Despite being the capital and seat of the Duchy, the general staff of the Army of Württemberg was not present in the city.^[74] In 1794, Duke Charles dissolved the Karlsschule to prevent the spreading of revolutionary ideas.

Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803,^[38] and was yet again named as capital when the Kingdom of Württemberg was formed in 1805 by the Peace of Pressburg.^[75][76]

Kingdom of Württemberg and German Empire

King Frederick I's Württemberg was given high status in the Confederation of the Rhine among the College of Kings, and the lands of nearby secondary German states.^[77] Within Stuttgart, the royal residence was expanded under Frederick although many of Stuttgart's most important buildings, including Wilhelm Palace, Katharina Hospital, the State Gallery, the Villa Berg and the Königsbau were built under the reign of King Wilhelm I.^[78] In 1818. King Wilhelm I and Queen Catherine in an attempt to assuage the suffering caused by the Year Without Summer and following famine,^[79] introduced the first Cannstatter Volksfest to celebrate the year's bountiful harvest.^[36][38] Hohenheim University was founded in 1818,^[80] and two years later the Württemberg Mausoleum as completed on the hill where Wirtemberg Castle once stood.

From the outset of the 19th Century, Stuttgart's development was once again impeded by its location (population of the city at the time was around 50,000),^[81] but the city began to experience the beginning of economic revival with the opening of the Main Station in 1846. Prior to then, the signs of rebirth in Stuttgart were evidenced by the construction of such buildings of Rosenstein Castle in 1822–1830, the Wilhelmspalais 1834-1840, and the foundations of the Staatsgalerie in 1843, University of Stuttgart in 1829,^[82] the University of Music and Performing Arts later, in 1857.^[83] Württemberg had a role to play during the revolution of 1848/1849 as well. When a democratic pan-German national parliament (Frankfurt Parliament) was formed in Frankfurt to overcome the division of Germany, the parliament decided, after long discussions, to offer the title "German Emperor" to King Frederick IV of Prussia. As the democratic movement became weaker, the German princes regained control of their independent states. Finally, the Prussian king declined the revolutionaries' offer, and the parliament was driven out of Frankfurt, forcing its most radical members (who wanted to establish a republic) fled to Stuttgart.^{[Note 2]} A short while later, this rump parliament was dissolved by Württemberg's military.^[84]

Stuttgart's literary tradition also bore yet more fruits, being the home of such writers of national importance as Wilhelm Hauff, Ludwig Uhland, Gustav Schwab, and Eduard Mörike.^[85] From 1841 to 1846, the Jubiläumssäule was erected on the Schlossplatz before the New Palace according to the plans of Johann Michael Knapp to celebrate the rule of King Wilhelm I.^[86] A decade later, the Königsbau was constructed by Knapp and court architect Christian Friedrich von Leins as a concert hall.^[87] Another milestone in Stuttgart's history was the running of the first rail line from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim on 22 October 1845. The advent of Industrialisation in Germany heralded a major growth of population for Stuttgart: In 1834, Stuttgart counted 35,200 inhabitants,^[88] rose to 50,000 in 1852, 69,084 inhabitants in 1864,^[88] and finally 91,000 residents in 1871.^[88] By 1874, Stuttgart once again exceeded the 100,000 inhabitant mark. This number doubled, thanks to the incorporations of local towns, to approximately 185,000 in 1901, and then 200,000 in 1904. In 1871, Württemberg joined the German Empire created by Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, during the Unification of Germany, as an autonomous kingdom.

In the 1880s, Gottlieb Daimler invented the automobile in a small workshop in Cannstatt,^[89] and founded Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1887. After a fire in one of the manufacturing plants in 1903, the company moved to Untertürkheim and adopted the name Daimler AG. On 15 November 1886, Robert Bosch opened his first 'Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering' in Stuttgart. In 1907, the International Socialist Congress was held in Stuttgart was attended by about 60,000 people.^[90] In 1912, VfB Stuttgart was founded.^[85] Two years later, the current iteration of the Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof was completed according to plan by Paul Bonatz from 1914 to 1927.^[91]

During World War I, the city was accosted by air raids. In 1915, 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, killing four soldiers and injuring another 43, and likewise killing four civilians. The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918, when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people.^[92]

Weimar Republic

At the end of the First World War, November revolutionaries^[93] stormed the Wilhelmpalais on 30 November 1918 to force King Wilhelm II to abdicate, but failed halfway. Under pressure from the revolutionaries, Wilhelm II refused the crown, but also refused to abdicate the throne.^[94] When he did eventually abdicate, the Free State of Württemberg was established as a part of the Weimar Republic, and Stuttgart was declared its capital. On 26 April 1919, a new constitution was devised, and the final draft was approved and ratified on 25 September 1919 by the Constituent Assembly. In 1920, Stuttgart temporarily became the seat of the German National Government when the administration fled from Berlin from the Kapp Putsch.^[95]

Nazi Germany

Thanks to the Nazi Party's practice of Gleichschaltung, Stuttgart's political importance as state capital became totally nonexistent, though it remained the cultural and economic center of the central Neckar region. Stuttgart, one of the cities bestowed an honorary title by the Nazi regime, was given the moniker "City of the Abroad Germans" in 1936.^[96][97][98] The first prototypes of the Volkswagen Beetle were manufactured in Stuttgart according to designs by Ferdinand Porsche.

The Hotel Silber, previously occupied by other forms of political police, was occupied by the Gestapo in 1933 to detain and torture political dissidents.^[99] "Silber" (English: Silver) was also used as to transit celebrities like Eugen Bolz, Kurt Schumacher, and Lilo Herrmann to their inevitable deaths in concentration camps. The nearby court at Archivstraße 12A was also used as a central location for executions in Southwest Germany, as the headstone located in its atrium dedicated to the 419 lives lost there recalls.^[100] Participants of the Kristallnacht burned the Old Synagogue to the ground and destroyed its Jewish cemetery and most of the relics within the synagogue.^[101] The next year the Nazi regime began the arrests and deportation of Stuttgart's Jewish inhabitants, beginning with the entire male Jewish population of Stuttgart, to the police-run prison camp at Welzheim or directly to Dachau.^[102] Other Jews from around Württemberg were brought to Stuttgart and housed in the ghetto on the former Trade Fair grounds in Killesberg. As the Memorial at Stuttgart North records, between 1941 (the first train arrived 1 December 1941, and took around 1,000 men to Riga) and 1945, more than 2,200 Jews from all over Württemberg were deported to Theresienstadt, Auschwitz, Riga and Izbica. Of them, only 180 held in Internment survived the Shoah.^[103][104]

Stuttgart, like many of Germany's major cities, was savaged throughout the war by Allied air raids. For the first four years of the war, successful air raids on the city were rare thanks to the capable defense of the city by Wehrmacht ground forces, the Luftwaffe, and artificial fog.^[105] Despite opinions among some that day-time air raids were suicidal,^[105] substantial damage to the city's industrial capacity still occurred, such as the 25 August bombing of the Daimler AG plant 1940 that killed five people.^[105] With the war increasingly turning against the Third Reich, more and more troops were pulled from the defense of the city in 1943.^[105] In 1944, the city center was entirely in ruinsthanks to British and American bombers that could now more easily attack the city.^[61] The heaviest raid took place on 12 September 1944, when the Royal Air Force bombed the old town of Stuttgart, dropping over 184,000 bombs, including 75 blockbusters. More than 1,000 people perished in the resulting firestorm. Stuttgart was subjected to a totality of 53 bombing raids, resulting in the destruction of 68% of all buildings in the city and the deaths of 4477 denizens.^[105]

