Hurricane Matthew

This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2016. For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Matthew.
Hurricane Matthew
Category 5 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)

Hurricane Matthew at peak intensity to the north of Colombia on October 1
Formed September 28, 2016
Dissipated October 10, 2016
(Extratropical after October 9)
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 160 mph (260 km/h)
Lowest pressure 934 mbar (hPa); 27.58 inHg
Fatalities 605 – 1,659+ total
Damage ≥ $10.58 billion (2016 USD)
(Preliminary estimate)
Areas affected Lesser Antilles, Leeward Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Cuba, Lucayan Archipelago, Southeastern United States, Eastern Canada
Part of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Matthew was an extremely destructive and long-lived tropical cyclone which became the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Felix in 2007. The thirteenth named storm, fifth hurricane and second major hurricane of the active 2016 Atlantic hurricane season, Matthew wrought widespread destruction and catastrophic loss of life during its journey across the Western Atlantic, including parts of Haiti, Cuba, Dominican Republic and Lucayan Archipelago, the southeastern United States, and the Canadian Maritimes. Over 1,600 estimated deaths have been attributed to the storm, including 546 to 1,600 in Haiti, 1 in Colombia, 4 in the Dominican Republic, 4 in Cuba, 1 in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and 49 in the United States, making it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Stan in 2005, which killed more than 1,600 in Central America and Mexico. With the storm causing damages estimated in excess of $10.5 billion (USD), it was also the costliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Sandy in 2012, as well as the tenth costliest Atlantic hurricane in history.

Originating from a tropical wave that emerged off Africa on September 22, Matthew developed into a tropical storm 35 miles (56 km) southeast of St. Lucia on September 28, after which it experienced explosive intensification as it tracked across the Caribbean Sea. Matthew became a hurricane 190 miles (310 km) northeast of Curaçao on September 29, ultimately achieving Category 5 intensity the following day at just 13.3°N latitude – the lowest latitude ever recorded for a storm of this intensity in the Atlantic Basin.[1] Matthew weakened slightly while making a northward turn toward the Greater Antilles, remaining a strong Category 4 hurricane as it made its first landfall over Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula early on October 4. The cyclone then passed through the Gulf of Gonâve and Windward Passage, retaining its Category 4 status before making a second landfall over Guantánamo Province, Cuba later that evening. Land interaction helped weaken the storm to a Category 3, though Matthew eventually reattained Category 4 intensity as it moved away from Cuba and toward the Bahamas. The eye of the storm passed between Andros Island and New Providence Island, approaching to within 25 miles (40 km) of Nassau on October 6. Matthew made its third landfall over Grand Bahama 15 miles (24 km) west-northwest of Freeport as a Category 4 cyclone later that day. The storm then paralleled the coast of the southeastern United States over the next 36 hours, gradually weakening while remaining just offshore before making its fourth and final landfall over the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge 55 miles (89 km) south-southwest of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina as a Category 1 cyclone on the morning of October 8. Matthew reemerged into the Atlantic shortly afterward, briefly retaining its hurricane status before completing its transition into an extratropical cyclone as it turned away from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on October 9.[2]

Heavy rains and strong winds buffeted the Lesser Antilles as Matthew entered the Caribbean Sea as a strong tropical storm. The winds caused widespread power outages and damaged crops, particularly in St. Lucia, while flooding and landslides caused by the rainfall damaged many homes and roads. The storm's unusually low latitude resulted in widespread flash flooding on the Guajira Peninsula, which saw its first heavy rain event in three years. Extensive preparations took place in Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola as the strong hurricane approached, including the opening of numerous shelters and the evacuation of roughly 1 million people in Cuba. Although Jamaica avoided significant impacts, Haiti experienced major impacts, including US$1.89 billion in damage and up to 1,600 deaths. The combination of flooding and high winds disrupted telecommunications and destroyed extensive swaths of land; around 80% of Jérémie sustained significant damage. Heavy rainfall spread eastward across the Dominican Republic, where four were killed. Effects in Cuba were most severe along the coast, where storm surge caused extensive damage. Four people were killed in Cuba due to a bridge collapse, and total losses in the country amounted to US$2.58 billion, most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province.

