Shimoga district

This article is about the district. For its eponymous headquarters, see Shivamogga.
Shivamogga district
ಶಿವಮೊಗ್ಗ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ
District

Jog Falls in full flow during the monsoon season.
Coordinates: 14°00′N 75°17′E / 14.00°N 75.28°E / 14.00; 75.28Coordinates: 14°00′N 75°17′E / 14.00°N 75.28°E / 14.00; 75.28
Country  India
State Karnataka
Subdivision
Headquarters Shimoga
Talukas Bhadravathi, Hosanagar, Sagar, Shikaripur, Shimoga, Sorab, Thirthahalli
Government
 • Deputy Commissioner M.V. Vedamurthi[1]
Area
 • Total 8,495 km2 (3,280 sq mi)
Population (2011)
 • Total 1,755,512[2]
 • Density 207/km2 (540/sq mi)
Languages
 • Official Kannada
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN 577201 to 577205
Telephone code 08182
Vehicle registration

Shivamogga district is a district in the Karnataka state of India. A major part of Shimoga district lies in the Malnad region of the Western Ghats. Shivamogga city is its administrative centre. Jog Falls is a major tourist attraction. As of 2011 Shimoga district has a population of 1,755,512.[2] There are seven taluks: Bhadravathi, Hosanagar, Sagar, Shimoga, Shikaripur, Sorab, Thirthahalli.

Also there is a Proposal of creating Sagar District out of Shimoga District for betterment of Administration and development of Sagara Division.This includes Sagar, Hosanagar, Shikaripur, and Sorab talukas.

Origin of name

Shivamogga was previously known as Mandli.[3] There are legends about how the name Shivamogga has evolved. According to one, the name Shivamogga is related to the Hindu God Shiva. Shiva-Mukha (Face of Shiva), Shivana-Moogu (Nose of Shiva) or Shivana-Mogge (Flowers to be offered to Shiva) can be the origins of the name "Shivamogga". Another legend indicates that the name Shimoga is derived from the word Sihi-Moge which means sweet pot. According to this legend, Shimoga once had the ashram of the sage Durvasa. He used to boil sweet herbs in an earthen pot. Some cowherds, found this pot and after tasting the sweet beverage named this place Sihi-Moge.[4]

History

Outer wall carving, Aghoreshwara temple, Ikkeri, Sagar taluk Shimoga District.

During Treta yuga, Lord Rama killed Maricha, who was in the disguise of a deer at Mrugavadhe near Thirthahalli.[3] The Shimoga region formed a part of the Mauryan empire during the 3rd century.[5] The district came into the control of Satavahanas. The Satakarni inscription has been found in the Shikaripur taluk.[6] After the fall of the Shatavahana empire around 200 CE, the area came under the control of the Kadambas of Banavasi around 345 CE.[7] The Kadambas were the earliest kingdom to give administrative status to the Kannada language. Later the Kadambas became feudatories of the Badami Chalukyas around 540 CE.[8][9]

In the 8th century Rashtrakutas ruled this district.[10] The Kalyani Chalukyas overthrew the Rashtrakutas, and the district came into their rule. Balligavi was a prominent city during their rule.[11] In the 12th century, with the weakening of the Kalyani Chalukyas, the Hoysalas annexed this area.[12] After the fall of the Hoysalas, the entire region came under the Vijayanagar Empire.[13] When the Vijayanagar empire was defeated in 1565 CE in the battle of Tallikota, the Keladi Nayakas who were originally feudatory of the Vijayanagar empire took control, declared sovereignty, and ruled as an independent kingdom for about two centuries.[5] In 1763 Haider Ali captured the capital of Keladi Nayakas and as a result the district came into the rule of the Kingdom of Mysore and remained a part of it till India acquired independence from the British.[5]

Geography

Map of Karnataka with Shimoga district highlighted.