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Stuttgart in April 1945. Although the attack on the city was to be conducted by the US Seventh Army's 100th Infantry Division, French leader Charles de Gaulle found this to be unacceptable, as he felt the capture of the region by Free French forces would increase French influence in post-war decisions. Independently, he directed General de Lattre to order the French 5th Armored Division, 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division and 3rd Algerian Infantry Division to begin their drive on Stuttgart on 18 April 1945. Two days later, the French forces coordinated with the US Seventh Army for the employment of US VI Corps heavy artillery to barrage the city. The French 5th Armored Division then captured Stuttgart on 21 April 1945, encountering little resistance.^[106] The city fared poorly under their direction; French troops forcefully quartered their troops in what housing remained in the city, rapes were common, and the city's surviving populace were poorly rationed.^{[107][Note 3]} The circumstances of what later became known as "The Stuttgart Crisis" provoked political repercussions that reached even the White House. President Truman was unable to get De Gaulle to withdraw troops from Stuttgart until after the final boundaries of the zones of occupation were established.^[109] The French army occupied Stuttgart until the city was transferred to the American military occupation zone in 1946.

Post 1945

The military government of the American occupation zone established a Displaced persons camp for displaced persons, mostly forced labourers from Central and Eastern European industrial firms in the area.^[110] One camp, at Stuttgart-West, housed exclusively 1400 Jewish survivors of the Shoah.

An early concept of the Marshall Plan aimed at supporting reconstruction and economic/political recovery across Europe was presented during a speech given by US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes at the Stuttgart Opera House.^[111] His speech led directly to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the 'bi-zone' (later the 'tri-zone' including the French). When the Federal Republic of Germany was founded on 23 May 1949, Stuttgart, like Frankfurt, was a serious contender to become the federal capital, but finally Bonn succeeded.

Parts of the former German States of Baden and Württemberg were merged in 1952 leading to the founding of the new state of Baden-Württemberg, now Germany's third largest state.

In the late 1970s, the district of Stammheim was centre stage to one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history during the trial of Red Army Faction members at Stammheim high-security court. After the trial, Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe committed suicide in Stammheim. Several attempts were made to free the terrorists by force or blackmail during the 'German Autumn' of 1977, culminating in the abduction and murder of the German industrialist and President of the German Employers' Association Hanns Martin Schleyer as well as the hijacking of Lufthansa flight LH181.

In 1978 Stuttgart's suburban railway came into operation.

US Military in Stuttgart

Since shortly after the end of World War II there has been a US military presence in Stuttgart that remains to this day. At the height of the Cold War over 45,000 Americans were stationed across over 40 installations in and around the city.^[112] Today about 10,000 Americans are stationed on 4 installations representing all branches of service within the DOD, unlike the mostly Army presence of the Occupation and Cold War.

In March 1946 the US Army established a unit of the US Constabulary and a Headquarters at Kurmärker Kaserne (later renamed Patch Barracks) in Stuttgart. These units of soldiers retrained in patrol and policing provided the law and order in the American zone of occupied Germany until the civilian German police forces could be re-established.^[113] In 1948 the Headquarters for all Constabulary forces was moved to Stuttgart.^[114] In 2008 a memorial to the US Constabulary was installed and dedicated at Patch Barracks.^[115] The US Constabulary headquarters was disbanded in 1950 and most of the force was merged into the newly organized 7th Army. As the Cold War developed US Army VII Corps was re-formed in July 1950 and assigned to Hellenen Kaserne (renamed Kelley Barracks in 1951) where the headquarters was to remain throughout the Cold War.

In 1990 VII Corps was deployed directly from Germany to Saudi Arabia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm to include many of the VII Corps troops stationed in and around Stuttgart. After returning from the Middle East, the bulk of VII Corps units were reassigned to the United States or deactivated. The VII Corps Headquarters returned to Germany for a short period to close out operations and was deactivated later in the United States. The withdrawal of VII Corps caused a large reduction in the US military presence in the city and region and led to the closure of the majority of US installations in and around Stuttgart which resulted in the layoff of many local civilians who had been career employees of the US Army.^[116]

Since 1967, Patch Barracks in Stuttgart has been home to the US EUCOM. In 2007 AFRICOM was established as a cell within EUCOM and in 2008 established as the US Unified Combatant Command responsible for most of Africa headquartered at Kelley Barracks.^[117] Due to these 2 major headquarters, Stuttgart has been identified as one of the few "enduring communities" where the United States forces will continue to operate in Germany.^[118] The remaining U.S. bases around Stuttgart are organized into US Army Garrison Stuttgart and include Patch Barracks, Robinson Barracks, Panzer Kaserne and Kelley Barracks.^[119] From the end of World War II until the early 1990s these installations excepting Patch were almost exclusively Army, but have become increasingly "Purple"—as in joint service—since the end of the Cold War as they are host to United States Department of Defense Unified Commands and supporting activities.^[120]

Landmarks, sights and culture

Solitude Palace

The inner city

The Stiftskirche, seen from the west (Stiftstraße)

At the centre of Stuttgart lies its main square, Schlossplatz. As well as being the largest square in Stuttgart, it stands at the crossover point between the city's shopping area, Schlossgarten park which runs down to the river Neckar, Stuttgart's two central castles and major museums and residential areas to the south west. Königstraße, Stuttgart's most important shopping street which runs along the northwestern edge of Schlossplatz, claims to be the longest pedestrianised street in Germany.^[121]

Although the city centre was heavily damaged during World War II,^[121] many historic buildings have been reconstructed^[121] and the city boasts some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture. Buildings and squares of note in the inner city include:

The Alte Kanzlei on Schillerplatz square

• The Stiftskirche (Collegiate Church), dates back to the 12th century, but was changed to the Late Gothic style in the 15th century and has been a Protestant church since 1534.^[121] Exterior: Romanesque/Gothic; interior: Romanesque/Gothic/Modern. Reconstructed with simplified interior after World War II.
• Altes Schloss (the Old Castle), mostly dating from the late 15th century, some parts date back to 1320.^[121] Renaissance style;^[121] reconstructed
• Alte Kanzlei (the Old Chancellery) on Schillerplatz square which backs onto the 1598 Mercury Pillar
• Neues Schloss (the New Castle), completed in 1807.^[121] Baroque/Classicism); reconstructed with modern interior, currently houses government offices.^[121] The cellars with a collection of stone fragments from the Roman times are open to visitors^[122]
• Wilhelmpalais (the King Wilhelm Palais), 1840
• Königsbau (the King's Building), 1850. Classicism; reconstructed; has been housing the "Königsbau Passagen" shopping centre since 2006.
• The Großes Haus of Stuttgart National Theatre, 1909–1912
• Markthalle Market Hall, 1910. (Art Nouveau)
• The Hauptbahnhof (Main Railway Station) was designed in 1920;^[121] its stark, functional lines are typical of the artistic trend 'Neue Sachlichkeit' (New Objectivity)^[121]
• The Württembergische Landesbibliothek state library, rebuilt in 1970.
• Friedrichsbau Varieté (Friedrich Building), rebuilt in 1994 on the site of the former art nouveau building

