93rd United States Congress
| 93rd United States Congress | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Ninety-third United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1973 to January 3, 1975, during the end of Richard Nixon's presidency, and the beginning of Gerald Ford's. This Congress was the first (and, to date, only) Congress with more than two Senate Presidents (the Vice President of the United States), in this case, three. After the resignation of Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford was appointed under the authority of the newly ratified 25th Amendment. Ford became President the next year and Nelson Rockefeller was appointed in his place. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Nineteenth Census of the United States in 1970. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.
Major events
Senate President
Spiro Agnew (R)
(until October 10, 1973)
(until October 10, 1973)
Gerald Ford (R)
(December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974)
(December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974)
Nelson Rockefeller (R)
(from December 19, 1974)
(from December 19, 1974)
- January 20, 1973: President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew inaugurated for their second term
- January 22, 1973: Supreme Court issued abortion decision, Roe v. Wade
- January 27, 1973: Paris Peace Accords signed
- October 10, 1973: Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned
- October 20, 1973: Saturday Night Massacre
- December 6, 1973: Vice President Gerald Ford inaugurated
- August 9, 1974: President Richard Nixon resigned. Gerald Ford became President.
- November 5, 1974: United States midterm elections: Democrats increased their majorities in both houses
- December 19, 1974: Vice President Nelson Rockefeller inaugurated
Major legislation
- August 13, 1973: Federal Aid Highway Act of 1973, Pub.L. 93–87, title I, 87 Stat. 250
- September 26, 1973: Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Pub.L. 93–112, 87 Stat. 355
- October 1, 1973: Domestic Volunteer Services Act of 1973 (VISTA), Pub.L. 93–113, 87 Stat. 394
- October 4, 1973: Oil Pollution Act of 1973, Pub.L. 93–119, 87 Stat. 424-2
- November 3, 1973: Amtrak Improvement Act, Pub.L. 93–146, 87 Stat. 548
- November 7, 1973: War Powers Resolution, Pub.L. 93–148, 87 Stat. 555
- November 29, 1973: Hobby Protection Act, 87 Stat. 686
- December 28, 1973: Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, Pub.L. 93–203
- December 28, 1973: Endangered Species Act, Pub.L. 93–205, 87 Stat. 884
- December 29, 1973: Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, Pub.L. 93–222
- March 7, 1974: Water Resources Development Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–251, 88 Stat. 34
- May 22, 1974: Disaster Relief Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–288, 88 Stat. 143
- July 12, 1974: Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–344, 88 Stat. 297
- July 25, 1974: Legal Services Corporation Act, Pub.L. 93–355, 88 Stat. 378
- August 21, 1974: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, Pub.L. 93–380, title V, §513, 88 Stat. 571
- September 2, 1974: Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), Pub.L. 93–406, 88 Stat. 829
- September 7, 1974: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–415, 88 Stat. 1109
- October 29, 1974: Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–498, 88 Stat. 1535
- November 26, 1974: National Mass Transportation Assistance Act, Pub.L. 93–503, 88 Stat. 1565
- December 3, 1974: Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act, Pub.L. 93–508, 88 Stat. 1578
- December 16, 1974: Safe Drinking Water Act, Pub.L. 93–523, 88 Stat. 1660
- December 31, 1974: Privacy Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–579, 88 Stat. 1896
- January 2, 1975: An Act to Establish Rules of Evidence for Certain Courts and Proceedings, Pub.L. 93–595, 88 Stat. 1926
- January 3, 1975: Trade Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–618, 88 Stat. 1978
- January 3, 1975: Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, Pub.L. 93–633, title I, 88 Stat. 2156
- January 4, 1975: National Health Planning and Resources Development Act, Pub.L. 93–641, 88 Stat. 2225
Hearings
- May 17, 1973: Watergate hearings began (Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities)
- May 9, 1974: Hearings on the Impeachment of President Nixon began (House of Representatives Judiciary Committee)
Party summary
Makeup of the U.S. Senate at the start of this Congress, color-coded by party. Note: The orange stripes in New York and the gray stripes in Virginia denote Conservative James Buckley and Independent Harry Byrd, respectively.