Shimoga district is a part of the malnad region of Karnataka and is also known as the 'Gateway to Malnad' or 'Malenaada Hebbagilu' in Kannada. The district is landlocked and bounded by Haveri District, Davanagere District, Chikmagalur District, Udupi District and Uttara Kannada. The district ranks 9th in terms of the total area among the districts of Karnataka. It is spread over an area of 8465 km2.[14]

Shimoga lies between the latitudes 13°27' and 14°39' N and between the longitudes 74°38' and 76°04' E at a mean altitude of 640 metres above sea level.[14] The peak Kodachadri hill at an altitude of 1343 metres above sea level is the highest point in this district. Rivers Kali, Gangavati, Sharavati and Tadadi originate in this district. The two major rivers that flow through this district are Tunga and Bhadra which meet at Koodli near Shimoga city to gain the name of Tungabhadra, which later joins Krishna.

Climate

As the district lies in the tropical region, rainy season occurs from June to October. In the years 1901–1970, Shimoga received an average annual rainfall of 1813.9 mm with an average of 86 days in the year being rainy days.[15] The average annual temperature of Shimoga District is around 26 °C. The average temperature has increased substantially over the years.[16] In some regions of the district, the day temperature can reach 40 °C during summer. This has led to water crisis and other problems.[17]

Geology

The plain land of the district is suitable for agriculture.

Economy

Cornerstone of the Shimoga district's agrarian economy: the arecanut.

Foundry, agriculture and animal husbandry are the major contributors to the economy of Shimoga district. The Crops cultivated in this district are rice; arecanut; cotton; maize; oil seeds; cashewnut; pepper; chili; ginger; paddy; ragi.[19] Karnataka is the largest producer of arecanut in India, the majority of which is cultivated in the Shimoga district. The farmers have cultivated crops like vanilla and jatropha that has yielded high monetary benefits.[20]

Industries

Iron, agriculture, automobiles and engineering are the major industries in Shimoga district.[19] Foundry activity has a long history there and Pearlite Liners (P) Led., one of the oldest industries of Karnataka (earlier known as Bharath Foundry), is the largest private-sector employer in the district.[21] As of 2000, there were about 9800 industrial units in Shimoga District (small, medium and large), with more than 41,000 employees.[21]

Major investments are made in food; beverages, engineering, and mechanical goods. Other rural industries in this district are carpentry, blacksmith, leather, pottery, beekeeping, stone cutting, handlooms, agarbathi, and sandalwood carving.

Karnataka government has created industrial regions to encourage industrialisation of the district: Nidige Industrial area in Bhadravathi taluk; Mandli-Kallur Industrial area in Shimoga taluk; Shimoga Industrial estate in Shimoga; Kallahalli Industrial estate in Shimoga. Major industries in Shimoga district are VISL and MPM.

Administrative divisions

Shimoga district is divided into two sub-divisions and seven taluks. The Shimoga Sub-division comprises the taluks of Shimoga, Bhadravathi and Thirthahalli. The Sagar sub-division comprises Sagar, Shikaripur, Sorab and Hosanagar.

The district administration is headed by the deputy commissioner who has the additional role of a district magistrate. Assistant commissioners, tahsildars, shirastedars, revenue inspectors and village accountants help the deputy commissioner in the administration of the district. The headquarters is Shimoga city.

The Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency comprises the entire Shimoga district and also covers parts of Nalluru and Ubrani hoblis of Channagiri taluk of Davangere district. As of 2005 it had 1,286,181 voters: Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes account for 2.2 lakhs; Lingayats account for two lakhs; Deevaru (Idiga)account for 1.8 lakh; Muslims account for 1.6 lakh; Brahmins and Vokkaligas account for 1.25 lakh each.[22] Seven members are elected to the Legislative assembly of the state of Karnataka. The assembly constituencies in Shimoga district are:[23]

Transport

Bridge on the National Highway NH-13 across the river Tunga in Tirthahalli, Shimoga district.
Path leading to Kodachadri Peak, Karnataka, India

Road

Shimoga has a total road length of 6632 km with 222 km belonging to the National highways and 402 km belonging to state highways.[24]

Rail

The rail network in Shimoga district:

Air

Shimoga Airport is under construction in Sogane, 6 km from Shimoga city.[25]