Architecture in other districts

Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Garden, around 1900

A number of significant castles stand in Stuttgart's suburbs and beyond as reminders of the city's royal past. These include:

• Castle Solitude, 1700–1800. Baroque/Rococo)
• Ludwigsburg Palace, 1704–1758. Baroque, with its enormous baroque garden.
• Castle Hohenheim, 1771–1793

Other landmarks in and around Stuttgart include (see also museums below):

• Castle Rosenstein (1822–1830). Classical
• Württemberg Mausoleum (1824) which holds the remains of Catherine Pavlovna of Russia and King William I of Württemberg
• Wilhelma Zoo and Botanical Gardens (1853)
• The Observation Tower of Burgholzhof an 1891 brick observation tower constructed by the Cannstatt municipal architect Friedrich Keppler on behalf of the Verschönerungsverein Cannstatt e. V. ("Society for the Beautification of Cannstatt"), in the style of a Roman tower.
• Weissenhof Estate (1927), (International Style)
• The TV Tower (1950), the world's first concrete TV tower
• Stuttgart Airport Terminal Building, 2000. In neighbouring Leinfelden-Echterdingen

Parks, lakes, cemeteries and other places of interest

The Johanneskirche on the Feuersee, designed by Christian Friedrich von Leins

Killesbergpark with fountains and vineyards in the background

At the center of Stuttgart lies a series of gardens which are popular with families and cyclists. Because of its shape on a map, the locals refer to it as the Green U. The Green U starts with the old Schlossgarten, castle gardens first mentioned in records in 1350. The modern park stretches down to the river Neckar and is divided into the upper garden (bordering the Old Castle, the Main Station, the State Theater and the State Parliament building), and the middle and lower gardens – a total of 61 hectares. The park also houses Stuttgart planetarium.

At the far end of Schlossgarten lies the second Green U park, the larger Rosensteinpark which borders Stuttgart's Wilhelma zoo and botanical gardens. Planted by King William I of Württemberg, it contains many old trees and open areas and counts as the largest English-style garden in southern Germany. In the grounds of the park stands the former Rosenstein castle, now the Rosenstein museum.

Beyond bridges over an adjacent main road lies the final Green U park, Killesbergpark or 'Höhenpark' which is a former quarry that was converted for the Third Reich garden show of 1939 (and was used as a collection point for Jews awaiting transportation to concentration camps). The park has been used to stage many gardening shows since the 1950s, including the Bundesgartenschau and 1993 International Gardening Show, and runs miniature trains all around the park in the summer months for children and adults. The viewing tower (Killesbergturm) offers unique views across to the north east of Stuttgart.

On the northern edge of the Rosensteinpark is the famous 'Wilhelma', Germany's only combined zoological and botanical garden. The whole compound, with its ornate pavilions, greenhouses, walls and gardens was built around 1850 as a summer palace in moorish style for King Wilhelm I of Württemberg. It currently houses around 8000 animals and some 5000 plant species and contains the biggest magnolia grove in Europe.

Other parks in Stuttgart include the historic Botanischer Garten der Universität Hohenheim and Landesarboretum Baden-Württemberg at Castle Hohenheim (which date back to 1776 and are still used to catalogue and research plant species), Uhlandshöhe hill (between the city centre, Bad Cannstatt and Frauenkopf, and home to Stuttgart observatory), the Weißenburgpark (a five-hectare park in the Bopser area of Stuttgart South which dates back to 1834 and is now home to a 'tea house' and the 'marble room' and offers a relaxing view across the city centre), the Birkenkopf a Schuttberg (at 511 metres (1,677 ft) the highest point in central Stuttgart, where many ruins were laid to commemorate the Second World War), and the Eichenhain park in Sillenbuch (declared a nature reserve in 1958 and home to 200 oak trees, many 300–400 years old).

View from the Birkenkopf (partly a Schuttberg)

There are a number of natural and artificial lakes and ponds in Stuttgart. The largest is the Max-Eyth-See, which was created in 1935 by reclaiming a former quarry and is now an official nature reserve. It is surrounded by an expansive open area overlooked by vineyards on the banks of the river Neckar near [Mühlhausen]. There are expansive areas of woodland to the west and south west of Stuttgart which are popular with walkers, families, cyclists and ramblers. The most frequented lakes form a 3 km (1.9 mi) trio made up of the Bärensee, Neuer See and Pfaffensee. The lakes are also used for local water supplies.

In the Feuersee area in the west of Stuttgart lies one of two 'Feuersee's (literally fire lakes), striking for its views of the Johanneskirche (St. Johns) church across the lake, surrounded by nearby houses and offices. The other Feuersee can be found in Vaihingen.

Cemeteries in Stuttgart include:

• The Hoppenlaufriedhof in Central Stuttgart, the oldest remaining cemetery which dates back to 1626, an infirmary graveyard last used in 1951
• The Waldfriedhof, the 1913 forest cemetery that is connected to Südheimer Platz by funicular railway
• The Pragfriedhof, with its Art Nouveau crematorium. Established in 1873 it was extended to include Jewish graves in 1874 and also now houses the Russian Orthodox Church of Alexander Nevsky
• The Uff-Kirchhof cemetery in Bad Cannstatt which stands at the crossroads of two ancient Roman roads and Cannstatter Hauptfriedhof, the largest graveyard in Stuttgart which has been used as a Muslim burial ground since 1985.

The city boasts the largest mineral water deposits in Europe after Budapest,^[121][123] with over 250 springs within the urban area.^[123]

Culture and events

The State Opera House

The Protestant Stiftskirche (originally built in 1170, pictured around 1900) with the memorial on Schillerplatz square in foreground

Stuttgart is known for its rich cultural heritage, in particular its State Theatre (Staatstheater) and State Gallery (Staatsgalerie). The Staatstheater is home to the State opera and three smaller theatres and it regularly stages opera, ballet and theatre productions as well as concerts. The Staatstheater was named Germany/Austria/Switzerland 'Theatre of the year' in 2006; the Stuttgart Opera has won the 'Opera of the year' award six times.^[124] Stuttgart Ballet is connected to names like John Cranko and Marcia Haydée.

Stuttgart is also home to one of Germany's most prestigious symphony orchestras, the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra, with famous English conductor Sir Roger Norrington, who developed a distinct sound of that orchestra, known as the Stuttgart Sound. They mostly perform in the Liederhalle concert hall.

The city offers two broadway-style musical theatres, the Apollo and the Palladium Theater (each approx. 1800 seats). Ludwigsburg Palace in the nearby town of Ludwigsburg is also used throughout the year as a venue for concerts and cultural events.

The Schleyerhalle sports arena is regularly used to stage rock and pop concerts with major international stars on European tour.

Stuttgart's Swabian cuisine, beer and wine have been produced in the area since the 17th century and are now famous throughout Germany and beyond.^[125] For example, Gaisburger Marsch is a stew that was invented in Stuttgart's Gaisburg area of Stuttgart East.