Leadership
Senate
- President of the Senate: Spiro Agnew (R) until October 10, 1973
- Gerald Ford (R) December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
- Nelson Rockefeller (R) from December 19, 1974
- Gerald Ford (R) December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
- President pro tempore: James Eastland (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership
Minority (Republican) leadership
House of Representatives
- Speaker: Carl Albert (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership
Minority (Republican) leadership
- Minority Leader: Gerald Ford until December 6, 1973
- John Jacob Rhodes from December 7, 1973
- Minority Whip: Leslie C. Arends
Senate
| Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) |
Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Republican | Conservative | Independent | Vacant | ||
| End of the previous Congress | 54 | 44 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 0 |
| Begin | 56 | 42 | 1 | 1 | 100 | 0 |
| End | 57 | 40 | 1 | 99 | 1 | |
| Final voting share | 57.6% | 40.4% | 1.0% | 1.0% | ||
| Beginning of the next Congress | 60 | 37 | 1 | 1 | 99 | 1 |
House of Representatives
| House seats by party holding plurality in state | |
|---|---|
| over 80% Democratic |
over 80% Republican |
| 60+% to 80% Democratic |
60+% to 80% Republican |
| up to 60% Democratic |
up to 60% Republican |
| Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) |
Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Republican | Vacant | ||
| End of previous Congress | 252 | 178 | 430 | 5 |
| Begin | 241 | 192 | 433 | 2 |
| End | 235 | 182 | 420 | 18 |
| Final voting share | 56.4% | 45.6% | ||
| Beginning of next Congress | 291 | 144 | 435 | 0 |
Caucuses
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.
Senate
Senators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 means their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1976; Class 2 means their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1978; and Class 3 means their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1974.
House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Contents
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
- Non-voting members
Changes in membership
Senate
| State (class) |
Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ohio (3) |
William B. Saxbe (R) | Resigned January 3, 1974 to become Attorney General | Howard Metzenbaum (D) | January 4, 1974 |
| Nevada (3) |
Alan Bible (D) | Resigned December 17, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority | Paul Laxalt (R) | December 18, 1974 |
| Utah (3) |
Wallace F. Bennett (R) | Resigned December 20, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority | Jake Garn (R) | December 21, 1974 |
| Ohio (3) |
Howard Metzenbaum (D) | Resigned December 23, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority | John Glenn (D) | December 24, 1974 |
| Kentucky (3) |
Marlow Cook (R) | Resigned December 27, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority | Wendell H. Ford (D) | December 28, 1974 |
| New Hampshire (3) |
Norris Cotton (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974, to give successor preferential seniority | Louis C. Wyman (R) | December 31, 1974 |
| Florida (3) |
Edward J. Gurney (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974, in an influence peddling scandal | Richard Stone (D) | December 31, 1974 |
| Arkansas (3) |
J. William Fulbright (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
House of Representatives
There were three deaths before this Congress began.
