Thiruvananthapuram district

Thiruvananthapuram district
തിരുവനന്തപുരം ജില്ല
District of Kerala

Location of Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala
Country India
State Kerala
Administrative division Southern Travancore
Headquarters Thiruvananthapuram
Tehsils 1. Thiruvananthapuram, 2. Chirayinkeezhu, 3. Neyyattinkara, 4. Nedumangadu(Varkala taluk)(Varkala)
Government
 • Lok Sabha constituencies 1. Attingal, 2. Thiruvananthapuram
 • Assembly seats 14
Area
 • Total 2,192 km2 (846 sq mi)
Population (2011)
 • Total 3,307,284 (male: 1,584,200; female: 1,723,084)
 • Urban 55.75%
Demographics
 • Literacy 97.66%
Vehicle registration KL-01, KL-15, KL-16, KL-19, KL-20, KL-21, KL-22
Major highways NH 66
Coordinates 8°17′N 76°41′E / 8.28°N 76.68°E / 8.28; 76.68 - 8°54′N 77°17′E / 8.90°N 77.28°E / 8.90; 77.28
Average annual precipitation 1,700 mm
Website Official website

Thiruvananthapuram District is the southernmost district of the coastal state of Kerala . It is the largest city in kerala. It came into existence in the year 1957. The headquarters is the city of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) which is also the capital city of Kerala.[1]

The district has an area of 2,192 square kilometres (846 sq mi) and a population of 3,307,284 (as per the 2011 census),[2] the second-most populous district in Kerala after Malappuram district.[3] It is the densest district in Kerala with 1,509 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,910/sq mi).[4] It is divided into six taluks: Thiruvananthapuram, Chirayinkeezhu, Neyyattinkara, Nedumangadu, Varkala and Kattakada. The urban bodies in the district are the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, Varkala, Neyyattinkara, Attingal and Nedumangad municipalities.[5]

Thiruvananthapuram district is situated between north latitudes 8°17' and 8°54' and east longitudes 76°41' and 77°17'. The southern-most extremity, Kaliyikkavila, is 56 kilometres (35 mi) away from Kanyakumari, the "Land's End of mainland India."[6] The district is 33.75% urbanised.[7]

The district has three major rivers, several freshwater lakes and more than 300 ponds. The eastern region is forested, northern regions are mostly under rubber cultivation and the remaining areas have mixed dry land crops of coconut, plantain, tapioca, etc. Built up areas and rice fields complete the land use.[8]

Origin of name

The district has the same name as its headquarters city, Thiruvananthapuram.

The city gets its name from the word "Thiru-anantha-puram", meaning the "Abode of Lord Anantha."[9] The name derives from the deity of the Hindu temple at the center of the Thiruvananthapuram city. Anantha is the serpent Shesha on whom Padmanabhan or Vishnu reclines. The district was officially referred to as Trivandrum in English until 1991, when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages.

History

Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram city and several other places in the district loom large in ancient tradition, folklore and literature.

In 1684, during the regency of Umayamma Rani, the English East India Company obtained a sandy spit of land at Anchuthengu near Varkala on the sea coast about 32 kilometres (20 mi) north of Thiruvananthapuram city, with a view to erecting a factory and fortifying it. The place had earlier been frequented by the Portuguese and later by the Dutch. It was from here that the English gradually extended their domain to other parts of Travancore.[10]

Modern history begins with Marthanda Varma, 1729 CE–1758 CE, who is generally regarded as the Father of modern Travancore. Thiruvananthapuram was known as a great center of intellectual and artistic activities in those days.

The temple of Vishnu reclining on Anantha, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple, which dates back to the 16th century, is the most-recognizable iconic landmark of the city as well as the district. Along with the presiding deity of Padmanabha, this temple has temples inside it, dedicated to Lord Krishna, Lord Narasimha, Lord Ganesha, and Lord Ayyappa. The temple was built by King Marthanda Varma of the Travancore royal family when, in 1745, he shifted the Travancore capital from Padmanabhapuram, which is now in Tamil Nadu. King Marthanda Varma started reigning as 'Sree Padmanabhadasa', the Slave of Sree Padmanabha. The vast temple complex, with its tall Gopuram decorated with detailed carvings reflected in the huge temple tank, is today a center of attraction for the pious, the tourist, and the merely curious.

The city was the capital of the Travancore state before India's independence. Consequent to the recommendations of the state Reorganization Commission, the Vilavancode taluk from Thiruvananthapuram was merged with Tamil Nadu, along with three other southern taluks of Thovala, Agastheewaram and Kalkulam from Travancore which eventually formed the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. The state of Kerala came into being on 1 November 1956.