The Cannstatter Volksfest in the district of 'Bad Cannstatt'

In October 2009 the Stuttgart Ministry of Agriculture announced that the European Union was to officially recognise the pasta dish Maultaschen as a "regional speciality", thus marking its significance to the cultural heritage of Baden-Württemberg.^[126]

In 1993 Stuttgart hosted the International Garden Show in the suburb of Killesberg. In 2006 it was also one of the host cities of the Football World Cup. In 2007, Stuttgart hosted the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. In 2008 it was host to the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships.

Regular events that take place in Stuttgart:

• The world-famous annual 'Volksfest', originally a traditional agricultural fair which now also hosts beer tents and a French village and is second in size only to the Oktoberfest in Munich. There is also a Spring festival on the same grounds in April of each year.
• With more than 3.6 million visitors in 2007^[127] and more than 200 stands, Stuttgart's Christmas Market is the largest and one of the oldest and most beautiful traditional Christmas markets in Europe. It is especially renowned for its abundant decorations and takes place in the four weeks leading up to Christmas.^[128]
• The Fish Market (Hamburger Fischmarkt, late July) with fresh fish, other food and beer from Hamburg.
• The Summer Festival (Stuttgart Sommerfest, usually in early August) with shows, music, children's entertainment and local cuisine in Schlossplatz, Stuttgart^[129] and adjacent parks
• The Lantern Festival (Lichterfest, early July) in Killesberg park with its famous firework display and fairground attractions
• The Wine Village (Weindorf, late August/early September) – vintages are sold at this event held at Schlossplatz and Upper Palace Garden^[129]

Museums

Entrance to the Old State Gallery

The Württemberg crown jewels on display in the State Museum of Württemberg (Old Castle)

Stuttgart is home to five of the eleven state museums in Baden-Württemberg. The foremost of these is the Old State Gallery (opened in 1843, extended in 1984) which holds art dating from the 14th to 19th century including works by Rubens, Rembrandt, Monet, Renoir, Cézanne and Beuys. Next door to the Old State Gallery is the New State Gallery (1980) with its controversial modern architecture. Among others, this gallery houses works from Max Beckmann, Dalí, Matisse, Miró, Picasso, Klee, Chagall and Kandinsky.

The Old Castle is also home to the State Museum of Württemberg which was founded in 1862 by William I of Württemberg. The museum traces the rich history of Württemberg with many artefacts from the its dukes, counts and kings, as well as earlier remants dating back to the stone age. On the Karlsplatz side of the Old Castle is a museum dedicated to the memory of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, former resident of Stuttgart who attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler on 20 July 1944.

The Mercedes-Benz Museum

Porsche Museum

Other leading museums in Stuttgart include:

• The History Museum (Haus der Geschichte, 1987), examining local history, finds, the conflict between modern society and its cultural history
• State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart (SMNS) in Park Rosenstein housed in Castle Rosenstein (with an emphasis on biology and natural history) and Löwentor Museum (paleontology and geology, home of the Steinheim Skull and many unique fossils from the triassic, jurassic and tertiary periods
• The Mercedes-Benz Museum (1936, moved in 2006), now the most visited museum in Stuttgart (440,000 visits per year).^[130] The museum traces the 125-year history of the automobile from the legendary silver arrow to the Mercedes-Benz brand of today
• Stuttgart Art Museum (Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, 2005), the number two museum in Stuttgart in terms of visitors with a strong leaning towards modern art (the foremost exhibition of Otto Dix works. The museum stands on the corner of Schlossplatz, Stuttgart in a huge glass cube, in strong contrast to the surrounding traditional architecture.
• The Porsche Museum (1976, reopened in 2008 on new premises).
• Hegel House (Hegelhaus), birthplace of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel which documents his life works
• The Linden Museum, established in 1911, a leading international ethnological museum^[131]
• Stuttgart Tram Museum (Straßenbahnwelt Stuttgart) in Bad Cannstatt, a display of historical vehicles dating back to 1868
• Theodor Heuss House (Theodor-Heuss-Haus, 2002) in Killesbergpark, a tribute to the life and times of the former German president
• The North Station Memorial (Gedenkstätte am Nordbahnhof Stuttgart) in memory of the 2000 or so Jewish holocaust victims deported by the Nazis from the now disused North Station

Churches

Stuttgart is the seat of a Protestant bishop (Protestant State Church in Württemberg) and one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart. The Stuttgart-based Pentecostal Gospel Forum is the largest place of worship (megachurch) in Germany.^[132] It is also home to a large English speaking church, The International Baptist Church of Stuttgart.^[133]

Libraries

City Library

State Library of Wurttemberg

Central State Archive

The State Library of Wurttemberg is the Badische Landesbibliothek (BLB) in Karlsruhe regional library for Baden-Württemberg. The WLB is specifically responsible for the administrative regions of Stuttgart and Tübingen. Especially devoted to the National Library of acquiring, cataloging, archiving and provision of literature about Württemberg, called Württembergica. Together with the BLB it also has the legal deposit for Baden-Württemberg (since 1964, previously only Wuerttemberg), making it an archive library.

The Stuttgart University Library (UBS) is a central institution of the University of Stuttgart . It forms the center of the library system of the University, ensuring the supply of research, teaching and studies with literature and other information resources. It stands next to the members of the University and citizens of the city are available. Together with other research libraries and documentation centers in the Stuttgart area – such as the University of Hohenheim Library – it forms the UBS Library Information System of the Stuttgart Region (BISS).

The Central State Archive Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the Ministries of the State of Baden-Württemberg. Since 1965, it is located right next to the WLB and belongs since 2005 as a department of the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg in. It includes the stocks of the county and the duchy Württemberg until 1806, the Württemberg central authorities of the 19th and 20th century and the early 19th century as a result of media coverage of fallen Württemberg gentlemen and imperial cities in South Württemberg.

The Stadtarchiv Stuttgart is the archive in charge of the provincial capital Stuttgart. The archived material is in principle open to the public and can be consulted in the reading room in Bellingweg 21 in Bad Cannstatt.

The Landeskirchliche Archives preserve the stocks of the Württemberg church leaders and of other ecclesial bodies and institutions: the ducal and royal Württemberg consistory, the Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council, deanery and parish archives, educational institutions, the works and associations as well as estates and collections. It also has the microfilms of all church books (especially baptism, marriage, and family Death's Register) in the area of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg.

The "Archive instigator" is dedicated to the dead of the city. Since 2005, the instigators are working on a memoir about "The dead town". So far, about 5,000 names of victims of the régime of National Socialism have been acquired.

Demographics

The population of Stuttgart declined steadily between 1960 (637,539) and 2000 (586,978). Then low levels of unemployment and attractive secondary education opportunities led to renewed population growth, fuelled especially by young adults from the former East Germany.^[134] For the first time in decades, in 2006 there were also more births in the city than deaths. In April 2008 there were 590,720 inhabitants in the city.^[135]

Largest groups of foreign residents[136]
Nationality	Population (2014)
Turkey	19,124
Greece	13,811
Italy	13,647
Croatia	12,919
Romania	5,093
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,655
Serbia	4,376
Portugal	4,292
Poland	3,226
Kosovo	3,118

Immigrants

More than half of the population today is not of Swabian background, as many non-Swabian Germans have moved here due to the employment situation, which is far better than in most areas of Germany. Since the 1960s, many foreigners have also immigrated to Stuttgart to work here (as part of the "Gastarbeiter" program); another wave of immigrants came as refugees from the Wars in Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Thus, 40% of the city's population is of foreign background. In 2000, 22.8% of the population did not hold German citizenship, in 2006 this had reduced to 21.7%. The largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (22,025), Greeks (14,341), Italians (13,978), Croats (12,985), Serbs (11,547) followed by immigrants from Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Poland, France, and Austria. 39% of foreign nationals come from the European Union (mostly Italy, Greece, and Poland).