Today, Mangalore International Airport is nearest to Shivamoga district.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Shimoga district has a population of 1,755,512,[26] which is roughly equal to population of the nation Gambia[27] and the state of Nebraska of the United States.[28] The district ranks 275th in India out of a total of 640 districts.[26] The district has a population density of 207 inhabitants per square kilometre (540/sq mi).[26] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 6.88%.[26] Shimoga has a sex ratio of 995 females per 1000 males[26] and a literacy rate of 80.5%.[26]

Shimoga taluk has the highest population with Hosanagara taluk having the lowest. The district has a sex ratio of 977 females to 1000 males. Shimoga Taluk having 991 females to 1000 males has the lowest sex-ratio.[29]

Taluk population[30][31]
Taluk name Number of households Population Males Females
Bhadravati 71,771 338,989 171,917 167,072
Hosanagara 23,358 115,000 57,392 57,608
Sagara 41,915 300,995 150,977 150,018
Shikaripura 41,389 213,590 108,344 105,246
Shimoga 93,426 445,192 226,928 218,264
Sorab 37,363 185,572 94,267 91,305
Tirthalli 32,002 143,207 70,734 72,473

Hindus constitute 85.45% of the population with Muslims making up 12.25% of the population; the remaining part of the population is made up by Christians, Buddhists and other religious groups.[32] Kannada is the dominant language in this district with Urdu taking the second place.

Culture

Dollu Kunitha performance at the Fireflies Festival of Sacred Music.

Heritage and architecture

Ballegavi, also known as 'Dakshina kedara' was the capital of Banavasi rulers during the 12th century CE. There are many temples in Ballegavi, some constructed as per Late Chalukyan architecture: Kedareshvara temple, Tripurantakeshvara temple, and Prabhudeva temple.[33] They are known for architecture and sculpture. Shivappa Naik palace is located in Shimoga on the banks of river Tunga; it was constructed by Shivappa nayaka of Keladi. The Lakshminarsimha temple in Bhadravathi was built as per Hoysala architecture.

Keladi and Ikkeri were the capital cities during the time of Keladi Nayakas. There are three temples in Keldai: Rameshvara temple, Veerbhadreshvara temple, and Parvati temple. The Aghoreshvara temple is in Ikkeri.[33] St. Thomas church, constructed during the 1990s, is located in Shimoga city. This is the second largest church in India.[33]

Poetry and literature

Shimoga district has produced several Kannada writers and poets:

In December 2006, the 73rd Kannada Sahitya Sammelana took place in Shimoga. K.S.Nissar Ahmed was the president of the event.[34] This was the third Kannada Sahiya Sammelana held at Shimoga: The first one was held in 1946 (president: Da.Ra.Bendre) and second one in 1976 (president: S.V.Ranganna).

Ninasam

Main article: Ninasam

Nilakanteshwara natya seva sangha is located in a village called Heggodu in Sagar Taluk. It was established by K. V. Subbanna in 1958.[35] Ninasam is a drama institute. The headquarters is in Heggodu. It has a library, rehearsal hall, guesthouse and theater.[36] Shivarama Karantha rangamandira is an auditorium for Ninasam. It was opened in 1972.[37] Ninasam started a 'Theatre-in-education' project called Shalaranga with the help from the government of India during 1991-1993.[38][39] Ford foundation has volunteered in establishing a rural theatre and film culture project called Janaspandana.[39][40] Ninasam conducts a summer workshop for youngsters.[41] Ninasam chitrasamaja is an organisation to encourage film culture and to hold film festivals.[42]

Handicrafts and sculpture

Gudigars are a clan of craftsmen who are specialised in carving intricate designs on wood, mainly sandalwood. They are concentrated in the Sagar and Sorab taluks. The articles they make are sold at government emporiums.[43] Ashok Gudigar is one of the sculptors from this clan. A 41-foot Bahubali statue is one of his works.[44] He has won the Vishwakarma award for his Chalukyan-style Ganesha sculpture. He has won the National award in 1992 for his Hoysala-styled Venugopala sculpture.[45]

Dance

A Yakshagana artist.

