Ingushetia

For other uses, see Ingushetia (disambiguation).
Republic of Ingushetia
Республика Ингушетия (Russian)
Гӏалгӏай Мохк (Ingush)
—  Republic  —

Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: State Anthem of the Republic of Ingushetia[1]
Coordinates: 43°12′N 44°58′E / 43.200°N 44.967°E / 43.200; 44.967Coordinates: 43°12′N 44°58′E / 43.200°N 44.967°E / 43.200; 44.967
Political status
Country Russia
Federal district North Caucasian[2]
Economic region North Caucasus[3]
Established June 4, 1992[4][5]
Capital Magas
Government (as of October 2014)
 • Head[6] Yunus-Bek Yevkurov[7]
 • Legislature People's Assembly (Parliament)[6]
Statistics
Area See text
 • Total 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi)
Area rank 81st
Population (2010 Census)[8]
 • Total 412,529
 • Rank 75th
 • Density[9] 137.51/km2 (356.1/sq mi)
 • Urban 38.3%
 • Rural 61.7%
Population (January 2014 est.)
 • Total 453,000[10]
Time zone(s) MSK (UTC+03:00)[11]
ISO 3166-2 RU-IN
License plates 06
Official languages Russian;[12] Ingush[13]
Official website

The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: Респу́блика Ингуше́тия, tr. Respublika Ingushetiya; IPA: [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ɪnɡʊˈʂetʲɪjə]; Ingush: Гӏалгӏай Мохк, Ğalğaj Moxk), also referred to as simply Ingushetia, is a federal subject of Russia (a republic), located in the North Caucasus region.

Its capital is the town of Magas. With its 3,000 square km, in terms of area, the republic is the smallest of Russia's federal subjects except for the federal cities. It was established on June 4, 1992 after the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was split in two.[4][5] The republic is home to the indigenous Ingush, a people of Vainakh ancestry. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 412,529.[8]

Ingushetia is one of Russia's poorest and most restive regions. The military conflict in neighboring Chechnya has occasionally spilled into Ingushetia, and the republic has been destabilized by corruption, a number of high-profile crimes (including kidnapping and murder of civilians by government security forces[14]), anti-government protests, attacks on soldiers and officers, Russian military excesses and a deteriorating human rights situation.[15][16]

Etymology

The name Ingushetia is derived from the ancient village Angusht which was renamed into Tarskoye and transferred to North Ossetia in 1944 after the genocide on 23 February 1944, a.k.a. operation "Lentil".

The Ingush, a nationality group indigenous to the Caucasus, mostly inhabit Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghai (from Ingush: Ghala ("fortress" or "town") and ghai ("inhabitants" or "citizens"). The Ingush speak the Ingush language, which has a very high degree of mutual intelligibility with neighboring Chechen. Ingush were/are traditionally a classless society based on a clan system and unwritten law (approximately 350 clans live in Ingushetia today). Every member within a clan and clans themselves are viewed as equal. Unlike the neighboring nations in the Caucasus (including Chechens), Ingush never had social superiors or inferiors. The Ingush/Ingushetia were also known by the following names: Gelia (American cartographer J. H. Colton[17]), Tschetschna (German geographers Joseph Grassl and Joseph Meyer[18]), Ghalghai/Gelgai (Self), Nakh (self, meaning "people"), Vainakh (self, meaning "our people"), Kist (Georgian), Gergar (Self), Dzurdzuk (Georgian), Ghlighvi (Georgian), Angushtini (Russian), Mack-aloni (Ossetian), Orstkhoi (self), Nart-Orstkhoi (self), Galash (self), Tsori (self), Dzheirakhoi (self), Khamhoi (self), Metshal (self), Fyappi (self), and Nyasareth (self). The self namings represent different Vainakh tribes which make up the Ingush population today.[19] The history of the Ingush is closely related to Chechens. Roman, Georgian, and later Russian missionaries Christianised the Ingush. The remains of several churches, notably the Tkhabya-Yerd and the Albe-Yerd can be found in Ingushetia. Ingush peacefully converted to Islam at the end of the 19th century which is almost three centuries after the beginning of Islamization in Chechnya and Dagestan.

Origin of Ingushetia's population

According to Leonti Mroveli, the 11th-century Georgian chronicler, the word Caucasian is derived from the Vainakh ancestor Kavkas.[20] According to Professor George Anchabadze of Ilia State University "The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the Caucasus. It is noteworthy, that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli, the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was "Kavkas", hence the name Kavkasians, one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources, signifying the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush. As appears from the above, the Vainakhs, at least by name, are presented as the most "Caucasian" people of all the Caucasians (Caucasus – Kavkas – Kavkasians) in the Georgian historical tradition."[21][22] The Soviet-Russian anthropologists and scientists N.Ya. Marr, V.V. Bounak, R.M. Munchaev, I.M Dyakonov, E.I. Krupnov and G.A. Melikashvilli wrote: "Among Ingush the Caucasian type is preserved better than among any other North Caucasian nation", Professor of anthropology V.V.Bounak "Groznenski Rabochi" 5, VII, 1935. Professor G.F.Debets recognized that Ingush Caucasian anthropologic type is the most Caucasian among Caucasians.[23] In an article in Science Magazine Bernice Wuethrich states that American linguist Dr. Johanna Nichols "has used language to connect modern people of the Caucasus region to the ancient farmers of the Fertile Crescent" and that her research suggests that "farmers of the region were proto-Nakh-Daghestanians". Nichols is quoted as stating that "The Nakh–Dagestanian languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilization"[24]

Genetics of Ingushetia's population

The Ingush have 89% of J2 Y-DNA which is the highest known frequency in the world and J2 is closely associated with the Fertile Crescent.[25] The mitochondrial DNA of the Ingush differs from other Caucasian populations and the rest of the world. "The Caucasus populations exhibit, on average, less variability than other [World] populations for the eight Alu insertion poly-morphisms analysed here. The average heterozygosity is less than that for any other region of the world, with the exception of Sahul. Within the Caucasus, Ingushians have much lower levels of variability than any of the other populations. The Ingushians also showed unusual patterns of mtDNA variation when compared with other Caucasus populations (Nasidze and Stoneking, submitted), which indicates that some feature of the Ingushian population history, or of this particular sample of Ingushians, must be responsible for their different patterns of genetic variation at both mtDNA and the Alu insertion loci."[26][27]