Passing through the Bahamas as a major hurricane, Matthew inflicted severe impacts across several islands, particularly Grand Bahama, where an estimated 95% of homes sustained damage in the townships of Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock. Preparations began in earnest across the southeastern United States as Matthew approached, with several states declaring a state of emergency for either entire states or coastal counties; widespread evacuations were ordered for extensive areas of the coast because of predicted high wind speeds and flooding, especially in the Jacksonville Metropolitan Area. In Florida, over 1 million lost power as the storm passed to the east, with 478,000 losing power in Georgia and South Carolina. While damage was primarily confined to the coast in the Florida and Georgia, torrential rains spread inland in the Carolinas and Virginia, causing widespread flooding.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

On September 22, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa and moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean.[3] Two days later, the wave passed south of Cape Verde,[4] and was assessed as having a high probability of tropical cyclogenesis within five days by the National Hurricane Center (NHC).[5] With environmental conditions favoring slow development, thunderstorm activity increased along the wave on September 25,[6] which organized more during the subsequent days while approaching the Lesser Antilles.[7] By September 27, the wave was producing sustained tropical storm-force winds – over 40 mph (65 km/h) – as reported by the Hurricane Hunters, although the system lacked the closed circulation to be classified a tropical cyclone.[8] While the system was passing near Barbados, radar imagery in the Lesser Antilles indicated that the circulation was becoming better organized.[9] Another Hurricane Hunters flight on September 28 confirmed that a closed circulation developed, which was the basis for the NHC initiating advisories on Tropical Storm Matthew at 15:00 UTC that day. The flight also recorded surface winds of 58 mph (93 km/h), along with hurricane-force gusts at the plane's level.[10]

GOES-13 satellite animation of the precursor to Matthew developing as it traversed the North Atlantic Ocean from September 23 to 28

Upon its development as a tropical cyclone, Matthew was still moving westward, steered by a strong ridge to its north, into an area of warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear; as such, strengthening was anticipated by storm forecasting computer models.[10] The center passed between the islands of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent before entering the Caribbean Sea.[11] On September 29, the circulation became exposed from the convection due to an increase in wind shear, although the winds continued to increase.[12] At 18:00 UTC that day, the Hurricane Hunters reported that Matthew attained hurricane status, observing sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).[13] Subsequently, convection redeveloped over the center, and the outer thunderstorms organized into rainbands.[14] Both the Hurricane Hunters and an SSMIS satellite pass revealed an eye feature had developed by early on September 30.[15] Despite northwesterly wind shear, Matthew began to undergo explosive intensification, doubling its wind speed from 80 mph (130 km/h) to 160 mph (260 km/h) over a period of 24 hours. Hence, Matthew intensified from a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale to a Category 5 hurricane in just 24 hours.[16][17] Matthew became a Category 5 hurricane at 13.3 degrees north, surpassing Hurricane Ivan as the southernmost hurricane of this intensity on record in the Atlantic basin.[17][1] Close to Matthew's peak intensity, a rare phenomenon known as lightning sprites were observed above the storm in Puerto Rico.[18]

Early on October 1, the hurricane weakened slightly to a high-end Category 4 with winds of around 155 mph (250 km/h); an eyewall replacement cycle may have begun, as its eye began to wane in size.[19] It further weakened to 140 mph (220 km/h), but strengthening resumed, and by 21:00 UTC it had re-acquired winds of 150 mph (240 km/h).[20] By late on October 1, Matthew had become nearly stationary because of very weak steering currents; however, the storm began to turn northwards and accelerate by October 2. During this time, Matthew had begun to fluctuate in intensity. At 7:00 a.m. EDT (11:00 UTC) October 4, Matthew made landfall near Les Anglais, Haiti with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h),[21] becoming the first Category 4 storm to do so since Hurricane Cleo in 1964.[22] At 8:00 p.m. EDT October 4 (00:00 UTC October 5), Matthew made landfall near Jauco, in Maisí municipality of Cuba with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).[23]

Hurricane Matthew as observed by NASA aboard the International Space Station on October 3, 2016

After making its landfall in Cuba, the hurricane re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean as a Category 3 storm later that night, due to some disruption from the mountains it had been interacting with and the pressure rising to around 963 mbar (28.44 inHg). Matthew then underwent a secondary period of rapid intensification overnight on October 5–6 as its pressure fell 18 mbar (0.56 inHg) to 944 mbar (27.88 inHg).[24] Later that same day, the cyclone began to undergo another eyewall replacement cycle, as shown from radar observations from Miami. Turning north-northwestwards, Matthew continued to approach the Florida coastline and by 5.00 a.m. EDT (09:00 UTC) the next day, the western edge of its outer eyewall was located just less than 11.5 miles (18.5 km) offshore.[25] According to the NHC, Matthew is the strongest hurricane to affect northeast Florida since the 1898 Georgia hurricane. In Jacksonville, FL it caused major sand dune damage, flooding in the St. Johns River, and destroyed many properties and knocked out power for nearly 250k electrical customers.[26]

At around 11:00 a.m. EDT (15:00 UTC) on October 8, Matthew made landfall at Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, near McClellanville, South Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).[27] This made Matthew the first hurricane to make landfall in the United States north of Florida in the month of October since Hurricane Hazel in 1954.[28] As it pulled away from the coast, Matthew began to undergo an extratropical transition, with most of the convection becoming displaced to the north, and the hurricane became post-tropical on October 9 while situated to the east of the Outer Banks. The remnants persisted for another day before dissipating on October 10 as it merged with another low over Atlantic Canada.[29]

"Blob" feature

Enhanced infared image of Hurricane Matthew at peak intensity on October 1, with the blob visible to the east of the system

One of the many interesting features about Matthew was the persistent display of an area of heavy thunderstorms to the east of the main convection, which may have played a role in the rapid intensification of the hurricane. The blob was first noted as Matthew was strengthening into a hurricane early on September 30.[30] Over the next four days up to its landfall in Haiti, the blob feature waned and re-appeared, sometimes almost dissipating completely. After the landfall in Haiti, the blob feature dissipated as Matthew interacted with the mountainous terrain of Cuba and Haiti.