Dollu Kunitha and Yakshagana are some of the dance forms which are prevalent in this district. Yakshagana has a long history in the district and Dr. Kota Shivarama Karantha suggests that origin of the 'badaguthittu' form of Yakshagana took place in the region between Ikkeri of Shimoga district and Udupi.[46]

Fairs

Dasara is celebrated every year in Shimoga.[47] Many cultural programmes[47] are held during this time. A folk fair was organised in Shimoga in 2006.[48] Marikamba festival is celebrated in Sagara once in 3 years.[49]

Cinema

The tele-serial Malgudi days which was based on a novel written by R K Narayan was shot in Agumbe.[50] It was directed by the Kannada actor and director Shankar Nag.[51] The film Kanoora heggadathi which was based on the novel written by Kuvempu was shot in Thirthahalli taluk. It was directed by Girish Karnad. B. V. Karanth composed music for this film.[52] The film Samskara, based on the novel written by U. R. Anantha Murthy, was shot in a village in the Shimoga district.[53]

Cinema personalities born in Shimoga district:

Cuisine

Rice is the staple food for majority of the people in Shimoga district. The food in this district is somewhat similar to Udupi cuisine. However, exclusive dishes specified to Malenadu are a part of Shimoga District.

The cooking in the Malnad region of Shimoga district includes items like midigayi-uppinakai (tender-mango pickle), sandige (similar to pappadum), avalakki (beaten rice) and akki rotti. Havyaka people have their own cuisine consisting of such varied items like genesale (sweet made of jaggery, rice and coconut), thotadevvu (sweet made of rice and sugarcane juice) and thambli (a curd preparation containing other ingredients like ginger, turmeric root, jasmine and rose sprouts).

Flora and fauna

Lion-tailed macaque, endemic to the Western Ghats and found in the Malnad region of Shimoga district.
Tiger at Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
Common baron butterflies in the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary

The Malnad region is a biodiversity hotspot with a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The region has protected areas classified as wildlife sanctuaries to ensure the protection of these species:

Education

Shimoga district has a literacy rate of 80.2%.[2] The district has two engineering colleges, two medical colleges, an ayurvedic medical college, dental college and an agricultural college. There are 116 pre-university colleges[68] in the district out of which 51 government pre-university colleges.[69] There are 41 educational institutions managed by National education society.[70] There are 1106 lower primary schools and 1185 higher primary schools.[71]

Primary and high school education

There are 1106 lower primary schools, 1185 higher primary schools and 393 high schools in Shimoga district. There are 1323 anganawadis.[72] National education society has 31 educational institutions including pre-university and first grade colleges.[72] There are five CBSE schools,[73] including Jnanadeepa school. National Residential school is another CBSE school in Thirthalli.Hongirana School Of Excellence is a CBSE School in Sagar, Karnataka[73]

Pre-university education

There are 116 pre-university colleges in the district.[68] There are 51 government colleges, 3 bifurcated colleges, 47 unaided colleges and 15 aided colleges.[68] In the 2012 second year pre-university examination, the district ranked 5th with 54.31% of passed candidates.[74]

Diploma courses

There are 8 Polytechnics in the District.Major polytechnics among them are Government polytechnic - Bhadravathi, Government women's Plytechnic - Gopala, Sahyadri Polytechnic ,Sanjay Memorial Polytechnic-Sagara, DVS Polytechnic.

Undergraduate education

There are 12 colleges affiliated to Kuvempu University,[75][76] 5 B.Ed and B.P.Ed colleges[76] and 3 constituent colleges.[76] Sahyadri science college is located in Shimoga city. It was established in 1940 and was upgraded to first grade college in 1956.[77] It offers two undergraduate courses: B.Sc. [78] and B.C.A.[79] There are two engineering colleges in the district: Jawaharlal Nehru national college of engineering and P.E.S. Institute of Technology and Management. Jawaharlal Nehru national college of engineering was established in 1980 by the National education society.[72] The college offers 7 courses in B.E.[80] PES institute of technology and management was established in 2007. The college offers 5 undergraduate programmes in B.E.[81]

Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences was started in 2005. It is on the premises of the McGann Hospital in Shimoga,[82] established in memory of British Surgeon Dr. T.G.McGann. The college is affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka.[83] There are 21 departments in the college.[84] Bapuji Ayurvedic Medical college, established in 1996, is in Shimoga,[85] which offers B.A.M.S. Ayurvedacharya degree.[85] T.M.A.E. Society's Ayurved College, established in 1992, is located in Shimoga,[86] which also offers B.A.M.S Ayuvedacharya degree.[86] Both colleges are affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.[85][86] Sharavathi Dental college, established in the year 1992, is in Shimoga[87] and has been approved by DCI.[87] It offers B.D.S. in Dental surgery.[87] It is affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.[87]

Postgraduate education

Sahyadri science college offers two post graduate programmes: M.Sc.[88] and MTA.[89] Jawaharlal Nehru national college of engineering has 7 post-graduate programmes: Master of computer applications; Master of business administration; M.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering; M.Tech in Network & Internet Engineering; M.Tech in Design Engineering; M.Tech in Transportation Engineering and Management; M.Tech in Digital Electronics and Communication Systems.[80] PES Shimoga offers post-graduation in business studies, Master of Business Administration.[90] The Kuvempu University offers courses in Languages, Literature and Fine Arts; Social Sciences; Economic and Business studies; Physical Sciences; Chemical sciences; Bio Sciences; Earth and Environmental Science; Law; Education; M.Tech in Nanoscience and Technology.[91]

Sports

Shimoga district has three cricket stadiums: Nehru stadium,[92] Jawaharlal Nehru college of engineering cricket ground and PES Institute of Technology Cricket ground.[93] The first match played on the Nehru stadium was in 1974.[92] Since then 13 matches have been played[94][95] out of which 3 are Ranji matches.[94] The Ranji match between Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh was hosted on the Jawaharlal Nehru cricket ground.[96]

Sagar has a very good cricket stadium called Gopalagowda Stadium, It is the only best leather pitch stadium in the district.

The work on an international cricket stadium has started near Navule.[97][98] The VISL cricket stadium is located in Bhadravathi.[99] Malnad Gladiators represents the Shimoga zone in the KPL. Shimoga, Hassan and Chickmagalur districts come under the Shimoga zone in the Karnataka premier league.[100]

Gundappa Viswanath is a cricketer from Bhadravathi. He has played test cricket for India from 1969 to 1983 making 91 appearances.[101] Bharat Chipli is a cricketer from Sagar who plays for Deccan Chargers.[102] The 18th Junior National Athletic Championship was held in Shimoga.[103]

State-level kho kho and volleyball competitions are held in the district.[104] The volleyball tournaments are held on the Kuvempu University campus[105] and Nehru stadium.[106] VTU inter-collegiate cricket, football, volleyball and handball tournaments are held in the districts.[107] The district football team has won inter-district football tournaments.[108][109][110] Shimoga was the host for the CBSE National Handball Championship in 2009.[111][112] City-level basketball tournaments are conducted in Sahyadri College premises.[113] Other sports tournaments held in Shimoga are table tennis;[114][115] badminton;[116] kabaddi;[117] chess.[118] There are proposals to upgrade the Nehru stadium in Shimoga. The upgraded stadium would contain a swimming pool of international standards, an indoor stadium, basketball court and a synthetic track.[119] There are proposals to build sports stadium at Thirthihalli, Shikharipur and Sorab.[120]

Tourism

Waterfalls

Bhadra river project dam in Tarikere taluk.

Dams

A small temple at Koodli.

Rivers

Hill stations

The inscriptions on this rock pillar at Talagunda are written vertically.