History

Prehistory

1855 Atlas Map of Turkey and the North Caucasus. Map of the American cartographer J.H.Colton. Top right corner, Ingushetia is labeled as Gelia, with Ingush cities: Nasra (Nazran), and Wladikaukas (Vladikavkaz) with Daryal Pass running on the West side of Gelia.
Pattern of migration of Nakh peoples (Ingush, Chechens) from the birthplace in the Fertile Crescent to the slopes of the Caucasus (red arrow) 10,000 BC after they overused the land and created deserts. Bernice Wuethrich, Johanna Nichols (19 May 2000). "Peering Into the Past, With Words". Science 288 (5469): 1158
Pottery: an ancient Ingush vessel with three handles. The side handles used to tie the knots, and the vessel itself is well balanced for an operator to pour water down with one hand. Dzheirakhovski district of Ingushetia.
Koorkhars (600 BC – 1800s AD) is a traditional Ingush female head cover (hair is put into the "horns") which comes either single "horn" for usage as cushion with helmet, or double "horns" during peacetime which are covered in jewelry.
Ingush pre-Islamic beliefs. Temple Tkhabya-Yerd (temple of 2000) was initially a cuboid cyclopean masonry structure, which was rebuilt during the spread of Christianity in Ingushetia. The rebuilt wall was done with smaller stones shown at the entrance side.
Ingush male warrior helmet
Typical Ingush medieval castle. Majority of towers and walls were destroyed by Russian army in 19th and 20th centuries
10,000–8000 BC
Migration of Nakh people to the slopes of the Caucasus from the Fertile Crescent. Invention of agriculture, irrigation, and the domestication of animals.[28][29]
6000–4000 BC
Neolithic era. Pottery is known to the region. Old settlements near Ali-Yurt and Magas, discovered in the modern times, revealed tools made out of stone: stone axes, polished stones, stone knives, stones with holes drilled in them, clay dishes etc. Settlements made out of clay bricks discovered in the plains. In the mountains there were discovered settlements made out of stone surrounded by walls some of them dated back 8000 BC.[30]
4000–3000 BC
Invention of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron) dishes, armor, daggers, knives, arrow tips. The artifacts were found near Nasare-Cort, Muzhichi, Ja-E-Bortz (also known as Surkha-khi), Abbey-Gove (also known as Nazran or Nasare)[30]
400 BC – 800 AD
appearance of kingdom of Albania (name known solely from Romans) on the east and center of the North Caucasus.
900 AD – 1200 AD
the kingdom in the center of the Caucasus splits into Alania and Noble Alania (known from Russian as Царственные Аланы). German scientist Peter Simon Pallas believed that Ingush people (Kist) were the direct descendants from Alania.[31]
1239 AD
Destruction of the Alania capital of Maghas (both names known solely from Muslim Arabs) and Alan confederacy of the Northern Caucasian highlanders, nations, and tribes by Batu Khan (a Mongol leader and a grandson of Genghis Khan) "Magas was destroyed in the beginning of 1239 by the hordes of Batu Khan. Historically Magas was located at approximately the same place on which the new capital of Ingushetia is now built" – D.V.Zayats[32]
1300 AD – 1400 AD
War between the Alans, Tamerlan, Tokhtamysh, and the Battle of the Terek River. The Alan tribes build fortresses, castles, and defense walls locking the mountains from the invaders. Part of the lowland tribes occupied by Mongols. The insurgency against Mongols begins. In 1991 the Jordanian historian Abdul-Ghani Khassan presented the photocopy from old Arabic scripts claiming that Alania was in Chechnya and Ingushetia, and the document from Alanian historian Azdin Vazzar (1395–1460) who claimed to be from Nokhcho tribe of Alania.[33][34]
1500 AD
Russian conquest of the Caucasus. 1558 Temryuk of Kabarda sends his emissaries to Moscow requesting help against Ingush tribes from Ivan the Terrible. Ivan the terrible marries Temryuk's daughter Maria Temryukovna the Circassian (Kabardin) tsaritsa. Alliance formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders.
1700s
After several attempts to gain the access of strategic Darial Gorge Russian forces lose the battle near village Angusht. Hence the tribe which lived in the village and the nation as a whole is nicknamed Ingush.

Caucasian wars

Russian historians claim that the Ingush volunteered to become a part of Russia. This conclusion is based mostly on the document signed on 13 June 1810 by General-Major Delpotso and representatives of 2 Ingush clans. Other clans resisted the Russian conquest. On June 29, 1832 Russian barron Rozen reported in letter No.42 to count Chernishev that "on the 23rd of this month I exterminated eight Ghalghai (Ingush) villages. On the 24th I exterminated nine more villages near Targim." By November 12, 1836 (letter no.560, he was claiming that highlanders of Dzheirkah, Kist, and Ghalghai had been temporarily conquered.[35] The Russian conquest was extremely difficult and the Russian forces began to rely on the method of colonization: extermination of local population and populating area with Cossack and Ossetian loyalists. Colonization of Ingush land by Russians and Ossetians started in the middle of the 19th century. Russian General Evdokimov and Ossetian colonel Kundukhov in 'Opis no. 436' "gladly reported" that "the result of colonization of Ingush land was successful":