Geography

Cliffs at Varkala, Thiruvanatnthapuram district. It is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea

The district is situated between North latitudes at 8.17°–8.54° and East longitudes 76.41°–77.17°. The southern-most extremity, Parassala, is just 54 kilometres (34 mi) away from the southern peninsular tip of India, Cape Comorin (Kanya Kumari). The district stretches 78 kilometres (48 mi) along the shores of the Arabian Sea on the west, Kollam district lies on the north with Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu on the east and south respectively.[11]

Climate

The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot tropical. The large forest reserves favourably affect the climate and induce rains. Cold weather is experienced in the mountain ranges, whereas lower down, the weather is bracing and is generally hot in the coastal regions. The mean maximum temperature is 95 °F (35 °C) and the mean minimum temperature is 69 °F (20 °C). As the district stretches from north to south with the Arabian Sea in the west side, the relative humidity is generally high. It rises up to about 95% during the South-West monsoon.[12]

The total annual average rainfall in the district is about 1,500 mm (59 in) per annum.[13] The southwest monsoon, from June to September is the principal rainy season. The district receives most of its annual rainfall in this season. The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon. It is from October to November.

The district also gets thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May.[14]

December to February are the coolest months. The average temperature goes down to 69 °F (20 °C) in these months. It is generally considered as the winter season. The summer season starts in February and continues until May. The average temperature goes up to 95 °F (35 °C) in these months.[15]

Climate data for Thiruvananthapuram
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37
(99)		 38
(100)		 38
(100)		 38
(100)		 38
(100)		 39
(102)		 38
(100)		 38
(100)		 33
(91)		 38
(100)		 37
(99)		 36
(97)		 39
(102)
Average high °C (°F) 31.5
(88.7)		 31.9
(89.4)		 32.6
(90.7)		 32.6
(90.7)		 31.6
(88.9)		 29.7
(85.5)		 29.2
(84.6)		 29.4
(84.9)		 30.0
(86)		 29.9
(85.8)		 30.3
(86.5)		 31.0
(87.8)		 30.8
(87.4)
Average low °C (°F) 22.2
(72)		 22.8
(73)		 24.1
(75.4)		 24.9
(76.8)		 24.7
(76.5)		 23.5
(74.3)		 23.1
(73.6)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.1
(73.6)		 22.6
(72.7)		 23.4
(74.1)
Record low °C (°F) 15
(59)		 17
(63)		 20
(68)		 20
(68)		 20
(68)		 21
(70)		 18
(64)		 20
(68)		 18
(64)		 20
(68)		 20
(68)		 20
(68)		 15
(59)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 22.7
(0.894)		 24.4
(0.961)		 40.4
(1.591)		 117.4
(4.622)		 230.4
(9.071)		 320.8
(12.63)		 226.8
(8.929)		 138.1
(5.437)		 174.6
(6.874)		 281.7
(11.091)		 184.5
(7.264)		 65.9
(2.594)		 1,827.7
(71.957)
Source #1: [16]
Source #2: [17]

Economy

The economy of Thiruvananthapuram district mostly consists of tourism and leisure, information technology, agriculture and education. The modern economy of Thiruvananthapuram is dependent on the media and IT sector. India's first animation park, The Kinfra Animation Park, is in the district.

A Technopark building. Technopark as of 2010 has 450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft) of built-up space, and is home to over 200 companies, employing around 30,000 professionals.

In Thiruvananthapuram district there are 2 central-sector, 14 state-sector, 1 co-operative-sector, 4 joint-sector and 60 private-sector medium- and large-scale industries. The Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC) units employ 9262 people, with an investment of Rs. 3439.4 million (as of 31 March 2003).[18] In 2002 there were 901 registered working factories. They include oil mills, cashew factories, cotton textiles, saw mills, printing units, rubber industrial units, chemical units, match factories, general engineering units and automobile workshops. The S.M.S.M. Institute in Thiruvananthapuram is a major institution through which the products of the handicraft industries are marketed.

The Neyyar Irrigation Project, commissioned in 1959, irrigates an area of 116.65 km2 (45.0 sq mi). Neyyar is the source of water for the reservoir. The length of the dam is 294.13 metres (965.0 ft) and the height is 50.6 m (166.0 ft). The catchment draining into the reservoir, covering an area of 140 km2 (54 sq mi) of forest land, receives an annual average rainfall of about 2,260 mm (90 in) 2260 mm from two monsoons. The total length of the main canal and its branches is 266 km (165 mi).

Administration

The headquarters of the district administration is at Vanchiyoor, Thiruvananthapuram. The district administration is headed by the District collector. He is assisted by five deputy collectors holding charges of general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms and election.[19]

NoMunicipalityPopulation
1. Neyyattinkara 69467
2. Nedumangad 56138
3. Varkala 42273
4. Attingal 35648

There are six taluks: Neyyattinkara,Thiruvananthapuram, Nedumangad, Chirayinkeezhu, Varkala and Kattakkada, each headed by a Tahsildar. There are two parliamentary constituencies in the district. They are Attingal with constituency number 19, and Thiruvananthapuram, with constituency number 20.[20]

Transport

The National Highway 66 (earlier known as National Highway 47) stretches from Kaliyikkavila at the southern extremity to Navaikulam near Parippally in the north, covering a distance of 80 km (50 mi) within the district.[21] The MC Road covers a distance of 55 km (34 mi) and passes through Kesavadaspuram, Vembayam, Venjaramoodu, Kilimanoor and Nilamel in the north. PWD maintains about 1,552 km (964 mi) of road in the district. Local bodies maintain 9,500 km (5,900 mi) of road. There are 116 bridges in Thiruvananthapuram District.