Several explanation theories have been suggested for the blob feature. Some have claimed that it is actually multiple factors, the "stationary band complex" which would produce downshear on the eastern side of the hurricane, which when combined with a surge of the trade winds plus Matthew's proximity to Colombia causes the blob.[30] It is actually yet to be determined by the National Hurricane Center how the blob played a role in Matthew's lifetime.

Preparations

Lesser Antilles and South America

On September 27, prior to Matthew becoming a tropical cyclone, LIAT began cancelling flights across the Windward Islands in anticipation of squally weather.[31] Schools and businesses were closed for the duration of Matthew's passage on September 27 and 28 on Grenada,[32] St. Vincent and St. Lucia; schools in Dominica suspended classes until October 3.[33][34] Hewanorra International Airport and George F. L. Charles Airport on St. Lucia were closed on September 28.[34] Six shelters were opened across the island; 133 sought refuge in them.[35] Upon the formation of Matthew as a tropical cyclone on September 28, governments across the Windward Islands issued tropical storm warnings in anticipation of gale-force winds.[36]

The storm's unusual south track prompted the issuance of tropical storm watches on September 28 for Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and the northern coast of Colombia from the Colombia–Venezuela border to Riohacha.[37][38] North Atlantic hurricanes affecting South America are uncommon. The watch in Colombia was later upgraded to a warning on September 30 as Matthew continued on a west-southwest track near the country.[39] Residents across the ABC Islands were advised to board their homes and stock up on supplies, leading to long lines at supermarkets and gas stations.[40] Curaçao's government postponed the 2016 general election until October 5.[41] Government offices in Aruba closed for September 30.[40] A local sporting event, the Kingdom Tournament, was canceled in Aruba.[41] Schools across the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia suspended activities for September 30.[42] Officials opened shelters and closed beaches across the peninsula.[43]

Jamaica

A map of forecast rainfall totals from Hurricane Matthew for the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Peak accumulations in excess of 30 in (76 cm) were expected along the southern coast of Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula.

With Matthew posing a significant threat to Jamaica, emergency officials ordered all fishermen on the nation's cays and banks to evacuate to the mainland on September 29. The following day, Prime Minister Andrew Holness held an emergency meeting regarding the hurricane and placed the government on high alert.[44] A hurricane watch was issued for the country on September 30,[45] and later upgraded to a warning on October 1.[46] Officials in Trelawny Parish placed 60 shelters on stand-by on October 2.[47] Supermarkets were overwhelmed with residents stocking up on supplies, and many reported empty shelves and low supplies of bread, kerosene, and candles. Many people boarded up their homes and protected their property with sand bags. One hundred female prisoners were relocated from a facility in St. Catherine Parish to another in Kingston. Toll fees along Highway 2000 were to be waived during the hours before Matthew's arrival. Service at both Norman Manley International Airport and Sangster International Airport was scheduled to be suspended during the evening of October 2 or by the morning of October 3.[48] The Jamaica Urban Transit Company scheduled to suspend services beginning at 6:00 p.m. local time.[49] The Jamaica Public Service informed residents that the power grid may be shut off during the storm if conditions become too severe.[50] Members of the Jamaica Defence Force were deployed nationwide in advance of the hurricane in order to more swiftly deal with its aftermath.[51]

Schools and government offices suspended operations starting on October 3.[52][53] A total of 900 shelters opened across Jamaica and the Urban Transit Company provided buses to evacuate people from Kingston to the National Arena. Local Minister Desmond McKenzie warned that the infrastructure of Kingston would be unable to handle the magnitude of rainfall expected.[52] Prime Minister Andrew Holness warned residents that Matthew could be more severe than Hurricane Gilbert which devastated the nation in 1988.[54]

Haiti

The animation shows Hurricane Matthew from September 28 to October 2, and 3-dimensional radar data from GPM's DPR instrument.