Cultural heritage

Wildlife

See Flora and fauna section above

Notes

  1. ↑ "Who's Who". National informatics centre.
  2. 1 2 3 "Shimoga:Census2011". census2011.co.in.
  3. 1 2 National informatics center. "District profile". District Institute of Education & Training, Shimoga.
  4. ↑ National Informatics Centre. "History of Shivamogga". The Official website of Shimoga District. District Administration, Shivamogga. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  5. 1 2 3 National Informatics Centre. "History at a Glance".
  6. ↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series, Volume 2. Superintendent of Government Print. 2001. p. 258.
  7. ↑ Kapur, Kamlesh. History Of Ancient India (portraits Of A Nation) (2006 ed.). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 535.
  8. ↑ B. L. Rice. Gazetteer of Mysore - 2 Vols. Asian Educational Services. p. 429.
  9. ↑ G. Allen & Unwin. The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire (1951 ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti. p. 163.
  10. ↑ Sir William Wilson Hunter, Great Britain. India Office. Imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 22 (1908 ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 284.
  11. ↑ B. N. Sri Sathyan. Karnataka State Gazetteer: Uttara Kannada (1985 ed.). Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press, 1985. p. 114.
  12. ↑ B. N. Sri Sathyan. Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District (1990 ed.). Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press, 1990. p. 53.
  13. ↑ B. R. Modak. Makers of India Literature: Sayana, Volume 203 (1995 ed.). Sahitya Akademi. p. 8. ISBN 81-7201-940-8.
  14. 1 2 National Informatics Centre. "Geography of Shivamogga". The Official website of Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  15. ↑ National Informatics Centre. "Statistics of Shimoga district". The Official website of Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  16. ↑ Temperature Trend
  17. ↑ Special Correspondent (2005-04-08). "Tinder-box in Malnad". The Online Edition of the Hindu - ePaper, 2005-04-08. Chennai, India: 2005, The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  18. ↑ National Informatics Centre. "Traditional Soil Groups of Karnataka and their Geographic Distribution". Official Website of the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Karnataka. Govt. of Karnataka. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  19. 1 2 3 National Informatics Centre. "Industrial Scenario". Official Website of the Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  20. ↑ "Jathropa catches attention of farmers in Shimoga". Indus Herbs.
  21. 1 2 NIC, Official website of Shimoga dist. "Industrial Scenario".
  22. ↑ Pramod Mellegatti (2005-06-01). "Aggressive campaigning by all parties for Shimoga byelection". Online Edition of The Hindu, 2001-06-01. Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  23. ↑ "Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Report on State wise Parliament Constituency, Assembly Constituency Mapping Status". Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India.
  24. ↑ National Informatics Centre. "Statistics on Shimoga". Official Website of the Shimoga District. District Administration, Shimoga. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  25. ↑ Special Correspondent (2006-04-08). "Airport at Shimoga likely to come up at Sogane". The Online Edition of the Hindu - ePaper, 2006-04-08,. Chennai, India: 2006, The Hindu. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
  27. ↑ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 2011-10-01. Gambia1,797,860July 2011 est.
  28. ↑ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-09-30. Nebraska 1,826,341
  29. ↑ "City census 2011". Census-2011.
  30. ↑ "Sub-District Details". Government of India, Ministry of Home affairs.
  31. ↑ "City Census 2011". census 2011 website.
  32. ↑ "Religion". censusindiamaps.net.
  33. 1 2 3 "Temples and historical monuments". National Informatics Centre.
  34. ↑ "Kannada Sahitya Sammelan begins on a colourful note". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2006-12-21.
  35. ↑ "Ninasam: The emergence". Ninasam.
  36. ↑ "The 1991 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts". Ramon Magsaysay Award foundation.