After the losses the remaining Ingush clans resorted mostly to underground resistance.[37] The Russians built the fortress Vladikavkaz ("ruler of the Caucasus") on the place of Ingush village of Zaur.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] Russian General Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov wrote in a letter to the Tsar of Russia, "It would be a grave mistake for Russia to alienate such a militaristic nation as the Ingush." He suggested the separation of the Ingush and Chechens in order for Russia to win the war in the Caucasus. In another letter from General Ermolov to Lanski (dated 12 January 1827) on the impossibility of forceful Christianization of the Ingush, Yermolov wrote: "This nation, the most courageous and militaristic among all the highlanders, cannot be allowed to be alienated..." The last organized rebellion (the so-called "Nazran insurrection") in Ingushetia occurred in 1858 when 5,000 Ingush started a fight but lost to superior Russian forces. The rebellion signalled the end of the First Russo-Caucasian War. In the same year, the Russian Tsar offered help in the deportation of Ingush and Chechens to Turkey and the Middle East by claiming that "Muslims need to live under Muslim rulers". It seems that he wanted to liberate the land for Ossetians and Cossaks.[37] Some Ingush willingly went into exile to deserted territory in the Middle East where many of them died. The remainder were assimilated. It was estimated that 80% of the Ingush left Ingushetia for the Middle East in 1865.[47][48]

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Soviets promised the Ingush that the villages and towns annexed during the colonization would be returned to the Ingush. Ingushetia becomes a major battleground between the old archenemies: general Denikin and Ingush resistance fighters. In his memoirs general Denikin writes: "Ingush people are the least numerous, most welded, and strongly martial organization. They were, in essence, the supreme arbiter of the North Caucasus. The moral of the appearance was defined long ago in Russian text-books of geography, "the chief occupation – animal husbandry and robbery ..." The last one of the two reached special art in the society. Political aspirations came from the same trend. The Ingush are mercenaries of the Soviet regime, they support it but don’t let the spread of it in their province. At the same time they tried to strike up relations with Turkey and sought the assistance from the Turks from Elisavetpol, and Germany – from Tiflis. In August, when the Cossacks and Ossetians captured Vladikavkaz, the Ingush intervened and saved the Soviet Board of Commissioners of Terek, but cruelly plundered the city and captured the state bank and mint. They robbed all the neighbors: the Cossacks and Ossetians in the name of "correcting historical errors".[49]

Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus

On December 21, 1917 Ingushetia, Chechnya, and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state called the "United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus" (also known as Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus), which was recognized by Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungary and Turkey), Georgia, and Azerbaijan (which declared their independence from Russia in 1918) as an independent state.[50] For example Anna Zelkina writes that in May 1918 The first county to recognize independence was Turkey:[51]

The First Congress of the North Caucasus formed a Provisional Government of the North Caucasian Free State (SeveroKavkazskoye Svobodnoye Gosudarstvo) and in May 1918 declared the establishment of the North Caucasian Republic. The only country to recognize it was Turkey.

Later Germany and others followed the recognition. According to P. Kosok:[52]

Azerbaidzhan and Armenia (May 28, 1918). All three states then concluded independent treaties with Turkey, which similarly acknowledged the independence of the Northern Caucasus and concluded a treaty of friendship with it on June 8, 1918. An exchange of diplomatic notes then took place between the head of the German Extraordinary Delegation, General von Lossov, and the North Caucasian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bammat, resulting in the de facto recognition by Germany of the independence of the Northern Caucasus.

The capital of the new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura (Dagestan)[53][54][55] The first prime minister of the state was elected Tapa Chermoyev a Chechen prominent statesman, second prime minister was elected an Ingush statesman Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev who also was the author of the Constitution of the land in 1917, in 1920 he was reelected for the third term. In 1921 Russians attack and occupy the country and forcefully join in to the Soviet state. Caucasian war for independence continues and the government went into exile.[56]

Soviet period

The Soviets confiscated the remaining Ingush properties by collectivization and dekulakization[57] and unified Chechnya and Ingushetia into Chechen-Ingush ASSR. During World War II Ingush youth were drafted into the Russian army. In August 1942, for three weeks, Nazi German forces captured half of the North Caucasus and are stopped only at two Ingush towns: Ordzhonikidze (modern day Vladikavkaz) and Malgobek. The battle between Ingush and Germans intensifies at Malgobek and the small town being captured and recaptured four times for another month until Germans finally retreat. Stalin's plans were expansion of the USSR on the south through Turkey. Muslim Chechens and Ingush could become a threat for the expansion.[58] In February 1944 near the end of World War II Russian Army and NKVD units flood Chechen-Ingush ASSR, the maneuvers were disguised as military exercises of the southern district.

Genocide of 1944

During the World War II, in 1942 German forces entered the North Caucasus. For three weeks Germans captured over half of the North Caucasus. They were only stopped at two Chechen-Ingush cities: Malgobek and Ordzhonikidze (a.k.a. "Vladikavkaz") by heroic resistance of natives of Chechen-Ingush ASSR. Russian propaganda portrayed Chechens and Ingush as "traitors". On 23 February 1944 Ingush and Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis operation code name Lentil starts and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations were deported to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Siberia on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin while majority of their men were fighting on the front. The initial phase of the deportation was carried out on United States-supplied Studebaker trucks specifically modified with three submachine gun nest compartments above the deported to prevent escapes. American historian Norman Naimark writes:

Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over the Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. …Those who could not be moved were shot. …[A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland.[59]

The deportees were gathered on the railroad stations and during the second phase transferred to the cattle railroad carts. Up to 30% of the population perished during the journey or in the first year of the exile.[60][61][62] The Prague Watchdog claims that "in the early years of their exile about half of the Chechens and Ingush died from hunger, cold and disease".[63] The deportation was classified by the European Parliament in 2004 as genocide.[64] After the deportation Ingush resistance against Russia rises again. Those who escaped the deportation, shepherds who were high in the mountains during the deportation combine forces and form rebel groups which constantly attack Russian forces in Ingushetia. Major rebel groups were led by Akhmed Khuchbarov, Tsitskiev brothers, and Ingush woman-sniper Laisat Baisarova. Last one of the male Ingush rebels was killed in 1977 by the KGB officers, the female sniper Laisat Baisarova was never captured or killed.[65] American professor Johanna Nichols, who is specializing in Chechen and Ingush, provided the theory behind the deportation:

In 1944 the nationalities themselves were abolished and their lands resettled when the Chechen and Ingush, together with the Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatars, and other nationalities were deported en masse to Kazakhstan and Siberia, losing at least one-quarter and perhaps half of their population in transit. (The reason, never clarified, seems to have been Stalin's wish to clear all Muslims from the main invasion routes in a contemplated attack on Turkey.)[66]

Post-genocide Soviet period

After 13 years of exile Ingush were allowed to return to Checheno-Ingushetia (but not to Ordzhonikidze a.k.a. "Vladikavkaz" or the Prigorodny District). Most of Ingushetia's territory had been settled by Ossetians and part of the region had been transferred to North Ossetia. The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from the Ossetians. The Ingush were forced to buy their homes back from the Ossetians and Russians. These hardships and injustices led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny on 16 January 1973, which was crushed by the Soviet troops[67] In 1989, the Ingush were officially rehabilitated along with other peoples that had been subjected to repressions.[68]

Part of Russian Federation, post-Soviet period

In 1991, when the Chechens declared independence from the Soviet Union to form the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, the Ingush chose to secede from the Chechen-Ingush Republic. Thus, in 1992 the Ingush joined the newly created Russian Federation to try to resolve the conflict with Ossetia peacefully, also in the hope that the Russians would return their land as a token of their loyalty.

Ethnic cleansing of 1992

However, ethnic tensions in North Ossetia which were orchestrated by Ossetian ultra nationalists (per Helsinki human Right watch), led to the outbreak of the Ossetian–Ingush conflict in late October, when another ethnic cleansing of the Ingush population started. Thousands of Ingush civilians were taken hostage by combined Russian and Ossetian forces. Including over 500 Ingush hostages held in Beslan high-school. According to media reports, the Beslan high school gymnasium was one of several buildings in which the Ossetian militants had held hundreds of Ingush hostages, many of them women and children. The hostages were all kept in the same gymnasium, and deprived of food and water; at least one newborn, and several dozen male hostages were executed.[69][70][71][72] Over 60,000 Ingush civilians being forced from their homes in the Prigorodny District of North Ossetia.[37] As a result of the conflict, pro-Russian general Ruslan Aushev the Soviet hero of war in Afghanistan was appointed by the Russian government as the first president of Ingushetia to avoid the spread of the conflict. Partial stability returned under his rule.

First and Second Russo-Chechen Wars

In 1994, when the first Russo-Chechen war started, the number of refugees in Ingushetia from both conflicts doubled. According to the UN, for every citizen of Ingushetia, one refugee arrived from Ossetia or Chechnya. This influx was very problematic for the economy, which collapsed after Aushev's success. The second Russo-Chechen war which started in 1999 brought more refugees (at some point there was one refugee for every Ingush citizen: 240,000 from Chechnya plus 60,000 from North Ossetia at the peak in 2000) and misery to Ingushetia. In 2001, Aushev was forced to leave his presidency and was succeeded by Murat Zyazikov, a former KGB general. The situation worsened under his rule. Many young Ingush men were abducted by Russian and Ossetian death squads.[73][74][75][76] according to Human rights watchdogs Memorial[77] and Mashr.[78] The Ingush mountains are closed for Ingush nationals.[79] The number of rebel attacks in Ingushetia rose, especially after the number of Russian security forces were tripled. For example, according to a Russian news agency a murder of an ethnic-Russian school teacher in Ingushetia was committed by two ethnic-Russian and ethnic-Ossetian soldiers; Issa Merzhoev the Ingush Police detective who solved the crime was shot at and killed by "unknown" assailants shortly after he had identified the murderer.[80] At least four people were injured when a vehicle exploded on 24 March 2008. An upsurge in violence in these months targeted local police officers and security forces. In January 2008, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation launched a "counter-terrorism" operation in Ingushetia after receiving information that insurgents had been preparing a series of attacks.[81] In the beginning of August 2008 the war between Georgia and South Ossetia broke out, in which the Russian Federation subsequently became involved.[82] After the outbreak of the war, there were virtually no more attacks or abductions of Ingush civilians by "unknown" forces. Most of the Russian forces were transferred to North and South Ossetias[83] 31 August 2008 Magomed Yevloyev, the head of Ingush opposition and the owner the website ingushetiya.ru, was killed by Russian security forces[84] Shortly before the unrecognised opposition group People's Parliament of Ingushetia Mekhk-Kkhel called for the recognition of the Russian semi-autonomous republic's independence, opposition activist Magomed Khazbiyev proclaimed, "We must ask Europe or America to separate us from Russia."[85][86]

On October 18, 2008, a Russian military convoy came under grenade attack and machine gun fire near Nazran. Official Russian reports of the ambush, which has been blamed on local Muslim separatists, said two soldiers were killed and at least seven injured. Reports from Ingush opposition sources suggested as many as forty to fifty Russian soldiers were killed.[87][88]

On October 30, 2008 Zyazikov was dismissed from his office (he himself claimed he resigned voluntarily). On the next day, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov was nominated by Dmitry Medvedev and approved as President by the People's Assembly of Ingushetia (later the title President was rennamed to Head). This move was endorsed by major Russian political parties and by Ingush opposition.[89][90] Under the current rule of Yevkurov, Ingushetia seems much calmer, showing some semblance of Russian government. Attacks on policemen have fallen by 40% and abductions by 80%.[91]

Military history

According to professor Johanna Nichols, in all the recorded history and reconstructable prehistory the Ingush people have never undertaken battle except in defense.[37] In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC Pharnavaz, his son Saurmag the Iberian kings, and the relatives of Ingush people per Leonti Mroveli, received military assistance from Ingush people in defence of Iberia against the Kartli occupation.[92]

During World War I, 500 cavalrymen from an Ingush regiment of the Wild Division attacked the German Iron Division. The Russian Emperor Nicholas II, assessing the performance of the Ingush and Chechen regiments during the Brusilov breakthrough on the Russian-German front in 1915 wrote in a telegram to the Governor-General of the Tersky region Fleisher:

The Ingush regiment pounced upon the German "Iron Division" like an avalanche. It was immediately supported by the Chechen regiment. The Russian history, including the history of our Preobrazhensky regiment, does not know a single instance of a horse cavalry attacking an enemy force armed with heavy artillery: 4.5 thousand killed, 3.5 thousand taken prisoner, 2.5 thousand wounded. Less than in an hour and a half the "Iron Division" ceased to exist, the division that had aroused fear in the best armies of our allies. On behalf of me, the royal court and the whole of the Russian army send our best regards to fathers, mothers, sisters, wives and brides of those brave sons of the Caucasus whose heroism paved the way for the destruction of German hordes. Russia bows low to the heroes and will never forget them. I extend my fraternal greetings, Nicholas II, August 25, 1915.[93]

In 1941, when Germans attacked the USSR, the whole Russian front was retreating 40 km a day. Out of 6,500 defenders of Brest Fortress 6,000 Soviet troops capitulated. 500 troops were fresh conscripts of Ingush and Chechen origin. Defenders held the fortress for over a month against the Germans and even managed to stage several attacks from the Fortress. The last defender's name has been unknown for a long time; his documents identified him as a man called Barkhanoyev. Decades later, official records revealed it was Umatgirei Barkhanoyev from the Ingush village of Yandare. Recently, the memoirs of Stankus Antanas, a Lithuanian national and former Waffen SS officer, were published in Ingushetia. He recalls that in July 1941, his regiment was ordered to "finish off" the remaining Soviet soldiers in the fortress. When the Nazis decided that no defenders had been left alive, an SS general lined up his soldiers on the parade ground to award them with decorations for capturing the fortress. Then, a Red Army officer came out from the fortress's underground bunker:

He was blind because of his wounds and walked with his left arm extended forward. His right hand rested on a gun holster. He walked along the parade grounds wearing a ragged uniform, but his head was held high. The entire division was shocked at the sight. Approaching a shell-hole, he turned his face toward the west. The German general suddenly saluted this last defender of the Brest Fortress, and the rest of the officers followed suit. The Red Army officer drew a handgun and shot himself in the head. He fell on the ground facing Germany. A deep-drawn sigh aired over the parade grounds. We all stood 'frozen' in awe of this brave man.[94]

In 1994–96 Ingush volunteers fought alongside Chechens in the First Chechen War. Aside from a few incidents (including the killings of Ingush civilians by Russian soldiers), Ingushetia was largely kept out of the war by a determined policy of non-violence pursued by President Ruslan Aushev.[37]

This changed after the beginning of the Second Chechen War, and especially since Murat Zyazikov became the second Russian appointed president of Ingushetia in 2002. The first major rebel attack of the conflict, in which a military convoy was destroyed occurred in May 2000 and caused the deaths of 19 soldiers. In the June 2004 Nazran raid, Chechen and Ingush rebels attacked government buildings and military bases across Ingushetia, resulting in the deaths of at least 90 Ingush people and unknown number of Russian troops. Among them the Republic's acting interior minister Abukar Kostoyev, his deputy Zyaudin Kotiyev. In response to a sharp escalation in attacks by insurgents since the summer of 2007,[95] Moscow sent in an additional 25,000 MVD and FSB troops, tripling the number of special forces in Ingushetia.

Civil disorder

Famous Ingush rebels. Top left: Ingush female-sniper Laisat Baisarova. Lower left: Sulom-beck Sagopshinski. Right: Akhmed Khuchbarov.

Administrative divisions

Demographics

The Republic of Ingushetia (in green)

Population: 412,529 (2010 Census);[8] 467,294 (2002 Census).[121]

The Ingush, a nationality group indigenous to the Caucasus, mostly inhabit Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghai (from Ingush: Ghala ("fortress" or "town") and ghai ("inhabitants" or "citizens"). The Ingush speak the Ingush language, which has a very high degree of mutual intelligibility with neighboring Chechen.

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
Average population (x 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate
1995 273 6,889 1,867 5,022 25.3 6.8 18.4
1996 287 5,980 1,958 4,022 20.9 6.8 14.0
1997 294 6,055 1,957 4,098 20.6 6.7 14.0
1998 299 5,929 2,064 3,865 19.8 6.9 12.9
1999 321 6,624 1,953 4,671 20.6 6.1 14.6
2000 393 8,463 2,117 6,346 21.5 5.4 16.2
2001 450 8,753 1,875 6,878 19.4 4.2 15.3
2002 461 7,578 1,874 5,704 16.4 4.1 12.4
2003 463 7,059 1,785 5,274 15.3 3.9 11.4
2004 454 6,794 1,751 5,043 15.0 3.9 11.1
2005 446 6,777 1,821 4,956 15.2 4.1 11.1
2006 437 7,391 1,830 5,561 16.9 4.2 12.7
2007 430 8,284 1,625 6,659 19.3 3.8 15.5
2008 423 9,215 1,561 7,654 21.8 3.7 18.1
2009 418 9,572 1,877 7,695 22.9 4.5 18.4 2.51
2010 410 11,178 1,857 9,321 27.1 4.5 22.6 2.99
2011 423 11,408 1,705 9,703 27.0 4.0 23.0 2.94
2012 436 9,350 1,595 7,755 21.4 3.7 17.7 2.27
2013 447 9,498 1,568 7,930 21.2 3.5 17.7 2.23
2014 458 9,858 1,586 8,272 21.5 3.5 18.0 2.28
2015 469 8,674 1,557 7,117 18.6 3.3 15.3 1.97

Note: Total fertility rate 2009, 2010, 2011 source:[122]