Though forecast to pass over Jamaica at the time, the large extent of tropical storm-force winds prompted the issuance of a tropical storm watch for Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula toward the border with the Dominican Republic.[45] Following an eastward shift in Matthew's predicted track, a hurricane watch was issued for much of Haiti on October 1, encompassing areas from Môle-Saint-Nicolas south to the Dominican Republic border;[55] this was upgraded to a warning just hours later.[46] The warning eventually encompassed the entire country by the afternoon of October 2.[56] Residents on outlying islands of Haiti were evacuated to the mainland.[57] Life-threatening rainfall was forecast to affect much of the nation,[58] with accumulations averaging 15 to 25 in (38 to 64 cm) along the southern coast with isolated peaks up to 40 in (100 cm).[59] Although government officials held meetings on storm preparation, Radio France Internationale reported that Haiti does not have the logistical capability to handle a large-scale disaster. Only 576 shelters, with a collective capacity of 90,000 people, were listed for all of southern Haiti.[60] According to the International Organization for Migration, 55,107 internally displaced persons remained in camps or hosting sites without adequate protection from the hurricane.[61]

Provisional President of Haiti Jocelerme Privert addressed the nation on October 2, urging those living along the coast and in poorly constructed homes to evacuate and comply with authorities.[62] Despite pleas from officials, many residents refused to leave their homes.[63] Schools were closed for October 3–4, though government offices remained open.[62] A total of 1,300 shelters were readied with a total capacity of 390,000 people. More than 18,000 volunteers and members of the Red Cross, community intervention teams, municipal committees, and local emergency services were readied to assist residents.[64] At least 500 people were evacuated from Jérémie.[65] Although civil protection officials took to the streets to warn people, many residents were unaware that Matthew was even approaching the country a day before its expected landfall.[66] Evacuations continued through the hurricane's landfall with the total number of people in shelters reaching 9,280 by 2:00 a.m. local time on October 4.[67]

Dominican Republic

On the morning of October 2, a tropical storm warning was raised for the southern coast of the Dominican Republic from Barahona west to the Haitian border, and a tropical storm watch was issued for the northern coast from Puerto Plata west to the Haitian border.[68] At least 8,500 people were evacuated in southwestern areas of the country by the morning of October 3.[65]

Cuba and the Bahamas

Animation of Hurricane Matthew passing the Bahamas on October 6

The Meteorological Service of Cuba raised hurricane watches for all of southeastern Cuba on October 1, encompassing the provinces of Camagüey, Las Tunas, Granma, Holguín, Santiago de Cuba, and Guantánamo.[46] This was subsequently upgraded to a warning on October 2 for all provinces except Camagüey.[56] Non-essential personnel in the United States' Guantanamo Bay Naval Base began evacuations that day.[57] Evacuations of more than 1 million people across Cuba started that morning, including 252,000 in Santiago de Cuba, and 230,000 from Las Tunas with priority placed on those along the coast.[69][70] Across Santiago de Cuba, which suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Sandy in 2012, 218 shelters were opened and officials placed extra attention on Socapa, Caracoles, and Cayo Granma.[69] Emergency personnel, primarily doctors, were dispatched to high-risk areas and supplies were stockpiled.[70]

The Government of the Bahamas began issuing hurricane watches on October 2 for southeastern islands as well as the Turks and Caicos.[56] Flights across southern islands were cancelled and schools suspended operations beginning the following day.[71]

United States

National Hurricane Center Director Richard Knabb (pictured) regularly filmed briefings on the forecast and expected impacts of Hurricane Matthew in the United States.

On October 3, the governors of Florida and North Carolina declared a state of emergency.[72][73] The next day, South Carolina governor Nikki Haley recommended an evacuation for those residents living within one hundred miles of the coast.[74] Interstate 26 in South Carolina eastbound between the coast and Columbia was reversed on Wednesday to facilitate movement away from the Lowcountry and Charleston areas.[75] Evacuations of Cape Lookout National Seashore in North Carolina began this day as well.[76] By October 4, North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory had ordered that evacuation be mandatory. A state of emergency was also declared for 13 counties in eastern Georgia.[77]

On October 5, Port Canaveral was closed by the U.S. Coast Guard, the first closure since 2004. Eight cruise ships and four cargo ships were scheduled to visit the port between October 5–9.[78] On Cape Canaveral, home to both civilian and military spaceflight facilities, no rockets or spacecraft were in vulnerable positions; at the time of Matthew's approach, the next launch was scheduled for November 4.[79] The Kennedy Space Center began preparations of the facilities on October 5. Older buildings at the KSC were designed to withstand winds of 105–125 mph (170–200 km/h); buildings constructed after 1992, when Category 5 Hurricane Andrew struck the Miami area, are built to withstand 130 mph (210 km/h) winds.[80] At Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the U.S. Air Force's 45th Space Wing began disconnecting electric power to non-essential facilities on October 4.[79]

The NHC's five-day forecast track for Mathew at 5:00 p.m. EDT (21:00 UTC) on October 6, depicting the potential clockwise loop off the Southeastern United States

For only the fourth time in its 45-year history, the Walt Disney World resort closed. Its theme parks, water parks, and Disney Springs were closed at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on October 6 and did not open on October 7.[81] This was the first time since 2004 that the parks have closed, all instances due to hurricanes. Other Orlando-area theme parks, including Universal Orlando, resort and SeaWorld Orlando, also closed.[82]