Religion

The religious landscape in Stuttgart changed in 1534 as a direct result of the Reformation.^[137] Since this time Württemberg has been predominantly Protestant. However, since 1975 the number of Protestants in Stuttgart has dropped from around 300,000 to 200,000. In 2000, 33.7% of inhabitants were Protestant and 27.4% were Roman Catholic. 39% of the population fell into other categories: Muslims, Jews and those who either followed no religion or one not accounted for in official statistics.

Unemployment

Unemployment in the Stuttgart Region is above the average of Baden-Württemberg, but very low compared to other metropolitan areas in Germany. In November 2008, before the annual winter rise, unemployment in the Stuttgart Region stood at 3.8%, 0.1% lower than the rate for Baden-Württemberg, in February 2009 it was 4.7%. Unemployment in the actual city of Stuttgart during the same periods stood at 5.2% and 6.0% (8 Nov and 9 Feb respectively). By comparison: unemployment for the whole of Germany stood at 7.1% (8 Nov) and 8.5% (9 Feb).^[138][139]

Crime rates

Stuttgart ranks as one of the safest cities in Germany. In 2003, 8535 crimes were committed in Stuttgart for every 100,000 inhabitants (versus the average for all German cities of 12,751).^[140] Figures for 2006 indicate that Stuttgart ranked second behind Munich.^[141] 60% of Stuttgart crimes were solved in 2003, ranking second behind Nuremberg.

Politics

Stuttgart Town Hall (Rathaus)

Stuttgart's current Bürgermeister (mayor) is Fritz Kuhn of the centre-left Alliance '90/The Greens party (German Green party).

City government past and present

When Stuttgart was run as a (or within) the Duchy of Württemberg, it was governed by a type of protectorate called a Vogt appointed by the Duke. After 1811 this role was fulfilled by a City Director or 'Stadtdirektor'. After 1819 the community elected its own community mayor or 'Schultheiß'. Since 1930 the title of Oberbürgermeister (the nearest equivalent of which would be an executive form of Lord Mayor in English) has applied to Stuttgart and all other Württemberg towns of more than 20,000 inhabitants.

At the end of the Second World War, French administrators appointed the independent politician Arnulf Klett as Burgomaster, a role he fulfilled without interruption until his death in 1974. Since this time Stuttgart has mainly been governed by the CDU. One former mayor was Manfred Rommel (son of perhaps the most famous German field marshal of World War II, Erwin Rommel).

As the capital of Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart is an important political centre in Germany and the seat of the State Parliament, or Landtag as well as all Baden-Württemberg state departments.

In June 2009, for the first time the Greens gained the most seats in a German city with more than 500,000 inhabitants, effectively changing the balance of power in the city council. For the first time since 1972 the CDU no longer held the most seats, toppling its absolute majority shared with the Independent Party and the FDP. According to the German newspaper Die Welt, the main reason for the Greens' victory was disgruntlement with the controversial Stuttgart 21 rail project.^[142]

Recent election results

Party Year	Regional 1999	European 1999	State 2001	Federal German parliament 2002	Regional 2004	European 2004	City Council 2009 (seats)	Federal German parliament 2005	European 2009
CDU	42.5 %	42.9 %	37.1 %	35.1 %	35.6 %	37.4 %	24.2 % (15)	32.7 %	29,1%
SPD	24.5 %	27.6 %	36.3 %	35.7 %	24.4 %	21.2 %	17.0 % (10)	32.0 %	18,0%
FDP	5.5 %	6.2 %	9.2 %	8.5 %	5.3 %	7.7 %	10.9 % (7)	12.8 %	14,5%
Green Party	14.1 %	14.3 %	11.5 %	16.2 %	17.2 %	22.1 %	25.3 % (16)	15.0 %	25,0%
Independent	5.6 %	–	–	–	8.5 %	–	10.3 % (6)	–	1,2%
Republicans	3.6 %	3.6 %	4.7 %	1.0 %	4.0 %	3.3 %	2.5 % (1)	0.8 %	2,0%
The Left	–	–	–	1.4 %	1.7 %	1.9 %	4.5 % (2)	4.4 %	4,5%
SÖS	–	–	–	–	–	–	4.6 % (3)	–	–
Others	1.5 %	5.4 %	1.2%	2.1 %	3.4 %	6.5 %	0.7 % (0)	2.3 %	6,7 %
Election turnout[143]	59.1 %	46.6 %	65.5 %	81.0 %	54.0 %	51.9 %	48.7 %	79.1 %	52,3%

Mayors since 1800

Until 1811 a Stadtoberamtmann reigned the town. Between 1811 and 1819 he held the title of "Stadtdirektor" and between 1819 and 1929 "Stadtschultheiß". Since 1930 the title of the mayor is called "Oberbürgermeister".

• 1799–1804: Christian Heinrich Günzler (1758–1842)
• 1805–1811: Gottfried Eberhard Hoffmann
• 1811–1813: Karl Eberhard von Wächter (1758–1829)
• 1813–1819: Karl Friedrich von Dizinger (1774–1842)^[144]
• 1820–1833: Willibald Feuerlein (1781–1850)
• 1833–1861: Georg Gottlob von Gutbrod (1791–1861)
• 1862–1872: Heinrich von Sick (1822–1881)
• 1872–1892: Theophil Friedrich von Hack (1843–1911)
• 1893–1899: Emil von Rümelin (1846–1899), independent
• 1899–1911: Heinrich von Gauß (1858–1921)
• 1911–1933: Karl Lautenschlager (1868–1952)
• 1933–1945: Karl Strölin (1890–1963), NSDAP
• 1945–1974: Arnulf Klett (1905–1974), independent
• 1974–1996: Manfred Rommel (1928–2013), CDU
• 1997–2013: Wolfgang Schuster (born 1949), CDU
• 2013 to present: Fritz Kuhn (born 1955), Green Party

Economy

The Stuttgart area is known for its high-tech industry. Some of its most prominent companies include Daimler AG, Porsche, Bosch, Celesio, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Sika – all of whom have their world or European headquarters here.

Stuttgart is home to Germany's ninth biggest exhibition centre, Stuttgart Trade Fair which lies on the city outskirts next to Stuttgart Airport. Hundreds of SMEs are still based in Stuttgart (often termed Mittelstand), many still in family ownership with strong ties to the automotive, electronics, engineering and high-tech industry.

Stuttgart has the highest general standard of prosperity of any city in Germany.^[145] Its nominal GDP per capita is €57,100 and GDP purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is €55,400. Total GDP of Stuttgart is €33.9 billion, of which service sector contributes around 65.3%, industry 34.5%, and agriculture 0.2%.