  37. ↑ "Shivarama Karantha Rangamandira". Ninasam.
  38. ↑ "Projects". Ninasam.
  39. 1 2 Chaman Ahuja. "Committed to culture and creativity". Tribune India.
  40. ↑ "Ninasam - Heggodu". Sagara City Municipal Council.
  41. ↑ "Summer theatre workshop". Ninasam.
  42. ↑ "Projects". Ninasam.
  43. ↑ Jyotsna Kamat. "The Gudigars of Kanara". Kamat website.
  44. ↑ "Bahubali statue begins its journey to Gujarat". Times of India. 2010-05-24.
  45. ↑ Shubha Shrikanth. "Poetry in stone". Webpage of OnlineBangalore.com. OnlineBangalore.com.
  46. ↑ Martha Bush Ashton, Bruce Christie (1977). Yakshagana, a Dance Drama of India. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 23. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  47. 1 2 "Cultural programmes, film festival to mark Shimoga Dasara". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2010-10-08.
  48. ↑ "Folk fair to be held on October 28, 29". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2006-10-26.
  49. ↑ "Sagar decked up for Marikamba Jatre". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2005-03-01.
  50. ↑ "Agumbe Overview". karnatakatourism.org.
  51. ↑ "About Malgudi Days". malgudidays.net.
  52. ↑ "Kanooru Heggadithi". archive.cscs.res.in.
  53. ↑ U. R. Anantha Murthy. "Samskara". ourkarnataka.com.
  54. ↑ "Dr. Ashok Pai". NIC.
  55. ↑ K.N. Venkatasubba Rao (2007-05-15). "Jasmine fragrance spreads to Europe". Chennai, India: The Hindu.
  56. ↑ G. Swaminath and Ajit Bhide. "'Cinemadness': In search of sanity in films". National Institutes of Health.
  57. ↑ Pramod Mellegatti. "Rare honour for a psychiatrist and film producer". cscsarchive.org.
  58. ↑ "Ashok Pai laments dearth of experienced psychiatrists". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2005-07-09.
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "SANCTUARIES &NATIONAL PARKS OF KARNATAKA". Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
  60. ↑ "Muppane Wildlife Sanctuary". matthuga.in.
  61. ↑ Mathew, Roy (2012-02-28). "Fires in wildlife sanctuaries of Western Ghats". Chennai, India: The Hindu.
  62. ↑ "Bhadra Tiger Reserve". Project Tiger, India.
  63. ↑ "Tiger Reserves". Wild life protection society of India.
  64. ↑ "Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2006-05-22.
  65. ↑ "Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary – A Hub for Nature Buffs". Karnataka.com.
  66. ↑ "Will floods prevent seasonal migration of 'alien' birds?". The Hindu.
  67. ↑ Veerendra P M. "The best of friends". Deccan Herald.
  68. 1 2 3 "LIST OF GOVT,AIDED & UNAIDED PU COLLEGES". Dept. of PU education, Karnataka.
  69. ↑ "College wise combination/s availabe [sic] for Pre University Course". National Informatics Center, Karnataka Government.
  70. ↑ "Institutions Managed by N. E. S.". Acharya Tulsi National College of Commerce, Shivamogga.
  71. ↑ "Educational Scenario". National Informatics Centre.
  72. 1 2 3 "Educational Scenario". NIC, India.
  73. 1 2 "List of CBSE School in Shimoga". indiaonapage.com.
  74. ↑ "II PU: 54.31 p.c. pass in Shimoga district". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2008-05-04.
  75. ↑ "Kuvempu university". Kuvempu university.
  76. 1 2 3 "List of affiliated and constituent colleges of Kuvempu university". Kuvempu university.
  77. ↑ "About college". Sahyadri Science College.
  78. ↑ "Bachelor of Science". Sahyadri Science College.
  79. ↑ "Bachelor of Computer Applications". Sahyadri Science College.
  80. 1 2 "Courses Offered". JNNCE.
  81. ↑ "Departments". PES Shimoga.
  82. ↑ "About Us". SIMS.
  83. ↑ "Affiliation & Achievement". SIMS.
  84. ↑ "Academic Activities". SIMS.
  85. 1 2 3 "Bapuji Ayurvedic Medical College". karnataka-colleges.com.
  86. 1 2 3 "T.M.A.E. Society's Ayurved College". karnataka-colleges.com.
  87. 1 2 3 4 "Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital". karnataka-colleges.com.
  88. ↑ "Master of Science". Sahyadri science college.
  89. ↑ "Master of Tourism Administration". Sahyadri science college.
  90. ↑ "Profile of P G Dept. of Management Studies & Research Center". PES Shimoga.
  91. ↑ "School of studies". Kuvempu University.
  92. 1 2 "Nehru stadium, Shimoga". cricketarchive.com.
  93. ↑ "Prerana Education Society Institute of Technology - India - Cricket Grounds - ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo.