The Southeastern Conference football matchup between LSU and Florida, scheduled for October 8 in Gainesville, was cancelled. The hurricane washed out NASCAR racing at Charlotte Motor Speedway on October 7 and 8, with the Drive for the Cure 300 race in the Xfinity Series originally scheduled for October 7 and the Bank of America 500 race in the Sprint Cup Series originally scheduled for October 8 both postponed until October 9.[83][84]

On October 6, U.S. President Barack Obama declared a federal state of emergency for Florida,[85] later extending to include Georgia and South Carolina.[86]

On October 6, Florida's governor Rick Scott urged over 1.5 million people to evacuate,[87] with Hurricane Matthew expected to make landfall by the evening of that day.[88] Several news anchors also issued dire warnings urging Floridians to evacuate.[89][90]

Also on October 6, Georgia's governor Nathan Deal ordered a mandatory evacuation for all areas of the state east of Interstate 95, and the Georgia Department of Public Safety reversed the eastbound lanes on a portion of Interstate 16 effective until the following day.[91][92]

Drudge Report controversy

On October 6, the conservative news aggregator Drudge Report—run by Matt Drudge—headlined a five-word comment on Matthew: "Storm Fizzle? Matthew Looks Ragged!" which linked to a Miami Herald article.[93][94] Drudge later used Twitter to claim that the National Hurricane Center was lying to the public about the intensity of the storm, stating that measurements from Nassau, Bahamas, did not match the 165 mph (266 km/h) gusts listed in public advisories. The tweets implied that the hurricane was not as dangerous as it seemed and that politicians were trying to "blame mankind,"[95] referring to a blog posting about Hillary Clinton.[95][96] This came on the heels of radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh's claims of the conspiracy to "sell" climate change.[97] The claims of conspiracy were posted as Matthew posed a dire threat to Florida's east coast and when residents across the state were being urged to evacuate immediately.[98] Drudge's commentary was quickly met with sharp condemnation and criticism from meteorologists and public officials. Democratic Representative Keith Ellison called the comments "irresponsible" and urged people to "not listen to this man."[95] Jason Samenow of The Washington Post described it as an "incredible and offensive accusation", and stated that it "may have introduced enough doubt to lead [residents] into a decision they will regret."[93]

Impact

Deaths and damage by country
Region/Country Deaths Est. damage
cost (2016 USD)
The Bahamas 0 $600 million +
Canada 0 $7.6 million +
Colombia 1[43] N/A
Cuba 4 (indirect)[99] $2.58 billion +
Dominican Republic 4[100] N/A
Haiti 546 – 1,600+[101][102][103] $1.89 billion
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1[33] N/A
United States 49[104][105][106] $5.5–7.5 billion
Totals 605 – 1,659+ $10.58 – 12.58 billion +

Lesser Antilles

On St. Vincent heavy rains caused landslides and flooding across the island. One person was killed in the town of Bayou when a boulder broke loose and crushed him.[33] In nearby Buccament Bay, a river overtopped its banks, prompting at least 25 people to evacuate to emergency shelters. The Hermitage River rose by at least 3.6 ft (1.1 m) in one hour, and as a precautionary measure, the Central Water and Sewage Authority shut off all water service. Flooding also took place in Vermont, South Rivers, sections of Kingstown, Campden Park, Arnos Vale, and Langley Park. Debris deposited by flooded rivers rendered many roads impassable.[34]

Strong winds in excess of 60 mph (97 km/h) downed many trees and power lines on St. Lucia, leaving roughly 70 percent of the island without power. Landslides and flooding, the result of more than 10 in (250 mm) of rain accompanying the storm, damaged many homes and roads.[33] Rainfall at Hewanorra International Airport amounted to 13.19 in (335 mm).[107] The nation's banana crop suffered significant damage; 85 percent of farms reported losses. Two homes were destroyed, one in Bisee, and one in Gros Islet; several others were damaged. Roads in Castries, Gros-Islet, Dennery, and Soufriere became impassible from debris or landslides.[35] Some damage was also reported on Dominica, temporarily leaving many people without water and electricity.[33] Heavy rainfall in Grenada disrupted the water supply in multiple communities.[108]

In Martinique strong winds, which gusted up to 89 mph (143 km/h) in Saint-Pierre,[107] wreaked havoc on the power grid; roughly 55,000 people lost electricity. Numerous trees downed by the winds blocked roadways while heavy rains led to flooding. The main road from Fort-de-France to southern towns was rendered impassable during the storm. Approximately 4,000 people lost their water supply. Three people sustained minor injuries.[109]

