Clear script

Clear Script
Oirat alphabet
Type
Languages Oirat
Sanskrit
Tibetic
Creator Zaya Pandita
Time period
 ca. 1648 – today
Parent systems
Sister systems
 Manchu alphabet
Vagindra script
Direction Top-to-bottom
ISO 15924 Mong, 145
Unicode alias
 Mongolian
U+1800 – U+18AF
A border sign in Clear Script (Priyutnensky District, Kalmykia)

Clear Script (Oirat: ᡐᡆᡑᡆ
ᡋᡅᡔᡅᡎ, Тодо бичиг; Mongolian: Тод бичиг, ᠲᠣᠳᠣ
ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠌ tod biçig, or just todo) is an alphabet created in 1648 by the Oirat Buddhist monk Zaya Pandita for the Oirat language.[1][2][3] It was developed on the basis of the Mongolian script with the goal of distinguishing all sounds in the spoken language, and to make it easier to transcribe Sanskrit and the Tibetic languages.

History

Clear Script is a Mongolian script, whose obvious closest forebear is vertical Mongolian. This Mongolian script was derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet, which itself was descendent from the Aramaic alphabet.[4] Aramaic is an abjad, an alphabet that has no symbols for vowels, and Clear Script is the first in this line of descendants to develop a full system of symbols for all the vowel sounds.[4]

Formation

As mentioned above, Clear Script was developed as a better way to write Mongolian, specifically of the Western Mongolian groups of the Oirats and Kalmyks.[3] The practicality of Clear Script lies in the fact that it was supremely created in order to dissolve any ambiguities that might appear when one attempts to write down a language. Not only were vowels assigned symbols, but all existing symbols were clarified. All of the 'old' symbols, those that did not change from the previously used script, were assigned a fixed meaning, based mostly on their Uyghur ancestors.[2] New symbols and diacritics were added to show vowels and vowel lengths, as well as distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants.[3] There were even some marks enabling distinctions such as between ši and si which are unimportant for words written in the Oirat language but are useful for the transcription of foreign words and names.[2]

Usage

Clear Script was used by Oirat and neighboring Mongols, mostly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.[2] It was widely used by its creator and others to translate Buddhist works so that they might better spread the Buddhist religion throughout western Mongolia. Though the script was useful for translating works from other languages, especially Tibetan, it was also used more informally, as evidenced by some letters from the late 1690s.[2]

The script was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic script. In Xinjiang, Oirats still use it, although today Mongolian education takes place in Chakhar Mongolian all across China.

Writing in Clear Script

This script is a vertical script, as was its 'vertical Mongolian' parent script. Letters and diacritics are written along a central axis. Portions of letters to the right of the axis generally slant up, and portions to the left of the axis generally slant down. The only signs that do not follow these rules are the horizontal signs for S Š and part of Ö.[2] Words are delineated by a space, as well as different letter forms. Though most letters only come in one shape, there are some letters that look different depending on where in the word they occur, whether they are initial, medial, or final.[3]

There is an alphabetic order in Clear Script, as in other related scripts, but the order for Clear Script is not the same as its Mongolian parents or Aramaic ancestors.[2]

Tables

Vowels

Tod bichig Cyrillic Latin
ᠠ А A Same as Hudam bichig
ᡄ Э E
ᡅИ I
ᡆ О O
ᡇУ U
ᡈ Ө Ö
ᡉҮ Ü

Native Consonants

Tod bichig Cyrillic Latin
ᡋ Б B
ᡌ П P
ᡏ М M
ᠯ Л L Same as Hudam bichig
ᠰС S Same as Hudam bichig
ᠱШ Sh Same as Hudam bichig
ᠨН N Same as Hudam bichig
ᡍ Х X
ᡎҺ Q
ᡐ Т T
ᡑ Д D
ᡔЦ C
ᡒЧ Ch
ᡓ З Z
ᡕ Й Y
ᠷ Р R Same as Hudam bichig
ᡖ В W

Letters used in foreign words

Tod bichig Cyrillic Latin
ᡙ Г G
ᡘК K
ᡗҚ Kh
ᡚ Җ J
ᡛ
ᡜ
ᢘ
ᢙ
ᡊҢ Ng

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Todo bichig.

References

  1. ↑ N. Yakhantova, The Mongolian and Oirat Translations of the Sutra of Golden Light, 2006
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kara, György. Books of the Mongolian Nomads. Bloomington: Indiana University, 2005.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Eds. Daniels, Peter T. and William Bright. The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996
  4. 1 2 Gnanadesikan, Amalia. The Writing Revolution. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
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