Guntur district

Guntur district గుంటూరు జిల్లా
District of Andhra Pradesh
Location of Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh
Country	India
State	Andhra Pradesh
Administrative division	Guntur district
Headquarters	Guntur City
Tehsils	57[1]
Government
• Lok Sabha constituencies	Guntur, Narasaraopet, Bapatla
• Assembly seats	17
Area
• Total	11,391 km^2 (4,398 sq mi)
Population (2011)
• Total	4,889,230[2]
• Urban	33.89%
Demographics
• Literacy	67.99%
• Sex ratio	1003
Vehicle registration	AP-05
Major highways	NH-5
Coordinates	16°18′N 80°27′E / 16.300°N 80.450°ECoordinates: 16°18′N 80°27′E / 16.300°N 80.450°E
Website	Official website

Guntur district is an administrative district in the Coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The administrative seat of the district is located at Guntur, the largest city of the district in terms of area and population.^[1] It has a coastline of approximately 100 km and is situated on the right bank of Krishna River, that separates it from Krishna district and extends till it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is bounded on the south by Prakasam district and on the west by the state of Telangana.^[3] It has an area of 11,391 km² (4,398 sq mi) and is the 2nd most populous district in the state a population of 4,889,230 as per 2011 census of India.^[4]

The district is a major centre for agriculture, education and learning. It exports large quantities of chillies and tobacco.^[5] Amaravati, the proposed capital of Andhra Pradesh is situated in Guntur district, on the banks of River Krishna.

Etymology

There are several opinions on the meaning and origin of the word Guntur. In Sanskrit, Guntur was called Garthapuri.^[6]

History

Brahmi Script inscribed on a Railing Pillar at Velpuru

The original Sanskrit name (ancient Vedic culture) for Guntur was Garthapuri. The 'Agasthyeswara Sivalayam' in the old city of Guntur is an ancient temple for Siva. {citation needed}

It has inscriptions on two stones in 'Naga Lipi' (ancient script). It is said that Agastya built the temple in the last Treta-Yuga around the Swayambhu Linga and hence the name. The 'Nagas' were said to have ruled the region. The place of Sitanagaram and the Guthikonda Caves can be traced (through Vedic Puranas) back to the last Treta-Yuga and Dwapara-Yuga (Traditional Time scale: 1.7 to 0.5 million years ago).{citation needed}

Guntur District is home to the second oldest evidence of human habitation in India, in the form of Palaeolithic (old stone age) implements. Ancient history can be traced from the time of Sala kings who ruled during the 5th century BCE. The earliest reference to Guntur, a variant of Guntur, comes from the Idern plates of Ammaraja I (922–929 CE), the Vengi Chalukyan King. Guntur also appears in two inscriptions dated 1147 and 1158 CE. {citation needed}

Since the beginning of Buddhist time, Guntur stood in the forefront in matters of culture, education and civilisation. Gautama Buddha preached at Dharanikota/Dhanyakatakam near Guntur and conducted Kalachakra ceremony, which takes its antiquity to 500 BCE.^[7] Taranatha, a Buddhist monk writes: "On the full moon of the month Caitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of "The Glorious Lunar Mansions" (Kalachakra).^[8] Buddhists established universities in ancient times at Dhanyakataka and Amaravathi. Scores of Buddhist stupas were excavated in the villages of Guntur district. Acharya Nagarjuna, an influential Buddhist philosopher taught at Nagarjunakonda and is said to have discovered Mica in 200 BCE. Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) visited Amaravati in 640 C.E., stayed for sometime and studied 'Abhidhammapitakam'. He observed that there were many Viharas and some of them were deserted, which points out that Hinduism was gaining ground at that time. Xuanzang wrote a glorious account of the place, Viharas and monasteries that existed.^[9]

Guntur was successively ruled by famous dynasties such as the Satavahanas, Andhra Ikshvakus, Pallavas, Ananda Gotrikas, Vishnukundina, Kota Vamsa, Chalukyas, Cholas, Kakatiyas, Reddis, Vijayanagara and Qutb Shahis during ancient and medieval times. The famous battle of Palnadu which is enshrined in legend and literature as Palnati Yuddham was fought in Guntur district in 1180 CE.

Guntur became part of the Mughal empire in 1687 CE when the emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Qutb Shahi sultanate of Golconda, of which Guntur was then a part. In 1724 CE, Asaf Jah, viceroy of the empire's southern provinces, declared his independence as the Nizam of Hyderabad. The coastal districts of Hyderabad, known as the Northern Circars, were occupied by the French in 1750. Raja Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu (1783–1816) shifted his capital from Chintapalli in Krishna district to Amaravati across the river Krishna. He ruled with munificence and built many temples in Guntur region. Guntur was brought under the control of the British East India Company in 1788, and became a district of Madras Presidency.