South America

The effects of Matthew across the ABC Islands were relatively limited. Some street flooding occurred on Aruba and Curaçao.[40] The Guajira Peninsula of Colombia saw its first heavy rain event in three years, leading to widespread flash flooding. One person drowned in a swollen river in Uribia;[43] 1.29 in (32.8 mm) of rain fell in 30 minutes in the town.[110] Rainfall in Cartagena reached 8.7 in (222 mm) during a 24-hour span and Santa Marta saw 5.5 in (140 mm).[111] Along coastal areas of the peninsula, large swells damaged buildings, prompting the evacuation of 380 people in Manaure.[42][43] Roughly 70 percent of Tucurinca flooded when the Magdalena River overtopped its banks; a nearby bridge collapsed, isolating some communities.[112] Approximately 73,000 people were affected by the floods.[111] The dangerous conditions produced by Matthew prevented thousands of people from voting in a peace agreement referendum.[113]

Haiti

Hurricane Matthew approaching Jamaica, Haiti and Cuba on October 3

Large swells reached the outlying Haitian island of Île-à-Vache on October 2, prompting the evacuation of 89 people.[114] Despite boating bans, many fishermen continued work in rough conditions. Consequently, two fishermen went missing on the morning of October 3: one near Saint-Jean-du-Sud and the other near Aquin; one was later found dead.[66] Antecedent rainfall associated with the outer bands of Matthew triggered flooding in several towns in southern Haiti and the Dominican Republic.[65] A person was killed when a tree fell on his home in Port Salut, while a 26-year-old man drowned while trying to rescue a child from a rushing river.[115]

Striking the Tiburon Peninsula as a Category 4 hurricane on the morning of October 4, Matthew was the strongest storm to directly impact Haiti since Hurricane Cleo in 1964. An anemometer at Antoine-Simon Airport in Les Cayes, east of where Matthew made landfall, measured a gust of 107 mph (172 km/h) before the station went offline. Gusts in the nation's capital city of Port-au-Prince reached 60 mph (97 km/h).[116] Communications with areas in the direct path of Matthew were lost, and tens of thousands of people became isolated as roads and bridges were destroyed. A major bridge connecting parts of the Grand'Anse Department to the rest of the country collapsed during a flash flood. 80% of Jérémie,[117] along the north shore of the Tiburon Peninsula, suffered tremendous damage; homes were flattened and medical facilities suffered major damage. A radio host in Port-au-Prince stated that Jérémie was "pretty much wiped out from the seaboard all the way to the cathedral".[118]

Assessments of the death toll vary; however, as of the evening of October 9, at least 1,000 people are believed to have died in the country. With totals from regional authorities placing the number at 1,600.[101][119][120][121][122][123] According to the nation's Civil Protection Directorate, the death toll was 546 as of October 14, with 128 people missing and 439 injured.[102][103][124] The government also estimates damages at close to $1.89 billion.[125] Approximately 2.1 million people were affected by the storm, of whom 1.4 million (12 percent of Haiti's population) were left in need of assistance. Furthermore, roughly 175,000 people were left homeless.[103]

Dominican Republic

An automated weather station in Cabo Rojo, Dominican Republic, measured 8.43 in (214 mm) of rain by the afternoon of October 3.[126] Four people died in the Dominican Republic after a house collapsed on top of them.[100]

Cuba

Costliest Cuban hurricanes
Hurricane Season Damage
Ike 2008 $7.3 billion [127]
Matthew 2016 $2.58 billion [128]
Gustav 2008 $2.1 billion [127]
Michelle 2001 $2 billion [129]
Sandy 2012 $2 billion [130]
Dennis 2005 $1.5 billion [131]
Ivan 2004 $1.2 billion [132]
Charley 2004 $923 million [132]
View of cliff erosion a day after Hurricane Matthew hit Naval Station Guantanamo Bay

Coastal flooding began in Granma Province, Cuba, on October 2, affecting three towns along the Sierra Maestras.[69] Hurricane Matthew struck the easternmost province of Cuba during the evening of October 4 as a Category 4, causing tremendous damage. The coastal city of Baracoa suffered widespread damage from violent winds, and storm surge, the latter of which gutted countless buildings.[133] Despite the severity of damage, no fatalities were reported in the city. A communication tower in Majayara collapsed during the storm and a bridge spanning the Toa river was destroyed; several communities left isolated as a result.[134] Damages in Cuba amounted to $2.58 billion USD; most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province.[128]

Nearly two months later, on November 22, a municipal bridge in the city of Moa that was damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapsed, killing four employees of Canadian mining company Sherritt International. The employees were undertaking repairs to restore access between Moa and a mining site.[99]

Bahamas

Experiencing a direct hit from the eyewall of Matthew, Grand Bahama suffered extensive damage. An estimated 95 percent of homes in Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock sustained severe damage. Numerous trees and power lines were toppled by the storm's high winds, rendering roads impassable. Flooding-induced by the backside of the storm affected much of the western half of the island.[135] Total losses from Matthew in the Bahamas are estimated to be around $600 million USD.[136][137]