| District | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date successor seated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Illinois 7th | Vacant | Rep. George W. Collins (D), died during previous congress | Cardiss Collins (D) | June 5, 1973 |
| Alaska At-large | Vacant | Nick Begich (D) and Hale Boggs (D) were lost in a plane crash, and the estate of Rep. Begich was issued a presumptive death certificate from the State of Alaska during previous congress. Both were also declared dead pursuant to H. R. Res. 1 issued January 3, 1973. | Don Young (R) | March 6, 1973 |
| Louisiana 2nd | Hale Boggs (D) | Nick Begich (D) and Hale Boggs (D) were lost in a plane crash during previous congress. Both were declared dead pursuant to H. R. Res. 1 issued January 3, 1973. | Lindy Boggs (D) | March 20, 1973 |
| Michigan 7th | Donald W. Riegle, Jr. (R) | Switched party affiliation | Donald W. Riegle, Jr. (D) | February 27, 1973 |
| Maryland 1st | William Mills (R) | Committed suicide May 24, 1973 | Robert Bauman (R) | August 21, 1973 |
| Pennsylvania 12th | John Saylor (R) | Died October 28, 1973 | John Murtha (D) | February 5, 1974 |
| Michigan 5th | Gerald Ford (R) | Resigned December 6, 1973 to become Vice President | Richard VanderVeen (D) | February 18, 1974 |
| California 13th | Charles Teague (R) | Died January 1, 1974 | Robert Lagomarsino (R) | 1974-03-05 |
| Ohio 1st | William Keating (R) | Resigned January 3, 1974 | Tom Luken (D) | March 5, 1974 |
| Michigan 8th | James Harvey (R) | Resigned January 31, 1974 after being appointed as a judge of the US District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan | Bob Traxler (D) | 1974-04-23 |
| California 6th | William Mailliard (R) | Resigned March 5, 1974 | John Burton (D) | 1974-06-04 |
| California 10th | Charles S. Gubser (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| California 19th | Chester E. Holifield (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| California 32nd | Craig Hosmer (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| California 34th | Richard T. Hanna (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Illinois 24th | Kenneth J. Gray (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Kentucky 1st | Frank Stubblefield (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Massachusetts 3rd | Harold Donohue (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Michigan 6th | Charles E. Chamberlain (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Michigan 17th | Martha Griffiths (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Minnesota 2nd | Ancher Nelsen (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Minnesota 8th | John Blatnik (DFL) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Nebraska 3rd | David T. Martin (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| New Hampshire 1st | Louis C. Wyman (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 after being appointed to the US Senate | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| New Jersey 7th | William B. Widnall (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| New York 14th | John J. Rooney (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| New York 15th | Hugh L. Carey (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| New York 29th | Carleton J. King (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| New York 37th | Thaddeus J. Dulski (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Ohio 23rd | William Minshall (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Oregon 3rd | Edith S. Green (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Pennsylvania 25th | Frank M. Clark (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| South Carolina 3rd | W.J. Bryan Dorn (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| South Carolina 5th | Thomas S. Gettys (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Texas 21st | O. C. Fisher (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Virginia 10th | Joel Broyhill (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 after being defeated for re-election | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Washington 3rd | Julia B. Hansen (D) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Wisconsin 3rd | Vernon W. Thomson (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Wisconsin 9th | Glenn R. Davis (R) | Resigned December 31, 1974 | Remained vacant until next Congress | |
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
- Aging (Special)
- Aeronautical and Space Sciences
- Agriculture and Forestry
- Environment, Soil Conservation and Forestry
- Agriculture Credit and Rural Electrification
- Agricultural Production, Marketing and Stablization of Prices
- Agricultural Research and General Legislation
- Rural Development
- Foreign Agricultural Policy