  94. 1 2 "First class matches played on Nehru stadium, Shimoga". cricketarchive.com.
  95. ↑ "Other matches played on Nehru stadium, Shimoga".
  96. ↑ "Shimoga gears up to host Ranji Trophy match". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2011-12-07.
  97. ↑ "Shimoga to get Intnal standard cricket stadium". News Outlook India.
  98. ↑ "KSCA to build new cricket stadium at Shimoga". Time of India. 2002-12-28.
  99. ↑ "In search of a good pitch". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2011-07-22.
  100. ↑ "About Us". Malnad Gladiators.
  101. ↑ "Gundappa Viswanath". ESPN cricket info.
  102. ↑ "Bharat Chipli". ESPN cricket info.
  103. ↑ "Budhuram, Pushpender Aplesh set new marks". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2003-01-10.
  104. ↑ "Achievements". SMS pre-university college.
  105. ↑ "Volleyball tourney in Shimoga". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2011-01-21.
  106. ↑ "Volleyball tournament in Shimoga from November 16". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2009-10-21.
  107. ↑ "Extra Curricular Activities of the Students, In Inter-Institutional Competitions". P.E.S. College of Engineering, Mandya.
  108. ↑ "Big win for Shimoga". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2010-06-03.
  109. ↑ "Shimoga chasing semifinal berth". Deccan Herald.
  110. ↑ "Shimoga wins football tourney". Deccan Herald.
  111. ↑ "40 teams to take part in handball championship". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2009-10-25.
  112. ↑ "Jnanadeepa School retains handball championship". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2009-10-31.
  113. ↑ "Basketball tourney". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2012-02-13.
  114. ↑ "Table tennis tournament begins today". Deccan Herald.
  115. ↑ "National level tournaments". Sports development authority of Tamil Nadu.
  116. ↑ "Junior badminton tournament from Sept. 4". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2006-08-02.
  117. ↑ "Physical Education". S.S. Institute of Medical Science and Research centre.
  118. ↑ "Chess tournament". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2012-06-29.
  119. ↑ "Nehru Stadium to be upgraded". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2012-03-21.
  120. ↑ "Shimoga to get indoor stadium". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2006-09-19.
  121. 1 2 3 4 "Highest Waterfalls in India". Water database.
  122. ↑ "Karnataka". Wandervogel.
  123. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Tourism, waterfalls". Nation Informatics Centre, India.
  124. ↑ "Karnataka — a trekkers' paradise". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2002-09-01.
  125. ↑ "Linganamakki power house". KPCL.
  126. ↑ "Introduction of Sri Kudali Kshetra". Kudali Mutt.
  127. ↑ "History of Sri Kudali Sringeri Sharada Peetham". Kudali mutt.
  128. ↑ "Bahuguna to lend strength to movement to save Sharavati". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2005-01-07.
  129. ↑ "Hill station & Adventure". National Informatics Centre.
  130. ↑ "'Disillusioned' voters threaten poll boycott". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2010-12-23.
  131. ↑ "Kodachadri". Parvatha Homestay.
  132. ↑ Jain journal. Jain Bhawan. 12: 95. 1977. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  133. 1 2 Sajnani, Manohar. Encyclopaedia of Tourism: Resources in India. Kalpaz publications. p. 168. ISBN 81-7835-018-1.
  134. ↑ Sajnani, Manohar. Encyclopaedia of Tourism: Resources in India. Kalpaz publications. p. 168. ISBN 81-7835-018-1.
  135. ↑ "Chandragutti". Gundimane website.
  136. ↑ "Humcha". Humcha Padmavati website.
  137. 1 2 "Temples and historical monuments". National Informatics Centre.
  138. ↑ Sir William Wilson Hunter. "Nagara Town: Imperial Gazeteer of India, Vol. 18 (1908)". Imperial Gazetteer of India. uchicago.edu. p. 296. Retrieved 9.8.2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  139. ↑ B V Prakash. "Shimoga's bamboo town beckons". The Online Edition of the Deccan Herald - ePaper. The Deccan Herald.
  140. ↑ S. Rangachar (Jan 1984). "On the Talagunda inscription". Indian culture: journal of the Indian Research Institute. Indian Research Institute, I.B. Corporation. 5: 115.
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