United States

Deaths and damage by U.S. state
State Total
deaths		 Damage
(2016 USD)
Florida 12 N/A
Georgia 3 N/A
North Carolina 28 $1.5 billion
South Carolina 4 N/A
Virginia 2 N/A
Totals: 49 $5.5–7.5 billion

In total, the storm killed 49 people in the US, including 28 in North Carolina, 12 in Florida, 3 in Georgia, 4 in South Carolina, and 2 in Virginia.[104][105][138][106] Early estimates indicate total economic losses of at least US $4–6 billion in the southeastern United States, prior to the widespread flooding in North Carolina.[139]

Florida and Georgia

As Matthew tracked parallel to the Florida coast, it left over one million people without power across the state of Florida.[140] In Indialantic, Florida, firefighters exposed themselves to the storm's winds to put out a fire which reportedly destroyed a greenhouse.[141] In Florida, one woman died due to a heart attack; she had called for aid, but medical services were not able to arrive due to Matthew's high winds. Another two women were killed by falling trees.[142][143] In the Flagler Beach area, a portion of Florida State Road A1A was washed away.[144] At Kennedy Space Center, winds reached 80 mph (130 km/h) at ground level while a gust of 136 mph (219 km/h) was observed atop a 500 ft (150 m) tower. The facility suffered several million dollars-worth of damage, though overall impacts were less than anticipated. Hurricane Matthew transitioned from a major category 4 hurricane to a category 2 very rapidly off the coast of Jacksonville. The roof of Operations Support Building II broke and rainwater damaged the interior. Air conditioning was lost throughout Launch Complex 39 as well.[145] The planned launch NASA's next generation satellite, GOES-R, was expected to be delayed due to suspension of operations during Matthew.[146]

Over 250,000 customers were left without power in Georgia after Hurricane Matthew affected the area. Roads were also blocked in the Brunswick, Georgia area, where all access points to St. Simons Island were rendered impassable.[147]

North and South Carolina

An additional 600,000 or more customers were left without power in South Carolina, where significant flooding was reported to have occurred in Charleston after a seawall was breached.[148] Hilton Head Island experienced widespread power outages, and two main roads onto the island were blocked by fallen pine trees and numerous others were submerged.[147][149] Hilton Head waterfront residents also experienced major property damage, the most in the state, with fallen trees on roofs and foundation damage. The Waccamaw River crested in Conway at 17.9 ft (5.5 m), breaking a record set by the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. The Little Pee Dee River reached a record crest of 17.1 ft (5.2 m) at Galivant's Ferry, also breaking a 1928 record.[150]

Three vehicle-related fatalities occurred in North Carolina in connection with rain produced by the storm.[151] 25 more deaths were later confirmed in the state.[152] 680,000 in North Carolina were without power at one point.[153] Sections of Interstate 95 in South Carolina and in North Carolina had to be shut down as a result of hurricane flooding.[154] The North Carolina section reopened October 17.[155] After 10 in (25 cm) of rain fell in the Lumberton area on September 28 causing flooding, Matthew dumped another 10 in (25 cm) to 14 in (36 cm),[156] and as a result the Lumber River reached a record 24 ft (7.3 m) in the south end of Lumberton, breaking the record of 20.5 ft (6.2 m) feet.[157] Robeson County schools did not reopen until October 31.[152] In Smithfield, the Neuse River crested at 29.09 ft (8.87 m), 2 ft (0.61 m) higher than after Hurricane Fran.[158] In Kinston, the Neuse crested at 28.31 ft (8.63 m), a foot higher than the record set by Hurricane Floyd.[159] In Greenville, the Tar River crested at 24.5 ft (7.5 m).[160] Preliminary estimates indicate that roughly 100,000 structures were flooded across the state and damage reached US$1.5 billion.[161]

Virginia and the Northeast

When the hurricane hit Virginia, Matthew caused two deaths and street flooding in the eastern part of the state.[162][106] The Northeast received heavy rain and minor flooding throughout the days of October 9 and 10.[163]

Canada

Satellite image loop from October 6, when Matthew was a hurricane, to October 11 where it had joined a mid-latitude storm sweeping across eastern Canada.

Matthew's post-tropical remains were absorbed into a frontal zone off the coast of North Carolina. The humidity of the tropical system was drawn into the storm that was formed then. The latter gave heavy rain and strong winds in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland from October 10 to 11.

In Nova Scotia, rain amounts were recorded from east to west as 8.85 in (224.8 mm) in Sydney (Cape Breton Island), 5.09 in (129.2 mm) in Port Hawkesbury, 4.50 in (114.4 mm) in Chéticamp, 4.05 in (102.8 mm) in Halifax, 3.263 in (82.88 mm) in Kentville, and 1.94 in (49.2 mm) in Yarmouth.[165] Heavy rains and strong winds caused flooding and dangerous conditions, particularly in the counties of Pictou, Antigonish, Guysborough and Cape Breton. Several roads were closed to heavy trucks, including Halifax Harbour bridges and the Confederation Bridge between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.[165] More than 144,000 Nova Scotia Power customers were without electricity at the height of the storm. Energy New Brunswick announced it would send reinforcement linemen to Nova Scotia.