The cradle of the automobile

The automobile and motorcycle were purported to have been invented in Stuttgart (by Karl Benz and subsequently industrialised in 1887 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach at the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft). As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile'.^[20] Today, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and Mahle. A number of auto-enthusiast magazines are published in Stuttgart.^[146]

Science and research and development

The region currently has Germany's highest density of scientific, academic and research organisations. No other region in Germany registers so many patents and designs as Stuttgart.^[147] Almost 45% of Baden-Württemberg scientists involved in R&D are based directly in the Swabian capital. More than 11% of all German R&D costs are invested in the Stuttgart Region (approximately 4.3 billion euros per year). In addition to several universities and colleges (e.g. University of Stuttgart, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart Institute of Management and Technology^[26] and several Stuttgart Universities of Applied Sciences), the area is home to six Fraunhofer institutes, four institutes of collaborative industrial research at local universities, two Max-Planck institutes and a major establishment of the German Aerospace Centre (DLR).

The 'Königsbau' on Schlossplatz, former home to the Stuttgart Stock Exchange

Financial services

The Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (after Frankfurt). Many leading companies in the financial services sector are headquartered in Stuttgart with around 100 credit institutes in total (e.g. LBBW Bank, Wüstenrot & Württembergische, Allianz Life Assurance).

Kriegsberg vineyard in the city centre

A history of wine and beer

Stuttgart is the only city in Germany where wine grapes are grown within the urban area, mainly in the districts of Rotenberg, Uhlbach and Untertürkheim.

Wine-growing in the area dates back to 1108 when, according to State archives, Blaubeuren Abbey was given vineyards in Stuttgart as a gift from 'Monk Ulrich'. In the 17th century the city was the third largest German wine-growing community in the Holy Roman Empire. Wine remained Stuttgart's leading source of income well into the 19th century.

Stuttgart is still one of Germany's largest wine-growing cities with more than 400 hectares of vine area, thanks in main to its location at the centre of Germany's fourth largest wine region, the Württemberg wine growing area which covers 11,522 hectares (28,470 acres) and is one of only 13 official areas captured under German Wine law. The continuing importance of wine to the local economy is marked every year at the annual wine festival ('Weindorf').

Stuttgart also has several famous breweries such as Stuttgarter Hofbräu, Dinkelacker, and Schwaben Bräu.

Education and research

The new building of the State University of Music and Performing Arts, designed by James Stirling

Stuttgart and its region have been home to some significant figures of German thought and literature, the most important ones being Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Hölderlin.

The city, in its engineering tradition as the cradle of the automobile, has also always been a fruitful place of research and innovation. Stuttgart has Germany's second-highest number of institutions (six) of applied research of the Fraunhofer Society (after Dresden).

Tertiary education

The city is not considered a traditional university city, but nevertheless has a variety of institutions of higher education. The most significant of them are:

• University of Stuttgart, it is the fourth biggest university in Baden-Württemberg after Heidelberg, Tübingen and Freiburg. Founded in 1829, it was a Technische Hochschule ("Technical University") until 1967, when it was renamed to "university". Its campus for social sciences and architecture is located in the city centre, near the main train station, while the natural science campus is in the southwestern city district of Vaihingen. Historically, it has been especially renowned for its faculty of architecture (Stuttgarter Schule). Today, its main focus is on engineering and other technical subjects.
• University of Hohenheim, founded in 1818 as an academy for agricultural science and forestry. While these subjects are still taught there today, its other focus today is on business administration. It is located in Hohenheim quarter of the southern city district of Plieningen.
• State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart, founded in 1857, located in the city centre, next to the Neue Staatsgalerie.
• State Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart, one of the biggest art colleges in Germany, founded in 1761, located in the Killesberg quarter of the northern city district Stuttgart-Nord.
• Stuttgart Media University (Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart), founded in 2001 as a university of applied sciences, a merger of the former College of Printing and Publishing and the College of Librarianship, located in Vaihingen.
• Stuttgart Technology University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart), founded in 1832 as a college for craftsmanship, university of applied sciences since 1971, located in the city centre, near the University of Stuttgart's city-centre campus.
• University of Cooperative Education Baden-Württemberg, founded in 1974, with a focus on practical experience, subjects are business, technology and social work.

Historically, an elite military academy existed in Stuttgart in the late 18th century (1770–1794), the Hohe Karlsschule, at Solitude Castle. Friedrich Schiller and the city's most famous Classicist architect, Nikolaus Friedrich von Thouret, were among its many esteemed alumni.

Primary and secondary education

The first Waldorf School (also known as Rudolf Steiner School) was founded here in 1919 by the director of the Waldorf Astoria tobacco factory, Emil Molt, and Austrian social thinker Rudolf Steiner, a comprehensive school following Steiner's educational principles of anthroposophy and humanistic ideals. Today, four of these schools are located in Stuttgart.

International School

Since 1985 Stuttgart is home to the International School of Stuttgart,^[148] one of less than 100 schools worldwide that offer all three International Baccalaureate programs- the IB Primary Years (Early Learning to Grade 5), IB Middle Years (Grade 6 to 10), IB Diploma (grades 11–12).^[149] The International School of Stuttgart is accredited by both the Council of International Schools and the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.^[150]

Media and publishing

One of the headquarters of the public Südwestrundfunk (SWR; Southwest Broadcasting) channels (several radio and one TV channel; regional focus on the southwestern German States of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate) is located in Stuttgart (the other ones being Baden-Baden and Mainz). It also has a Landesmedienzentrum, a State media centre.

Furthermore, the city is a significant centre of publishing and specialist printing, with renowned houses such as Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, Ernst Klett Verlag (schoolbooks), Kohlhammer Verlag, Metzler Verlag and Motor Presse having their head offices there. The Reclam Verlag is located in nearby Ditzingen.

The newspapers Stuttgarter Zeitung (StZ; regional, with significant supra-regional, national and international sections) and Stuttgarter Nachrichten (StN; regional) are published here as well as a number of smaller, local papers such as Cannstatter Zeitung.

As is the case wherever the US military is stationed, there is an American Forces Network (AFN) station. It transmits on FM on 102.3 MHz from Fernmeldeturm Frauenkopf and on AM on 1143 kHz from Hirschlanden transmitter.

Transport

Following the suit of other German cities such as Berlin, Cologne and Hanover, on 1 March 2008 a Low Emission Zone (LEZ) came into effect in Stuttgart with the aim of improving air quality. This affects all vehicles entering the Stuttgart 'Environmental zone' (Umweltzone), including vehicles from abroad.^[151][152]

Local transport

Stuttgart Stadtbahn

Stuttgart S-Bahn

Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof (main railway station)

Stuttgart has a light rail system known as the Stuttgart Stadtbahn. In the city centre and densely built-up areas, the Stadtbahn runs underground. Stations are signposted with a 'U' symbol, which stands for Untergrundbahn (underground rail). Until 2007, Stuttgart also operated regular trams. Stuttgart also has a large bus network. Stadtbahn lines and buses are operated by the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG (SSB). The outlying suburbs of Stuttgart and nearby towns are served by a suburban railway system called the Stuttgart S-Bahn, using tracks supplied by the national Deutsche Bahn AG (DBAG).