Post Independence

The Guntur region played a significant role in the struggle for independence and the formation of Andhra Pradesh. The northern, Telugu- speaking districts of Madras state, including Guntur, advocated to become a separate state after independence. The new state of Andhra Pradesh was created in 1953 from the eleven northern districts of Madras. In 1970, part of Guntur district was split off to become part of the Prakasam district.^[10]

The district suffers from Naxalite insurgency and is a part of the Red Corridor.^[11]

Geography

Districts of Andhra Pradesh

Guntur district occupies an area of approximately 11,391 square kilometres (4,398 sq mi),^[12] comparatively equivalent to Indonesia's Bangka Island.^[13] The Krishna River forms the northeastern and eastern boundary of the district, separating Guntur District from Krishna District. The district is bounded on the southeast by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Prakasam District, on the west by Mahbubnagar District, and on the northwest by Nalgonda District.

Guntur Coast by NASA

Guntur Coast is located on the south east coast of India (also known as the Coromandel Coast) (quotes from NASA site). River Krishna merges into Bay of Bengal at the coastal area of Guntur district. The braided stream channels, broad floodplain, and extensive sandbars suggest that this part of the Krishna River flows through relatively flat terrain and carries substantial amounts of sediment, especially during the monsoon season. Surya Lanka near Bapatla Bobbara Lanka in Repalle are tourist beaches in Guntur coastline.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Guntur district has a population of 4,889,230,^[14] roughly equal to the Central African Republic^[15] or the US state of Alabama. This gives it a ranking of 22nd in India (out of a total of 640).^[14] The district has a population density of 429 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,110/sq mi) .^[14] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 9.5%.^[14] Guntur has a sex ratio of 1003 females for every 1000 males,^[14] and a literacy rate of 67.99%.^[14]

Guntur district covers an area of 11,391 km² and has a population of 4,889,230, of which 2,441,128 are males and 2,448,102 are females as of 2011.^[16]

Languages

Telugu is the main language spoken in this district.

Household indicators

In 2007–2008 the International Institute for Population Sciences interviewed 1230 households in 36 villages across the district.^[17] They found that 90.8% had access to electricity, 93.2% had drinking water, 52.2% toilet facilities, and 46% lived in a pucca (permanent) home.^[17] 30.3% of girls wed before the legal age of 18 and 74% of interviewees carried a BPL card.^[17]

Administrative divisions

The district is divided into four Revenue divisions, namely, Guntur, Tenali, Narasaraopet and Gurazala. These are sub-divided into 57 Mandals, which are in turn divided as 57 Panchayat Samiti (Block)s, 712 villages and 14 towns. These 14 towns includes, 1 municipal corporation, 12 municipalities and 1 census town. Gurazala revenue division was formed in the year 2013.^[18][19] Guntur city is the only municipal corporation and Vaddeswaram is categorised as a census town.^[20] The 12 municipalities in the district are Mangalagiri, Sattenapalli, Tadepalle, Tenali, Ponnur, Bapatla, Repalle, Narasaraopet, Chilakaluripet, Vinukonda, Macherla, Piduguralla.^[21]

Mandals

Guntur District Mandal Map

The below table categorises 57 mandals into their respective revenue divisions in the district:^[1]

#	Guntur Division	#	Tenali Division	#	Narasaraopet Division	#	Gurazala Division[18]
1	Amaravati	20	Amarthaluru	38	Bollapalle	49	Dachepalle
2	Atchampet	21	Bapatla	39	Chilakaluripet	50	Durgi
3	Bellamkonda	22	Bhattiprolu	40	Edlapadu	51	Gurazala
4	Guntur	23	Chebrolu	41	Ipur	52	Karempudi
5	Krosuru	24	Cherukupalle	42	Nadendla	53	Machavaram
6	Mangalagiri	25	Duggirala	43	Narasaraopet	54	Macherla
7	Medikonduru	26	Kakumanu	44	Nekarikallu	55	Piduguralla
8	Muppalla	27	Karlapalem	45	Nuzendla	56	Rentachintala
9	Pedakakani	28	Kollipara	46	Rompicherla	57	Veldurthy
10	Pedakurapadu	29	Kolluru	47	Savalyapuram
11	Pedanandipadu	30	Nagaram	48	Vinukonda
12	Phirangipuram	31	Nizampatnam
13	Prathipadu	32	Pittalavanipalem
14	Rajupalem	33	Ponnur
15	Sattenapalle	34	Repalle
16	Tadepalle	35	Tenali
17	Tadikonda	36	Tsunduru
18	Thullur	37	Vemuru
19	Vatticherukuru

Culture

Places of historical importance in Guntur District are Amaravathi, Bapatla, Ponnur, Bhattiprolu, Vinukonda, Kotappakonda, Undavalli caves, Gurazala, Macherla, Kondavid fort, Tenali and the archaeological museum in Guntur.

