21st United States Congress
"21st Congress" redirects here. For the Soviet Congress, see 21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
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The Twenty-first United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1829 to March 4, 1831, during the first two years of Andrew Jackson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. Both chambers had a Jacksonian majority.
Major events
March 4, 1829: Andrew Jackson inaugurated President
- March 4, 1829: Andrew Jackson became President of the United States
Major legislation
Main article: Major legislation: 21st United States Congress
- May 28, 1830: Indian Removal Act, ch. 148, 4 Stat. 411
Not enacted
- May 27, 1830: Maysville Road Bill vetoed
Treaties
- September 27, 1830: The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the first removal treaty after the passage of the Indian Removal Act, is signed with the Choctaw.
- February 24, 1831: Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek proclaimed.
Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.
Senate
President of the Senate
John C. Calhoun.
John C. Calhoun.
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti- Jacksonian (Anti-J) |
Jacksonian (J) | Other | |||
| End of the previous congress | 21 | 27 | 0 | 48 | 0 |
| Begin | 22 | 26 | 0 | 48 | 0 |
| End | 25 | 47 | 1 | ||
| Final voting share | 46.8% | 53.2% | 0.0% | ||
| Beginning of the next congress | 21 | 24 |
2 (Nullifier) |
47 | 1 |
House of Representatives
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti- Jacksonian (Anti-J) |
Anti- Masonic (Anti-M) | Jacksonian (J) | Other | |||
| End of the previous congress | 101 | 0 | 111 | 0 | 212 | 1 |
| Begin | 72 | 4 | 135 | 0 | 211 | 2 |
| End | 6 | 134 | 212 | 1 | ||
| Final voting share | 34.0% | 2.8% | 63.2% | 0.0% | ||
| Beginning of the next congress | 64 | 16 | 128 |
4 (Nullifier) |
212 | 1 |
Leadership
President pro tempore
Samuel Smith.
Samuel Smith.
Senate
House of Representatives
- Speaker: Andrew Stevenson (J)
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.
Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1832; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1834; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1830.
House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
- Replacements: 4
- Jacksonians (J): no net change
- Anti-Jacksonians (AJ): no net change
- Deaths: 4
- Resignations: 4
- Interim appointments: 1
- Total seats with changes: 7
| State (class) |
Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Georgia (3) |
John M. Berrien (J) | Resigned March 9, 1829 to become U.S. Attorney General. Successor elected November 9, 1829. |
John Forsyth (J) | Installed November 9, 1829 |
| North Carolina (2) |
John Branch (J) | Resigned March 9, 1829 after being appointed U.S. Secretary of the Navy. Successor elected December 9, 1829. |
Bedford Brown (J) | Installed December 9, 1829 |
| Tennessee (1) |
John Eaton (J) | Resigned March 9, 1829 after being appointed U.S. Secretary of War. Successor elected October 19, 1829. |
Felix Grundy (J) | Installed October 19, 1829 |
| Delaware (1) |
Louis McLane (J) | Resigned April 29, 1829 to become U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom. Successor elected January 7, 1830. |
Arnold Naudain (AJ) | Installed January 7, 1830 |
| Mississippi (2) |
Thomas B. Reed (J) | Died November 26, 1829. Successor elected January 6, 1830. |
Robert H. Adams (J) | Installed January 6, 1830 |
| Mississippi (2) |
Robert H. Adams (J) | Died July 2, 1830. Successor appointed October 15, 1830 to continue the term, and subsequently elected. |
George Poindexter (J) | Installed October 15, 1830 |
| Illinois (2) |
John McLean (J) | Died October 14, 1830. Successor appointed November 12, 1830 to continue the term. |
David J. Baker (J) | Installed November 12, 1830 |
| Illinois (2) |
David J. Baker (J) | Appointee retired with elected successor qualified. Successor elected December 11, 1830. |
John M. Robinson (J) | Installed December 11, 1830 |
| Indiana (1) |
James Noble (AJ) | Died February 26, 1831. Seat filled next Congress. |
Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
House of Representatives
- Replacements: 5
- Jacksonians (J): 1 seat net loss
- Anti-Jacksonian (AJ): 1 seat net gain
- Deaths: 2
- Resignations: 10
- Contested election: 2
Total seats with changes: 15
| District | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date successor seated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maine 4th |
Vacant | Peleg Sprague resigned in previous Congress | George Evans (AJ) | Seated July 20, 1829 |
| Pennsylvania 16th |
Vacant | William Wilkins resigned before qualifying | Harmar Denny (AM) | Seated December 15, 1829 |
| Pennsylvania 8th |