A peculiarity of Stuttgart is the Zahnradbahn, a rack railway that is powered by electricity and operates between Marienplatz in the southern inner-city district of the city and the district of Degerloch. It is the only urban rack railway in Germany. Stuttgart also has a Standseilbahn, a funicular railway that operates in the Heslach area and the forest cemetery (Waldfriedhof). In Killesberg Park, on a prominent hill overlooking the city, there is the miniature railway run by diesel (and on weekends with steam).

Rail links

Stuttgart Airport

Stuttgart rack railway

Stuttgart is a hub in the InterCityExpress and InterCity networks of Deutsche Bahn AG (DBAG), with through services to most other major German cities. It also operates international services to Strasbourg, Vienna, Zürich and Paris (four times a day, journey time 3 hours 40 minutes).

Long distance trains stop at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, the city's main line terminus which is also used by regional DBAG RegionalExpress and RegionalBahn for services to stations in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. The local rail networks (see above) operate underneath the terminus.

Stuttgart also has its own rail freight centre with marshalling yards and a container terminal in the Obertürkheim area of Hedelfingen.

Rail: The Stuttgart 21 project

After years of political debate and controversy, plans were approved in October 2007 to convert the existing above-ground main train station to an underground through station. The Stuttgart 21 project will include the rebuilding of surface and underground lines connecting the station in Stuttgart's enclosed central valley with existing railway and underground lines. Building work started in 2010 with controversial modifications to the Hauptbahnhof and should be completed in 2020.

Air transport

Stuttgart is served by Stuttgart Airport (German: Flughafen Stuttgart, IATA airport code STR), an international airport approximately 13 km (8 mi) south of the city centre on land belonging mainly to neighbouring towns. It takes 30 minutes to reach the airport from the city centre using S-Bahn lines S2 or S3. Stuttgart airport is Germany's only international airport with one runway. Despite protests and local initiatives, surveys are currently underway to assess the impact of a second runway.^[153]

Road transport

Stuttgart is served by Autobahn A8, that runs east-west from Karlsruhe to Munich, and Autobahn A81 that runs north-south from Würzburg to Singen. The Autobahn A831 is a short spur entering the southern side of Stuttgart.

Port on Neckar River in Stuttgart

Besides these Autobahns, Stuttgart is served by a large number of expressways, many of which are built to Autobahn standards, and were once intended to carry an A-number. Important expressways like B10, B14, B27 and B29 connect Stuttgart with its suburbs. Due to the hilly surroundings, there are many road tunnels in and around Stuttgart. There are also a number of road tunnels under intersections in the centre of Stuttgart.

Waterways

Stuttgart has an inland port in Hedelfingen on the River Neckar.

Sport

Football

VfB Stuttgart's home ground, the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Bad Cannstatt. In the background: the Stuttgart Spring Festival

As in the rest of Germany, football is the most popular sport in Stuttgart which is home to 'The Reds' and 'The Blues'. 'The Reds', VfB Stuttgart, are the most famous and popular local club. An established team currently playing in the German 2. Bundesliga, VfB was founded in 1893 and has won five German titles since 1950, most recently in 1992 and 2007. VfB is based at the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Bad Cannstatt.

'The Blues', Stuttgarter Kickers, are the second most important football team. They currently play in the Regionalliga Südwest (fourth division) at the smaller Gazi Stadium close to the TV tower in Degerloch.

Other lower-division football teams are Sportfreunde Stuttgart – most famous for taking part in the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy in 1908, considered the first World Cup^[154] – and FV Zuffenhausen.

Other sports

Stuttgart is home to VfL Pfullingen/Stuttgart, a local handball team that played in the national league from 2001 to 2006 in the Schleyerhalle. Its three-times German champion women's volleyball team, CJD Feuerbach, has now stopped playing for financial reasons but there is now Stuttgart Volleyball Club with a women's team in the 2nd southern league.

Stuttgart has two major ice hockey teams. Stuttgart Rebels EC, plays in the "Landesliga" (4th tier) at the Waldau ice rink in Degerloch. The Bietigheim Bissingen Steelers play in the 2nd division of the DEL (DEL2). The Steelers play in the new Ege Trans Arena in Bietigheim.

The strongest local water polo team is SV Cannstatt, which won the German championship in 2006.

Stuttgart has two American Football teams, the Stuttgart Nighthawks American football team, who play in the Western Europe Pro League and Stuttgart Scorpions, who play in Stuttgarter Kickers' Gazi Stadium.

Australian Football is practiced by the Stuttgart Emus – one of only six active teams in Germany. It participates in the Australian Football League Germany when they play their home games in the Eberhard-Bauer-Stadion

TC Weissenhof is a Stuttgart-based women's tennis team that has won the German championship four times. Another women's team is TEC Waldau Stuttgart (German champions in 2006).

HTC Stuttgarter Kickers is one of the most successful field hockey clubs in Germany, having won the German championship in 2005 and a European title in 2006.

Sporting events

Stuttgart has a reputation for staging major events, including the FIFA World Cup 1974, the UEFA Euro 1988, and the World Championships in Athletics 1993. It was also one of the twelve host cities of the FIFA World Cup 2006. Six matches, three of them second round matches, including the 3rd and 4th place playoff, were played at the Gottlieb Daimler Stadium (today Mercedes-Benz Arena). Stuttgart was also 2007 European Capital of Sport,^[155] hosting events such as the UCI World Cycling Championships Road Race and the IAAF World Athletics Final.

Other famous sports venues are the Weissenhof tennis courts, where the annual Mercedes Cup tennis tournament is played, the Porsche Arena (hosting tennis, basketball and handball) and the Schleyerhalle (boxing, equestrianism/show jumping, gymnastics, track cycling etc.), Scharrena Stuttgart.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Stuttgart is twinned with the following cities:^[156]

St Helens, England, United Kingdom (since 1948)[156] Cardiff, Wales, UK (since 1955)[156][157] St. Louis, MO, USA (since 1960)[156][158] Strasbourg, Bas-Rhin, Grand Est, France (since 1962)[156][159] Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (since 1968)[156] Menzel Bourguiba in Tunisia (since 1971)[156] Cairo, Egypt (since 1979)[156] Łódź, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland (since 1988)[156][160] Brno in the Czech Republic (since 1989)[156][161] Samara, Samara Oblast, Russia (since 1992)[156]

Friendships

Stuttgart also has special friendships with the following cities:^[162]

Ōgaki in Gifu Prefecture, Japan (since 1988)[162] Shavei Zion, Israel[162][163] Nanjing, People's Republic of China[162] Kuantan, Malaysia[164]

The city district of Bad Cannstatt, which has the second largest mineral water sources in Europe, has a partnership with:

• Újbuda, the 11th district of Budapest, Hungary,^[165] which has the largest mineral water sources in Europe.