Religious worships

Lord Hanuman temple, Ponnur

Prolaya Vema Reddi built number of Lord Shiva temples during his reign.Number of temples were constructed in Krishna valley during the reign of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu. Tall towers (Gaali Gopuram) of these temples in many villages and towns of Guntur district stand testimony to his devotion and munificence. Some of the famous destinations are Nadivelamma Talli Temple in Rajavolu, and there will be annual festival on Full moon day in the month of Chaitra maas. Amaravathi temple, the abode of Lord Shiva, present in the form of a 15 ft (4.6 m) Shiva Linga. The Auspicious Hill of Mangalagiri town, is dedicated to Lord Narasimha with three temples of Panakala Narasimha Swamy on the hill, Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy at the foot of the temple, Gandala Narasimha Swamy at the top of the hill, are also famous. Other famous temples are Bhavanarayanaswami temple in Bapatla, Sri Laxmi Chennakesava Swamy Temple in Macherla, Kotappakonda,^[22] Pedakakani, Vykuntapuram in Tenali.

Economy

Tobacco Drying at Grandhasiri village in Guntur district

Paddy, tobacco, cotton,pulses and chillies are the main agricultural products cultivated in the district.

Transport

The total of core road network of the district is 1,274.632 km (792.020 mi). It includes, 458.230 km (284.731 mi) of existing and a proposed length of 816.403 km (507.289 mi).^[23]

Education and research

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.^[24][25] As per the school information report for the academic year 2015-16, there are a total of 4,739 schools. They include, 32 government, 2,839 mandal and zilla parishads, 2 residential, 1329 private, 14 model, 24 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 296 municipal and 203 other types of schools.^[26] The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 637,031.^[27] The district being home to the capital city, it is experiencing a growth in private international schools as well.^[28] The Central Board of Secondary Education, Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education are the different types of syllabus followed by different schools. The medium of instruction follwed by different schools are English, Telugu and Urdu.^[29][30]

There are several junior colleges which are under government, residential, social welfare, disabled welfare, private aided and unaided for the purpose of imparting (10+2) education and the students sit for the certificate of Board of Intermediate Education.^[31] AC college is the oldest private aided college of the district, established in 1885.^[31] The higher education colleges have various fields of study like medical, nursing, degree, post graduate, polytechnic, law, teaching, pharmacy, engineering, veterinary etc.^[32] The Acharya Nagarjuna University is a state university which has fourteen autonomous colleges as per Universities Grant Commission.^[33][34] The Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University at Lam is a public agricultural university, equipped with a Regional Agricultural Research Station.^[35][36]

See also

• Timeline of Guntur
• People from Guntur

References

1. "District - Guntur". Andhra Pradesh Online Portal. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
2. "CITY PROFILE" (PDF). Guntur Municipal Corporation official website. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
3. "District Profile". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
4. "Guntur district". AP state portal. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
5. "About Guntur". AP Capital Region Development Authority. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
6. "Guntur History". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
7. Buddha's Preaching of the Kalachakra Tantra at the Stupa of Dhanyakataka, H. Hoffman, in: German Scholars on India, Vol. I, 1973, pp. 136–140, Varanasi
8. Taranatha; The history of the Kālacakra tradition in Sambhala and India
9. "Xuanzang's Journey". odiseos.net. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009.
10. Law, Gwillim (25 September 2011). "Districts of India". Statoids. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
11. "83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme". IntelliBriefs. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
12. Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) (2010). "States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh: Government". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. pp. 1111–1112. ISBN 978-81-230-1617-7.
13. "Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area". United Nations Environment Program. 18 February 1998. Retrieved 11 October 2011. Bangka 11,413
14. "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
15. US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 1 October 2011. Central African Republic 4,950,027
16. Provisional Population Totals. Census of India 2011. Andhra Pradesh. censusindia.gov.in
17. "District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3), 2007–08: India. Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). International Institute for Population Sciences and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
18. "New Gurazala revenue division created". The Hindu. Gurazala (Guntur District). 1 July 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
19. "Ten new revenue divisions created". The Hindu. Hyderabad. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
20. "District Census Handbook - Guntur" (PDF). Census of India. pp. 14–15, 46. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
21. "Urban Local Bodies". Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration - Government of Andhra Pradesh. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
22. http://www.kotappakonda.com Kotappakonda.com
23. ":: APRDC ::". Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation. Roads and Buildings Department. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
24. "School Education Department" (PDF). School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
25. "The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal". www.ap.gov.in. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
26. "School Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
27. "Student Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Child info 2015-16, District School Education - Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
28. "Schools, colleges brace for rush". The Hans India. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
29. "74 GMC schools switch to English medium - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
30. Mallikarjun, Y. (29 February 2016). "Classrooms in State-run schools set to go digital". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
31. "List of colleges in Guntur district" (PDF). Board of Intermediate Education. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
32. "Educational Institutions and Strength at a Glance" (PDF). Official website of Guntur District. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
33. "Autonomous colleges" (PDF). University Grants Commission. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
34. "Autonomous colleges list" (PDF). Universities Grants Commission. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
35. Reporter, Staff (14 June 2016). "Marketing Department moves to capital region". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
36. Jonathan, P. Samuel (29 July 2014). "It is final, Lam to get Agri University". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 September 2016.

External links

• Official site