George Wolf (J) | Resigned in 1829 before the convening of Congress | Samuel A. Smith (J) | Seated October 13, 1829 |
| Pennsylvania 8th |
Samuel D. Ingham (J) | Resigned in 1829 before the convening of Congress after being appointed Secretary of the Treasury | Peter Ihrie, Jr. (J) | Seated October 13, 1829 |
| Virginia 10th |
William C. Rives (J) | Resigned some time in 1829 | William F. Gordon (J) | Seated January 25, 1830 |
| North Carolina 5th |
Gabriel Holmes (J) | Died September 26, 1829 | Edward B. Dudley (J) | Seated November 10, 1829 |
| New York 20th |
George Fisher (AJ) | Lost contested election February 5, 1830 to Silas Wright who in turn failed to qualify | Jonah Sanford (J) | Seated November 3, 1830 |
| Virginia 1st |
Thomas Newton, Jr. (AJ) | Lost contested election March 9, 1830 | George Loyall (J) | Seated March 9, 1830 |
| Maine 5th |
James W. Ripley (J) | Resigned March 12, 1830 | Cornelius Holland (J) | Seated December 6, 1830 |
| Ohio 11th |
John M. Goodenow (J) | Resigned April 9, 1830 after being appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio | Humphrey H. Leavitt (J) | Seated December 6, 1830 |
| Virginia 22nd |
Alexander Smyth (J) | Died April 17, 1830 | Joseph Draper (J) | Seated December 6, 1830 |
| New York 6th |
Hector Craig (J) | Resigned July 12, 1830 | Samuel W. Eager (AJ) | Seated November 2, 1830 |
| Virginia 11th |
Philip P. Barbour (J) | Resigned October 15, 1830 after being appointed judge of US Circuit Court of the Eastern District of Virginia | John M. Patton (J) | Seated November 25, 1830 |
| New York 21st |
Robert Monell (J) | Resigned February 21, 1831 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
| Michigan Territory At-large |
John Biddle | Resigned February 21, 1831 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
- Accounts of James Monroe (Select)
- Agriculture
- Amending the Constitution on the Election of the President and Vice President (Select)
- Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate
- Claims
- Commerce
- Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
- District of Columbia
- Dueling (Select)
- Finance
- Foreign Relations
- French Spoilations (Select)
- Impeachment of James H. Peck (Select)
- Indian Affairs
- Judiciary
- Manufactures
- Memorial of the Manufacturers Iron (Select)
- Mileage of Members of Congress (Select)
- Military Affairs
- Militia
- Naval Affairs
- Nomination of Amos Kendall (Select)
- Pensions
- Post Office Department (Select)
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Private Land Claims
- Public Lands
- Roads and Canals (Select)
- Tariff Regulation (Select)
- Whole
House of Representatives
- Accounts
- Agriculture
- American Colonization Society (Select)
- Claims
- Commerce
- District of Columbia
- Elections
- Establishing an Assay Office in the Gold Region (Select)
- Expenditures in the Navy Department
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department
- Expenditures in the State Department
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department
- Expenditures in the War Department
- Expenditures on Public Buildings
- Foreign Affairs
- Indian Affairs
- Manufactures
- Military Affairs
- Military Pensions
- Naval Affairs
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Public Expenditures
- Public Lands
- Revisal and Unfinished Business
- Revolutionary Claims
- Rules (Select)
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Territories
- Ways and Means
- Whole
Joint committees
Employees
- Architect of the Capitol: Charles Bulfinch, until June 25, 1829 (office abolished)
- Librarian of Congress: John Silva Meehan
Senate
- Chaplain: William Ryland (Methodist)
- Henry V. Johns (Episcopalian), elected December 14, 1829
- Secretary: Walter Lowrie
- Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly
House of Representatives
- Chaplain: Reuben Post (Presbyterian)
- Ralph R. Gurley (Presbyterian), elected December 6, 1830
- Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke
- Doorkeeper: Benjamin Birch
- Sergeant at Arms: John O. Dunn
See also
- United States elections, 1828 (elections leading to this Congress)
- United States elections, 1830 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
References
- ↑ 21st Congress from the Office of the Clerk website
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
External links
From American Memory at the Library of Congress:
- Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
- Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- Congressional Directory for the 21st Congress, 1st Session.
Other U.S. government websites:
- House Document No. 108-222 from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (1774–2005)
- House History from the U.S. House of Representatives
- Statistics and Lists from the U.S. Senate
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