Gifford Pinchot National Forest
| Gifford Pinchot National Forest | |
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IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources) | |
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| Location | Washington, USA |
| Nearest city | Amboy, WA |
| Coordinates | 46°45′29″N 121°27′0″W / 46.75806°N 121.45000°WCoordinates: 46°45′29″N 121°27′0″W / 46.75806°N 121.45000°W |
| Area | 1,321,506 acres (5,347.95 km2)[1] |
| Established | July 1, 1908[2] |
| Visitors | 1,800,000 (in 2005) |
| Governing body | U.S. Forest Service |
| Website | Gifford Pinchot National Forest |
Gifford Pinchot National Forest is a National Forest located in southern Washington, USA, managed by the United States Forest Service. With an area of 1.32 million acres (5300 km2), it extends 116 km along the western slopes of Cascade Range from Mount Rainier National Park to the Columbia River. The forest straddles the crest of the South Cascades of Washington State, spread out over broad, old growth forests, high mountain meadows, several glaciers, and numerous volcanic peaks. The forest's highest point is at 12,276 ft. at the top of Mount Adams, the second tallest volcano in the state after Rainier. It includes the 110,000-acre (450 km2) Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, established by Congress in 1982.
History
Gifford Pinchot National Forest is one of the older national forests in the United States. Included as part of the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve in 1897, the area was set aside as the Columbia National Forest in 1908. It was renamed the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in honor of Gifford Pinchot, on June 15, 1949.[3] In 1985 the non-profit Gifford Pinchot Task Force formed to protect the area. People for over 6,000 years have made an impact in the ecology of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.[4] Native Americans hunted in high meadows below receding glaciers. The natives then began to manage the forest to meet their own needs. One method they used was to burn specific areas to help in the huckleberry production. About 338 spots more than 6,000 culturally modified trees were identified, of which 3,000 are protected now. Archaeological investigations on the forest continually find new information to this day about the past lifestyles of the Native Americans.[4]
The forest was named after Gifford Pinchot, one of the leading figures in the creation of the national forest system of the United States. The forest is home to the Big Tree at the southern flank of Mt Adams, one of the world's largest Ponderosa Trees.
Geography
Gifford Pinchot National Forest is located in a mountainous region approximately between Mount St. Helens to the west, Mount Adams to the east, Mount Rainier National Park to the north, and the Columbia River to the south. This region of Southwest Washington is noted for its complex topography and volcanic geology. About 65 percent of the forest acreage is located in Skamania County. In descending order of land area the others are Lewis, Yakima, Cowlitz, and Klickitat. counties.[5]
Major Rivers
The Pacific Northwest brings abundant rainfall to the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, feeding an extensive network of rivers. The forest has only one river currently designated as Wild and Scenic, the White Salmon River, fed from glaciers high on Mount Adams. The Gifford Pinchot National Forest recommends four rivers to be added to the Wild and Scenic System. They are the Lewis River, the Cispus River, the Clear Fork and the Muddy Fork of the Cowlitz River. There are an additional thirteen rivers in the forest being studied for consideration into the national Wild and Scenic River System.[6]
The following listed are the major streams and rivers of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Many of these provide excellent fishing.[7]
- Cispus River
- Cowlitz River
- White Salmon River
- Little White Salmon River
- Wind River
- Lewis River
- Muddy River
- East Canyon Creek
- Skate Creek
- Iron Creek
- Trout Lake Creek
- Cultus Creek
- Quartz Creek
- Butter Creek
- Clear Creek
- Siouxon Creek
- Canyon Creek
- Johnson Creek
Major Lakes
The Gifford Pinchot National Forest includes many popular and secluded backcountry lakes. Most of the lakes offers excellent fishing. Goose Lake is known for the best fishing in the State of Washington.
The following table lists the major lakes of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest:[8]
Congressional action
Congressional action since 1964 has established one national monument and seven wilderness areas in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.