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Russian Census (2010),[8] ethnic Ingush make up 94.1% of the republic's population. Other groups include Chechens (4.6%), Russians (0.8%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group		 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census1
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Ingushes 47,280 61.6% 79,462 58.0% 44,634 40.6% 99,060 66.0% 113,889 74.2% 138,626 74.5% 361,057 77.3% 385,537 94.1%
Chechens 2,553 3.3% 7,746 5.7% 5,643 5.1% 8,724 5.8% 9,182 6.0% 19,195 10.3% 95,403 20.4% 18,765 4.6%
Russians 24,185 31.5% 43,389 31.7% 51,549 46.9% 37,258 24.8% 26,965 17.6% 24,641 13.2% 5,559 1.2% 3,321 0.8%
Ukrainians 1,501 2.0% 1,921 1.4% 1,763 1.6% 1,068 0.7% 687 0.4% 753 0.4% 189 0.0% 2,009 0.5%
Others 1,215 1.6% 4,549 3.3% 6,438 5.9% 3,978 2.7% 2,852 1.9% 2,781 1.5% 5,086 1.1%
1 2,897people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[123]

Religion

Religion in Ingushetia (2010)[124]
Islam
  
 96%
Christianity
  
 2%
Atheism
  
 1%
Not stated
  
 1%

The Ingush are predominantly Shafi'i Madhhab of Sunni Islam[125] with some Sufi minority which are often associated with one of two traditional Sufi orders: the Sufi tariqa Naqshbandi, represented in Ingushetia by the brotherhood of Deni Arsanov, and the tariqa Qadiriyyah, associated with Kunta-Haji Kishiev.[126][127]

Geography

Topographic map of the Caucasus. Ingushetia is located on the center right of the map

Ingushetia is situated on the northern slopes of the Caucasus. Its area is reported by various sources as either 2,000 square kilometers (770 sq mi)[128] or 3,600 square kilometers (1,400 sq mi);[129] the difference in reporting is mainly due to the inclusion or exclusion of parts of Sunzhensky Districts. The republic borders the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania (SW/W/NW/N), the Chechen Republic (NE/E/SE), and the country of Georgia (southwards). The highest point is the Gora Shan[130] (4451 m).

A 150-kilometer (93 mi) stretch of the Caucasus Mountains runs through the territory of the republic.

Rivers

Major rivers include:

Natural resources

Ingushetia is rich in marble, timber, dolomite, plaster, limestone, gravel, granite, clay, thermal medical water, rare metals, mineral water, oil (over 60 billion tons), and natural gas reserves.

Climate

Ingushetia's climate is mostly continental.

Politics

The head of government and the highest executive post in Ingushetia is the Head.

Recent heads:

Recent Chairmen of the Government:

The parliament of the Republic is the People's Assembly comprising 34 deputees elected for a four-year term. The People's Assembly is headed by the Chairman. As of 2006, the Chairman of the People's Assembly is Makhmud Sultanovich Sakalov.

The Constitution of Ingushetia was adopted on February 27, 1994.

Ingushetia is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

The capital was moved from Nazran to Magas in December 2002.

The most recent election was held in 2013.

Economy

There are some natural resources in Ingushetia: mineral water in Achaluki, oil and natural gas in Malgobek, forests in Dzheirakh, metals in Galashki. The local government is considering the development of tourism; however, this is problematic due to the uneasy situation in the republic itself and the proximity of some conflict zones. However, Ingushetia continues to remain as one of Russia's poorest republics, largely due to the ongoing conflict, corruption and civil disorders. Unemployment is estimated to be around 53%, and growing poverty is a major issue.

Education

Ingush State University, the first institute of higher education in the history of Ingushetia, was founded in 1994 in Ordzhonikidzevskaya.[132]