Newfoundland was even more affected with accumulations generally ranging from 3.9 to 5.9 in (100 to 150 mm) in the central, southern and western areas. Steady rain fell sometimes at a rate of 0.39 to 0.79 in (10 to 20 mm) per hour, and even 1.7 in (42 mm) per hour in Burgeo. A private station in that community recorded a total of 9.23 in (234.4 mm), while the official station of the Gander International Airport signaled 6.45 in (163.8 mm).[166][167]

The rain caused numerous landslides and swollen rivers cut roads. The state of emergency was declared in Lewisporte, St. Alban's and Little Burnt Bay.[168] The town of St. Alban's, a community of about 1,200, was cut off from the surrounding communities when the main bridge in town was carried by the waters and a nearby community (Conne River) provided a boat to transport people to St. Alban's and out of the community.[168] The highway to Burgeo, on the south coast of Newfoundland, was also flooded and had to be closed.[166]

The winds of over 56 mph (90 km/h) also caused many fallen trees and electric power outages. The official maximum winds were recorded in Port aux Basques at 80 mph (128 km/h) and informally in Green Island, Fortune Bay, at 81 mph (130 km/h).[166] Damage to roads across Newfoundland was assessed in excess of CA$10 million (US$7.6 million).[169]

Aftermath and response

Lesser Antilles

In Martinique, Électricité de France requested additional crews from Guadeloupe and French Guiana to help restore power. Members of the military and Forces françaises aux Antilles were deployed to assist in clearing debris from roadways.[109] The St. Lucia Red Cross distributed non-food items to 270 people affected by the storm.[170]

Haiti

A CH-53E Sea Stallion helicopter assigned to the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit, lands on the flight deck of the amphibious transport dock ship USS Mesa Verde. It is underway in preparation to support humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts in Haiti in response to Hurricane Matthew

On October 4, the United States prepared the aircraft carrier USS George Washington, the hospital ship USNS Comfort—which previously aided thousands in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake—and the transport dock USS Mesa Verde for relief operations in Haiti. United States Southern Command also deployed 100 troops with 9 helicopters to the Cayman Islands to prepare for relief work.[171] Initial estimates indicated at least 350,000 people were in need of assistance.[118]

The bridge between the south and Port-au-Prince was destroyed. As a result, aid agencies reported they were having difficulty getting around to the most damaged and storm-affected parts of Haiti.[172]

The commander of U.S. forces in the Caribbean reported that 6 helicopters had been deployed to Haiti for the aftermath, and were expected to arrive on October 6. These are expected to help with search-and-rescue missions as well as providing medical assistance. In addition to his, a one-star navy admiral will also travel to lead the task force involved in the operations. More than 300 military personnel will most likely travel to Haiti, with 300 Marines on board on the ships sent out for aid from the U.S.[173]

A number of aid agencies deployed to Haiti to help with the aftermath:[174]

Cuba

The World Food Programme coordinated with the Government of Cuba to provide food to approximately 180,000 people in need across eastern provinces. The operation would span six months and cost US$4 million.[177]

United States

North Carolina National Guard assisting with high-water rescues in Fayetteville, North Carolina

On Friday, October 7, Hurricane Matthew brushed the east coast of Florida. Six people were killed as a result. By Friday night, Matthew was downgraded to a Category 2 storm but left over a million people without power. President Obama again urged anyone still in the area to leave, after two women were killed trying to go through the storm. He said, "do not be a holdout here because we can always replace property, but we can't replace lives."[178]

On early October 8, Matthew hit the coast of Georgia and South Carolina, bringing heavy rain and extremely strong winds. The hurricane left 478,000 across Georgia and South Carolina without power. However, a number of people in Tybee decided not to leave, so emergency teams were sent out to look for them until it was safe to do so. Georgia's Governor retracted them later, emphasizing that their lives could not be endangered for those who chose not to leave. 1,000 members of the National Guard were deployed for help later.[179]

In North Carolina, nearly 900 people had been rescued by boat crews by the morning of October 9.[180]

As Hurricane Matthew traveled rapidly towards the southeastern region of the United States, it hit closely to the coasts of Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina. On October 7th in Fernandina Beach, Florida, there was a peak surge of 9.88 feet above normal. Additionally, in the St. Augustine area, water was reported to be 2.5 feet above ground. On October 8th, the hurricane made landfall in McClellanville, South Carolina, being specified as a Category 1 hurricane with 75 mile an hour winds. [181]

See also

References

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