National Monuments
In August 26, 1982, congressional action established the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, after the cataclysmic eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980.
Wilderness Areas
Congressional action since 1964 has established the following wilderness areas:
- Glacier View Wilderness - 3,073 acres (12.4 km2)[9]
- Goat Rocks - 108,096 acres (437.4 km2), part of which lies in neighboring Wenatchee NF[10]
- Indian Heaven - 20,782 acres (84.1 km2)
- Mount Adams - 47,078 acres (190.5 km2)
- Tatoosh - 15,725 acres (63.6 km2)
- Trapper Creek - 5,969 acres (24.2 km2)
- William O. Douglas - 169,061 acres (684.2 km2), most of which lies in neighboring Wenatchee NF[11]
- The Shark Rock Wilderness was proposed in the mid-1970s by E.M. Sterling for the 75,000 acre Dark Divide Roadless Area in his book, The South Cascades. It is the largest unprotected roadless area (allowing motorized access) in the Washington Cascades, featuring sharp peaks and deep canyons, old growth forests, and delicate subalpine meadows.[12]
Points of Interest
The forest also offers the following special areas and points of interest:[4]
- Dark Divide Roadless Area
- Silver Star Scenic Area
- Lava Tubes, Caves, and Casts (notably the Ice Caves)
- Ape Caves
- Midway High Lakes Area
- Big Lava Bed
- Packwood Lake
- Berry Fields, (notably the world-renowned Sawtooth Berry Fields)[13]
- Lone Butte Wildlife Emphasis Area
Forest Service management
A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the Forest was 198,000 acres (80,000 ha), some of which is contained within its wilderness areas.[14] The forest supervisor's office is located in Vancouver, Washington. There are local ranger district offices in Randle, Amboy, and Trout Lake.[15] The forest is named after the first chief of the United States Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot. Washington towns near entrances of the forest include Cougar, Randle, Packwood, Trout Lake and Carson.
Fauna
The Gifford Pinchot National Forest is the native habitat for several threatened species which include the spotted owl (threatened 2012)[16] as well as multiple species of Northwest fish like the bull trout (threatened 1998),[17] chinook salmon (threatened 2011), coho salmon (threatened 2011) and steelhead (threatened 2011).[18]
See also
References
- ↑ "Land Areas of the National Forest System" (PDF). U.S. Forest Service. January 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
- ↑ "The National Forests of the United States" (PDF). ForestHistory.org. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
- ↑ Davis, Richard C. (September 29, 2005), National Forests of the United States (PDF), The Forest History Society
- 1 2 3 "About the Forest". Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ↑ http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/2007/TABLE_6.htm
- ↑ "Gifford Pinchot National Forest - Wild and Scenic Rivers". Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ↑ "Gifford Pinchot National Forest - Streams and Rivers". Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ↑ "Gifford Pinchot National Forest - Lakes".
- ↑ Wilderness Data Search Wilderness.net website, data as of 2011
- ↑ Goat Rocks Wilderness acreage breakdown, Wilderness.net
- ↑ William O. Douglas Wilderness acreage breakdown, Wilderness.net
- ↑ "Dark Divide". Washington Trails Association. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ↑ "Indian Heaven Wilderness - Subsection: Northwest Tribes". Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ↑ Bolsinger, Charles L.; Waddell, Karen L. (1993), Area of old-growth forests in California, Oregon, and Washington (PDF), United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-197
- ↑ USFS Ranger Districts by State
- ↑ "Species Profile-Northern Spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina)". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
- ↑ "Species Profile-Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus)". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
- ↑ "5-Year Review: Summary & Evaluation of Lower Columbia River Chinook, Columbia River Chum, Lower Columbia River Coho, Lower Columbia River Steelhead" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
External links
- Official Gifford Pinchot National Forest website
- Gifford Pinchot Task Force
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Media related to Gifford Pinchot National Forest at Wikimedia Commons