Notable people

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Constitutional Law #57-RZ
  2. ↑ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  3. ↑ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. 1 2 Law of June 4, 1992
  5. 1 2 Official website of the Republic of Ingushetia. Social-Economic Characteristics (Russian)
  6. 1 2 Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia, Article 64
  7. ↑ Official website of the Republic of Ingushetia. Head of the Republic of Ingushetia (Russian)
  8. 1 2 3 4 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  9. ↑ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
  10. ↑ Republic of Ingushetia Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность населения республики (Russian)
  11. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  12. ↑ Official on the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  13. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia, Article 14
  14. ↑ "Ingushetia's cycle of violence". BBC. October 3, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
  15. ↑ Urgent Need for Vigorous Monitoring in the North Caucasus. Human Rights Watch/Reuters, April 15, 2008.
  16. ↑ People & Power – Ingushetia: A second Chechnya – October 28, 2009, Al Jazeera English on YouTube
  17. ↑ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Colton%2C_G.W._Turkey_In_Asia_And_The_Caucasian_Provinces_Of_Russia._1856_%28A%29.jpg
  18. ↑ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg
  19. ↑ Khasan Sampiev. "The Land of Towers".
  20. ↑ The work of Leonti Mroveli: "The history of the Georgian Kings"dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD, is included in medieval code of Georgian annals "Kartlis Tskhovreba".
  21. ↑ "Caucasian Knot | An Essay On the History of the Vainakh People. On the origin of the Vainakhs". Eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Microsoft Word - 4C04B861-0826-0853BD.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  23. ↑ "G.F.Debets".
  24. ↑ "Peering Into the Past, With Words".;Bernice Wuethrich, "Science" 2000: Vol. 288 no. 5469 p. 1158
  25. ↑ Oleg Balanovsky, Khadizhat Dibirova, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak, Svetlana Frolova, Elvira Pocheshkhova, Marc Haber, Daniel Platt, Theodore Schurr, Wolfgang Haak, Marina Kuznetsova, Magomed Radzhabov, Olga Balaganskaya, Alexey Romanov, Tatiana Zakharova, David F. Soria Hernanz, Pierre Zalloua, Sergey Koshel, Merritt Ruhlen, Colin Renfrew, R. Spencer Wells, Chris Tyler-Smith, Elena Balanovska, and The Genographic Consortium Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011 : msr126v1-msr126
  26. ↑ Ivane Nasidze; et al. (2001). "Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (4): 267–272. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615. PMID 11313770.
  27. ↑ "Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus" (PDF).
  28. ↑ Bernice Wuethrich (19 May 2000). "Peering Into the Past, With Words". Science. 288 (5469): 1158. doi:10.1126/science.288.5469.1158.
  29. ↑ "Вайнахи самый древний народ в России". YouTube. 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  30. 1 2 N.D. Kodzoev. History of Ingush nation.
  31. ↑ "п≤п╫пЁя┐я┬п╣я┌п╦я▐.Ru • п░п╡я┌п╬я─я│п╨п╦п╣ п°п╟я┌п╣я─п╦п╟п╩я▀". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2008-02-17. Retrieved 2014-02-28. C1 control character in |title= at position 23 (help)
  32. ↑ D.V.Zayats (2001). "Maghas – "The Sun City" – New Capital of Ingushetia". Archived from the original on May 2, 2013.
  33. ↑ "Аланский историк из чеченцев". Chechenews.com. 2010-08-29. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  34. ↑ Категория: Мировая история. "Аланский историк". 95live.ru. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  35. ↑ Албогачиева М. "Многоликая Ингушетия". Groznycity.ru. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  36. ↑ "Немного о истории Владикавказа - часть 2 - 6 Января 2011 - История геноцида Ингушского|Чеченского народа". Vainax.ru. 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 Johanna Nichols (February 1997). "The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information". University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
  38. ↑ P.G.Butkov. Materials of the new history of the Caucasus years 1722–1803 St. Petersburg 1869 (page 165).
  39. ↑ E.Bronevski. New geographical and historical perspectives of the Caucasus. Moscow, 1823 (vol.2 page 159).
  40. ↑ U. Klaprot. Travel in the Caucasus and Georgia 1807–1808. Berlin 1812 (page 651).
  41. ↑ N.Grabovski. Ingush nation (their life and traditions) Tiflis 1876 (page 2).
  42. ↑ K.Raisov. New illustrated guide in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Odessa 1897 (page 295).
  43. ↑ G.G. Moskvitch. Illustrated practical guide in the Caucasus. Odessa 1903 (pages 161–162).
  44. ↑ N.M. Suetin. Geodesy of the Vladikavkaz. Vladikavkaz 1928 (page 12).
  45. ↑ V.P. Khristianovich. Mountainous Ingushetia Rostov-on-Don 1928 (page 65).
  46. ↑ E.I.Krupnov. Middle age Ingushetia Moscow, 1971 (page 166).
  47. ↑ "Caucasus and central Asia newsletter. Issue 4" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008.
  48. ↑ "Chechnya: Chaos of Human Geography in the North Caucasus, 484 BC – 1957 AD". www.semp.us. November 2007.
  49. ↑ Ocherki Russkoi Smuti.
  50. ↑ MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP INTERNATIONAL, THE NORTH CAUCASUS:Minorities at a Crossroads
  51. ↑ Anna Zelkina, Religion, State and Society, Vol. 21, No. I, 1993
  52. ↑ "Revolution and Sovietization in the North Caucasus" “Caucasian Review”, 1955, No. 1, pp.47-54. No. 3, pp.45-53
  53. ↑ http://1900.ethnia.org/polity.php?ASK_CODE=KC__&ASK_YY=1919&ASK_MM=05&ASK_DD=07&SL=en
  54. ↑ Ben Cahoon. "Russian Civil War Polities". Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  55. ↑ "Общественное движение ЧЕЧЕНСКИЙ КОМИТЕТ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СПАСЕНИЯ". Savechechnya.com. 2008-06-24. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  56. ↑ "Вассан-Гирей Джабагиев". Vainah.info. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  57. ↑ "Spetspereselentsi: history of mass repressions and deportations of Ingushes in 20th century". Ingushetiya news agency. March 2005.
  58. ↑ "The Ingush People". Linguistics.berkeley.edu. 1992-11-28. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
  59. ↑ Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 96-97.
  60. ↑ "Explore Chechnya's Turbulent Past ~ 1944: Deportation | Wide Angle". Pbs.org. 2002-07-25. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  61. ↑ Arbatov, Alekseĭ; Antonia Handler Chayes (1997). Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union. MIT Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-262-51093-6. The conditions were so horrendous that around 25 percent of the [Ingush] deportees perished on the journey
  62. ↑ Dunlop, John B. (1998). Russia Confronts Chechnya. Cambridge University Press. p. 70. ISBN 0-521-63619-1. A total of 144,704 (23.7 percent) of all deported Chechens, Ingush, Balkars (1944) and Karachai (1943) died in the period from 1944 through 1948