- Appropriations
- Agriculture, Environmental and Consumer Protection
- Defense
- Intelligence Operations
- District of Columbia
- Foreign Operations
- Housing and Urban Development, Space, Science and Veterans
- Interior
- Labor, Health, Education and Welfare
- Legislative
- Military Construction
- Public Works, AEC
- State, Justice, Commerce and the Judiciary
- Transportation
- Treasury, U.S. Postal Service and General Government
- Armed Services
- Central Intelligence
- Preparedness Investigating
- National Stockfile and Naval Petroleum Reserves
- Status of Forces
- Military Construction Authorization
- Arms Control
- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Safeguards
- Tactical Air Power
- Research and Development
- General Legislation
- Reprograming of Funds
- Drug Abuse in the Military
- Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs
- Consumer Credit
- Financial Institutions
- International Finance
- Production and Stabilization
- Securities
- Small Business
- Commerce
- Aviation
- Communications
- Consumer
- Environment
- Foreign Commerce and Tourism
- Merchant Marine
- Oceans and Atmosphere
- Surface and Transportation
- District of Columbia
- Business, Commerce and Judiciary
- Fiscal Affairs
- Public Health, Education, Welfare and Safety
- Finance
- International Trade
- Health
- Private Pension Plans
- State Taxation of Interstate Commerce
- Foundations
- International Finance and Resource
- Foreign Relations
- Near Eastern Affairs
- European Affairs
- Far Eastern Affairs
- Oceans and International Environment
- Western Hemisphere Affairs
- Arms Control, International Law and Organization
- South Asian Affairs
- African Affairs
- U.S. Security Agreements and Commitments Aboard
- Multinational Corporations
- Government Operations
- Permanent Investigations
- Intergovernmental Relations
- Reorganization, Research and International Organizations
- Budgeting, Management and Expenditures
- Surplus Property (Ad Hoc)
- Inpoundment of Funds (Ad Hoc)
- Procurement (Ad Hoc)
- Interior and Insular Affairs
- Indian Affairs
- Minerals, Materials and Fuels
- Parks and Recreation
- Public Lands
- Territories and Insular Affairs
- Water and Power Resources
- Legislative Oversight
- Judiciary
- Administrative Practice and Procedure
- Antitrust Monopoly
- Constitutional Amendments
- Constitutional Rights
- Criminal Laws and Procedures
- FBI Oversight
- Federal Charters, Holidays and Celebrations
- Immigration and Naturalization
- Improvements in Judicial Machinery
- Internal Security
- Juvenile Delinquency
- Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights
- Penitentiaries
- Rufugees and Escapees
- Revision and Codification
- Separation of Powers
- Labor and Public Welfare
- Labor
- Handicapped Workers
- Education
- Health
- Employment, Poverty and Migratory Labor
- Children and Youth
- Aging
- Railroad Retirement
- Alcoholism and Narcotics
- National Science Foundation
- Human Resources
- Nutrition and Human Needs (Select)
- Post Office and Civil Service
- Civil Service Policies and Practices
- Compensation and Employment Benefits
- Postal Operations
- Presidential Campaign Activities (Select)
- Public Works
- Air and Water Pollution
- Panel on Environmental Science and Technology
- Economic Development
- Water Resources
- Roads
- Disaster Relief
- Buildings and Grounds
- Rules and Administration
- Standing Rules of the Senate
- Privileges and Elections
- Printing
- Library
- Smithsonian Institution
- Restaurant
- Computer Services
- Secret and Confidential Government Documents (Special)
- Small Business (Select)
- Standards and Conduct (Select)
- Termination of the National Emergency (Special)
- Veterans' Affairs
- Housing and Insurance
- Readjustment, Education and Employment
- Health and Hospitals
- Compensation and Pensions
- Whole
House of Representatives
- Agriculture
- Cotton
- Dairy and Poultry
- Forests
- Livestock and Grains
- Oilseeds and Rice
- Tobacco
- Conservation and Credit
- Domestic Marketing and Consumer Relations
- Department Operations
- Family Farms and Rural Development
- Appropriations
- Agriculture, Environmental and Consumer Protection
- Defense
- District of Columbia
- Foreign Operations
- Housing and Urban Development/Space, Science and Veterans
- Interior
- Labor, Health, Education and Welfare
- Legislative
- Military Construction
- Public Works
- State, Justice, Commerce and Judiciary
- Transportation
- Treasury, Postal Service and General Government
- Armed Services
- Subcommittee No.#1
- Subcommittee No.#2
- Subcommittee No.#3
- Subcommittee No.#4
- Subcommittee No.#5
- Intelligence
- Human Relations
- Armed Services Investigation
- Banking and Currency
- Domestic Finance
- Housing
- Consumer Affairs
- International Trade
- Small Business
- Bank Supervision and Insurance
- International Finance
- Urban Mass Transit