Notable residents

In Popular Culture

Gaming

• In the 2003 video game Command & Conquer: Generals Zero Hour, GLA forces attacked the US base in Stuttgart in their final mission. In the first Chinese mission, the player must reclaim the city from the GLA.^[166]
• The Medic in Valve's 2007 first person shooter game Team Fortress 2 is a native of Stuttgart,^[167] but was raised in Rottenburg am Neckar.^[168]
• In the 2008 episodic adventure game Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space, the title characters travel through time to Stuttgart to kill a vampire.^[169]
• Reinhardt, one of the tank classes in Blizzard's 2016 team based shooter Overwatch, originates from Stuttgart.^[170]

Novels

• In the 2005 novel The Book Thief, protagonist Max Vandenburg resides in Stuttgart until his flight later in the book.^[171]

TV and Cinema

• In the 2012 film The Avengers, the villain Loki is tracked to a gala in Stuttgart, where he intends to steal a large quantity of iridium for his schemes. These scenes were actually filmed in Cleveland, Ohio, and a number of Stuttgart residents noted the errors in the film's depiction of the city.^[172]

Gallery

• 
  Stuttgart from Weinsteige Road
• 
  Stuttgart Market Hall
• 
  The 216-metre (709-foot) Fernsehturm Stuttgart at night
• 
  Castle Rosenstein
• 
  Neues Schloss at night
• 
  The Hegel Museum, birthplace of Hegel
• 
  Stuttgart Annual Christmas Market
• 
  Old downtown area of Stuttgart
• 
  Romantic view on the downtown area seen from upper Lenzhalde
• 
  The Haus der Wirtschaft (House of Commerce)

References

Bibliography

• Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany. 95 Madison Avenue, New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley Publishing. 6 August 2001. ISBN 0-7894-6646-5.
• McLachlan, Gordon (2004). The Rough Guide to Germany. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-293-4.
• Peters, Kurt; Andrea Schulte-Peevers; Sarah Johnstone; Etain O'Carroll; Jeanne Oliver; Tom Parkinson; Nicola Williams (2004). Germany. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-471-4.
• Kirn, Daniel (2007). Stuttgart – Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte. Sutton. ISBN 978-3-86680-137-0.
• Gühring, Albrecht; Matthias, Beer; Binder, Petra; Ehmer, Hermann; Friederich, Susanne; Heinz, Reinhard; Juréwitz, Peter; Kull, Ulrich; Meyle, Wolfgang; Müller, Roland; Raberg, Frank; Rees, Werner (2004). Zuffenhausen. Village – Town – City District. Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen: Association For the Promotion of Home and Care Partnership and of Young and Old People. ISBN 3-00-013395-X.
• Fuchs, Karlheinz (October 2004). Baukunst im deutschen Sudwesten (1 ed.). Leinfelden-Echterdingen: DRW-Verlag. ISBN 3-87181-491-1.
• Wilson, Peter (2009). The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy. Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03634-5.
• Dieterle, Elisabeth (1983). Stuttgart. Porträt einer Stadt. Munich: Kunstverlag Josef Bühn. ASIN B00232CMRW.
• Dunkel, Franziska (2014). uftalarm. In: Fastnacht der Hölle. Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Sinne. Stuttgart: Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg.
• Haffner, Sebastian. Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19. Kindler. ISBN 3-463-40423-0.
• Gedenkstätten für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus. Eine Dokumentation. 1. Bonn: Federal Agency for Civic Education. 1995. ISBN 3-89331-208-0.
• Bauz, Ingrid; Breuggemann, Roland (2013). Die Geheime Staatspolizei in Württemberg und Hohenzollern. Stuttgart: Schmetterling-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89657-138-0.
• MacDonogh, Giles (24 February 2009). After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation. New York City: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00338-9.
• Bacque, James (15 September 2007). Crimes and Mercies: The Treatment of German Civilians Under Allied Occupation, 1941–1950 (PDF). Vancouver: Talonbooks. ISBN 978-0-88922-567-1.

Notes

1. The history of Stuttgart's Coat of Arms is long. The Chorographia Württemberg of 1591 shows a horse rampant facing sinister on a field argent. Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605 (p. 225) has the modern coat of arms, with the horse facing dexter, on a field or. The modern design of this coat of arms dates to 1938 (and was also adopted as part of the Porsche logo in 1952).
2. See: Frankfurt Parliament
3. "When French troops occupied Stuttgart – which was meant to form part of the American Zone as the capital of Württemberg – the Americans ordered them to leave. De Gaulle refused, saying he would stay put until the zones were finalized ... The American solution was to offer them some bits of Baden and Württemberg while keeping the lion's share for themselves ... French soldiers' behaviour in Stuttgart, where some 3,000 women and 8 men were raped, was thought to have added to American fury at their overstepping their lines."^[108]

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4. DK Publishing, p. 294
5. "Position and responsibilities". State of Baden-Württemberg.
6. See: Stuttgart Cathedral
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Further reading

Published in the 19th century

• "Stuttgart", Southern Germany and Austria (2nd ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1871, OCLC 4090237, retrieved 10 February 2016
• W. Pembroke Fetridge (1881), "Stuttgart", Harper's Hand-book for Travellers in Europe and the East, New York: Harper & Brothers, retrieved 10 February 2016

Published in the 20th century

• "Stuttgart", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, &c (9th ed.), Berlin: J.H. Herz, 1908, OCLC 36795367, retrieved 10 February 2016
• Hagel, Jürgen: Mensch und Natur im Stuttgarter Raum. Silberburg-Verlag, Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-87407-385-8.
• Hagel, Jürgen: Das Paradies des Neckars Bad Cannstatt. In: Wolfgang Niess, Sönke Lorenz (Hrsg.): Kult-Bäder und Bäderkultur in Baden-Württemberg. Markstein-Verlag, Filderstadt 2004, ISBN 3-935129-16-5.
• Kirn, Daniel: Stuttgart. Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte. Sutton, Erfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-137-0.
• Kreh, Ulrike: Naturdenkmale Stuttgart. Naturschätze vor der Haustüre. Hrsg. v. Amt für Umweltschutz der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart. verlag regionalkultur Ubstadt-Weiher, 2005, ISBN 3-89735-405-5.
• Hermann Lenz: Stuttgart. Portrait einer Stadt. Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main/Leipzig 2003, ISBN 3-458-17158-4.
• Ostertag, Roland (Hrsg.): Das Bosch-Areal. Verlag Karl Krämer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-7828-1613-7.
• Ostertag, Roland (Hrsg.): Stuttgart… wohin? Band 2, mit Beiträgen von Max Bächer, Helmut Böhme, Otto Borst, Hermann Hesse, Timo John, Wolfgang Kil, Arno Lederer, Roland Ostertag, Frei Otto, Hannelore Schlaffer, Walter Siebel, Klaus Töpfer. Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-7828-4042-9.
• Schaefer, Albert T.: Stuttgart Panorama. Mit Texten von Manfred Rommel. edition braus, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 3-89904-224-7 (Fotoband).
• Schäfer, Hartmut: Befunde aus der "Archäologischen Wüste:" Die Stiftskirche und das Alte Schloss in Stuttgart. Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 31, 2002, S. 249–258.
• Zelzer, Maria (Hrsg.): Stuttgart unterm Hakenkreuz. Chronik 1933–1945. Cordeliers, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-608-91931-7.

External links

• Stuttgart's Official Homepage
• Stuttgart's Official Tourist Board
• Tourist Attractions in Stuttgart
• Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen Porsche Town
• Stuttgart International Airport
• International School of Stuttgart
• Stuttgart-Stammheim Homepage
• Stuttgart's Public Transportation System
• Stuttgart-American Expatriate Spouses Group
• Geographic data related to Stuttgart at OpenStreetMap