  63. ↑ "Prague Watchdog - Crisis in Chechnya - The deportation of 1944 – how it really was". Watchdog.cz. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
  64. ↑ "The 60th Anniversary of the 1944 Chechen and Ingush Deportation: History, Legacies, Current Crisis".
  65. ↑ "Chechen Journal Dosh".
  66. ↑ "The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information".
  67. ↑ Ingushetia.ru news agency (January 2008). "35 years later. Ingush protest of 1973". www.ingushetiya.ru. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  68. ↑ О реабилитации репрессированных народов Archived June 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  69. ↑ "Bashir Izmailov Witness Testimony". Archived from the original on December 15, 2005. Retrieved 2005-12-15.
  70. ↑ "Ruslan Belkharoyev Witness Testimony". Old.ingushetiyaru.org. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  71. ↑ Terror lingers in Russia's Caucasus region, Chicago Tribune, 12 October 2004
  72. ↑ "ИНГУШЕТИЯ.РУ • Новости". Old.ingushetiyaru.org. 2005-10-26. Retrieved 2014-02-28. C1 control character in |title= at position 14 (help)
  73. ↑ N.Evloev (January 2008). "A message of Nazir Evloev Press Secretary of Ingushetia MVD (Police)". www.ingushetiya.ru. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
  74. ↑ В Москве осетины похищают ингушей! (in Russian).
  75. ↑ "Ingush FSB Officer Shot Dead".
  76. ↑ За похищениями ингушей в Москве стоят высокопоставленные чиновники Северной Осетии (in Russian).
  77. ↑ "Abduction Failed: Fifteen North Ossetia Law Enforcers Detained in Ingushetia". Memo.ru. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  78. ↑ "АНО "МАШР" – Главная". Mashr.org. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  79. ↑ M.Malsagov (September 2007). "Annexation of Ingush Mountains". www.ingushetiya.ru. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
  80. ↑ B.Polonkoev (August 2007). "The Murderers are not Insurgents". www.gazeta.ru. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
  81. ↑ CNN (March 2008). "The Russian republic rocked by car bomb". Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  82. ↑ "BBC NEWS - Europe - Q&: Conflict in Georgia". bbc.co.uk.
  83. ↑ R.Khautiev (August 2008). "Silence in Ingushetia". www.ingushetiya.ru. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  84. ↑ BBC (August 31, 2008). "Kremlin critic shot in Ingushetia". BBC. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
  85. ↑ Blomfield, Adrian (2008-09-01). "Russia faces new Caucasus uprising in Ingushetia". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  86. ↑ "Tension in Ingushetia after journalist's death". Ft.com. 2008-09-03. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  87. ↑ "Russians ambushed in Ingushetia". BBC News. October 18, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  88. ↑ "Two Russian soldiers killed in attack in Ingushetia". Monsters and Critics. 2008-10-18. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  89. ↑ Отправлен в отставку президент Ингушетии Мурат Зязиков, 31.10.2008 (Russian)
  90. ↑ Echo of Moscow, Указом президента России Дмитрия Медведева новым главой Ингушетии стал Юнус-Бек Евкуров, 31.10.2008 (Russian)
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  92. ↑ Khasan Sampiev. "The Land of Towers". Archived from the original on 2008-02-17.
  93. ↑ http://www.chechnyafree.ru/index.php?lng=eng&section=historyeng&row=11
  94. ↑ Russian News and Information Agency RIA Novosti. "Russian News and Information Agency RIA Novosti: DEFENSE OF THE MOTHERLAND IS EVERY MUSLIM'S DUTY".
  95. ↑ TIMELINE OF VIOLENCE IN INGUSHETIA: SUMMER-FALL 2007 Archived October 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  96. ↑ "Ingushetia accuses Russian military desecrating monuments". Russian newsru.com. 2001-07-15.
  97. ↑ "FSB building in Magas bombed". English pravda.ru. 2003-09-15. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  98. ↑ Gheddo, Piero. "Magomed Yevloyev, critic of the Kremlin, killed by police". Asianews.it. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  99. ↑ "77 Names Added to Slain Journalists Memorial in Washington D.C". Fox News. March 30, 2009.
  100. ↑ "Senior judge killed in Ingushetia". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  101. ↑ "Another Killing in Region Bordering Chechnya". nytimes.com.
  102. ↑ Ingushetia president survives assassination attempt. – The Guardian, 22 June 2009
  103. ↑ "Ingush minister shot dead at work". BBC. 2009-08-12. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  104. ↑ "Secretary Clinton Honors Two Champions of Human Rights Day » US Mission Geneva". Geneva.usmission.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  105. ↑ "Ingushetia hit by suicide attack". BBC News. April 5, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  106. ↑ "Syria crisis: Border town shows conflict's patchwork forces". BBC News.
  107. ↑ "В Сирии воюют ингуши, и возглавляют одни из самых дерзких боевых групп повстанцев - HABAR.ORG". habar.org.
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  109. ↑ "п²п╟ пёп╨я─п╟п╦п╫я┐ п╡я▀п╣я┘п╟п╩п╦ 4 п╦п╫я│я┌я─я┐п╨я┌п╬я─п╟ п╠п╬п╣п╡п╦п╨п╬п╡ я│ п║п╣п╡п╣я─п╫п╬пЁп╬ п п╟п╡п╨п╟п╥п╟ - п÷п╣я─п╡я▀п╧ п©п╬ я│я─п╬я┤п╫я▀п╪ п╫п╬п╡п╬я│я┌я▐п╪ Б─■ LIFE | NEWS". Lifenews.ru. 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  110. ↑ "В Ингушетии заговорили о выходе из РФ по крымскому сценарию". censor.net.ua. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  111. ↑ "Российские официальные структуры сообщают об убийстве руководителя ингушских партизан – Артура Гетагажева" [Russian officials declare Getagazhev dead]. habar.org.
  112. ↑ "Ingush are fighting in Ukraine on both sides".
  113. ↑ "Побочные эффекты". Эхо Кавказа.
  114. ↑ "Война в Ингушетии продолжается" [War in Ingushetia continues]. Эхо Кавказа.
  115. ↑ http://lifenews.ru/news/134582. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  116. ↑ "Íîâîñòè NEWSru.com :: Îòêðûëèñü âñå èçáèðàòåëüíûå ó÷àñòêè íà âûáîðàõ â ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè" [Russia votes, not Ingushetia]. newsru.com.
  117. ↑ "Íîâîñòè NEWSru.com ::  Èíãóøåòèè ìèòèíã ïðîòèâ êàðèêàòóð íà ïðîðîêà Ìóõàììåäà ñîáðàë äî 20 òûñÿ÷ ÷åëîâåê". newsru.com.
  118. ↑ ЗАО ИД «Комсомольская правда». "Обращение главы Ингушетии к 20-тысячному антикарикатурному митингу: "Западная истерия вокруг ислама - это госэкстремизм"". ЗАО ИД «Комсомольская правда».
  119. ↑ https://twitter.com/ARothNYT/status/571650912336416768/photo/1. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  120. ↑ http://rt.com/news/236459-nemtsov-assassination-provocation-probe/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  121. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  122. ↑ "Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики". Gks.ru. 2010-05-08. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
  123. ↑ "ВПН-2010". perepis-2010.ru.
  124. ↑ "Caucasus Times poll". Caucasus Times. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  125. ↑ Stefano Allievi and Jørgen S. Nielsen (2003). Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe. 1.
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Sources

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