- Crime (Select)
- District of Columbia
- Business, Commerce and Taxation
- Education
- Government Operations
- Judiciary
- Labor, Social Services and the International Community
- Revenue and Financial Services
- Education and Labor
- Equal Opportunity
- Agricultural Labor
- Foreign Affairs
- National Security Policy and Scientific Developments
- State Department Organization and Foreign Operations
- Inter-American Affairs
- Africa
- Asian and Pacific Affairs
- International Organizations and Movements
- Europe
- Foreign Economic Policy
- Near East and South Asia
- Foreign Aid Programs
- Government Operations
- Conservation and Natural Resources
- Foreign Operations and Government Information
- Government Activities
- Intergovernmental Relations
- Legal and Monetary Affairs
- Legislation and Military Operations
- Special Studies
- House Administration
- Accounts
- Elections
- Library and Memorials
- Printing
- Electrical and Mechanical Office Equipment
- Contracts
- Police
- Personnel
- House Beauty Shop (Select)
- Interior and Insular Affairs
- Environment
- National Parks and Recreation
- Water and Power Resources
- Territorial and Insular Affairs
- Indian Affairs
- Mines and Mining
- Public Lands
- Internal Security
- Interstate and Foreign Commerce
- Commerce and Finance
- Communications and Power
- Public Health and Environment
- Transportation and Aeronautics
- Investigations
- Judiciary
- Civil Rights and Constitutional Rights
- Claims and Governmental Relations
- Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice
- Crime
- Criminal Justice
- Immigration, Citizenship and International Law
- Monopolies and International Law
- Merchant Marine and Fisheries
- Merchant Marine
- Fisheries, Wildlife Conservation and the Environment
- Coast Guard and Navigation
- Oceangraphy
- Panama Canal
- Post Office and Civil Service
- Investigations
- Postal Service
- Retirement and Employee Benefits
- Manpower and Civil Service
- Postal Facilities, Mail and Labor Management
- Census and Statistics
- Public Works
- Water Resources
- Transportation
- Public Buildings and Grounds
- Economic Development
- Investigations and Review
- Energy
- Regulate Parking (Select)
- Rules
- Science and Astronautics
- Aeronautics and Space Technology
- Science, Research and Development
- Manned Space Flight
- Space Science and Applications
- International Cooperation in Science and Space
- Energy
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Veterans' Affairs
- Compensation and Pension
- Education and Training
- Hospitals
- Housing
- Insurance
- Whole
Joint committees
- Atomic Energy
- Congressional Operations
- Defense Productions
- Economic
- Internal Revenue Taxation
- Library
- Printing
- Reduction of Federal Expenditures
- Budget Control
Employees and legislative agency directors
Legislative branch agency directors
- Architect of the Capitol: George M. White
- Attending Physician of the United States Congress: Rufus Pearson (until 1973), Freeman H. Cary (starting 1973)
- Comptroller General of the United States: Elmer B. Staats
- Librarian of Congress: Lawrence Quincy Mumford (until 1974)
- Public Printer of the United States: Thomas F. McCormick (starting 1973)
Senate
- Secretary: Francis R. Valeo
- Sergeant at Arms: William H. Wannall
- Chaplain: Edward L.R. Elson (Presbyterian)
- Democratic Party Secretary: J. Stanley Kimmitt
- Republican Party Secretary: J. Mark Trice
House of Representatives
- Chaplain: Edward G. Latch Methodist
- Clerk: W. Pat Jennings of Virginia
- Doorkeeper: William M. Miller of Mississippi, until December 31, 1974
- James T. Molloy of New York, interim
- Parliamentarian: Lewis Deschler, until June 27, 1974
- William Holmes Brown, appointed June 27, 1974
- Postmaster: H. H. Morris of Kentucky: Robert V. Rota of Pennsylvania
- Sergeant at Arms: Kenneth R. Harding of Virginia
See also
- United States elections, 1972 (elections leading to this Congress)
- United States elections, 1974 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
Footnotes
- ↑ Joe Moakley (D-MA) was elected as "Independent Conservative," based on official report of Congress by Benjamin Guthrie. “Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1972.” But he was sworn in as a Democrat at the beginning of the Congress, January 3, 1973.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
References
- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
- U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
- House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 93rd Congress (PDF).
- Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 93rd Congress.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 93rd Congress, 1st Session.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 93rd Congress, 2nd Session.
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