Thiruvananthapuram Central Station

The rail transport in the district is operated by Southern Railway zone of Indian Railways. Thiruvananthapuram is connected to the rest of the country by broad gauge railway line. eighty-two km (51 mi) of railway line passes through the district.[22] There are currently 20 railway stations are in the district, including the Thiruvananthapuram Central station. Services are being operated by domestic and international airlines from the Trivandrum International Airport. Trivandrum International Airport has direct flights to many international cities like Kuwait, Dubai, Dammam, Singapore, Malé, Colombo, Sharjah, Muscat, Bahrain, Doha, Jeddah and Abu Dhabi. It is linked with Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Kolkatta by domestic flights.

Demographics

Kerala Legislative Assembly Building: The new Assembly Block was inaugurated at the Legislature Complex on 22 May 1998 by the then President Mr. K.R. Narayanan.

According to the 2011 census Thiruvananthapuram district has a population of 3,307,284,[3] roughly equal to the nation of Uruguay[23] or the US state of Connecticut.[24] This gives it a ranking of 103rd in India (out of a total of 640 districts).[3] The district has a population density of 1,509 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,910/sq mi).[3] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 2.25%.[3] Thiruvananthapuram has a sex ratio of 1088 females for every 1000 males,[3] and a literacy rate of 92.66%.[3]

Language

Malayalam is the mother tongue. Thiruvananthapuram city is more cosmopolitan, with people speaking languages like Malayalam, English, Tamil, Hindi, Tulu, and a minor percentage speak Gujarati.

Religion and caste

Hindus (68.09%) constitute the majority of the population, followed by Christians (18.41%) and Muslims (12.52%).[25] The Hindu community lies grouped on the basis of castes and sub-castes as elsewhere in the state. The Brahmins, Nadars, Ezhavas, Nairs, Viswakarma, scheduled castes and 11 tribes form the majority of the Hindu community. Christians belong mainly to the Latin Catholic Church, the Church of South India and the Syriac Orthodox Church. The Muslim community also forms a major division of the total population.

Economic, social and other ties bind the members of religious groups at the local level. People live in peace and amity, influencing and being influenced by the culture of one another.

Socio-economic conditions

More than 50% of the total population depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Agricultural labourers constitute 42% of the total labour class. Most of the people are engaged in low-remunerative pursuits which require very little capital. Political and social consciousness, coupled with the efforts of the social, religious and cultural leaders, have helped to pull down the age-old feudal order. Economic changes have also affected the social life and attitude of the people.

Culture

The Sarkaradevi Temple in Chirayinkeezhu. The temple assumed a significant status for many reasons and rose to historical importance, mainly with the introduction of the Kaliyoot festival by Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma, the Travancore sovereign, in 1748.

Thiruvananthapuram witnessed a cultural renaissance in the twentieth century. Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran (1845–1914), who spent a major part of his life in Thiruvananthapuram, translated Kalidasa's Abhijñānaśākuntalam into Malayalam which won him the title of Kerala Kalidasa. He is regarded as the father of modern Malayalam prose.

A strong film culture prevails in the district. The city is home to animation companies, including Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd. The Kinfra Film and Video Park[26] is near Technopark and is an advanced film and animation production facility.[26][27] The Malayalam film industry was earlier based in Chennai (Madras). It slowly started moving to get rooted in Thiruvananthapuram towards the end of the 1970s. Other major events include the annual flower show in Thiruvananthapuram city, the Attukal Pongala, Varkala Sivagiri pilgrimage in December, the Kaalioottu in Sarkara Devi Temple, near Chirayinkeezh, the Navarathri festival at the Poojamandapam near Sri Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Aaraat of Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Beemapally Uroos, Vettucaud Perunaal etc.[28]

Flora and fauna

A pepper plant. Aromatic plants and spices are cultivated on a large scale on the hilly tracts.

The district has a rich variety of plants ranging from rare orchids, medicinal plants and spices to hedge plants, tuber crops, plants yielding edible fruits and fibre. Aromatic plants and spices such as pepper and ginger are cultivated on a large scale on the hilly tracts. Nedumangad taluka is one of the biggest centres of cultivation and trade of pepper and other hill produce. A major portion of the district comes under the middle plain and the region is under the cultivation of coconut, rice, tapioca, tuber crops, plantains and vegetabless.[29]

The forests of the district abound in a variety of animals and birds and are excellent wildlife habitats. Elephants, bison, monkeys and rare species of reptiles have the place of prominence in them. The Neyyar reservoir and nearby areas abound in wild life. Nestled in the lap of the Western Ghats, a wildlife sanctuary is quickly growing over an area of nearly 777 square kilometres (300 sq mi) around this reservoir. The forest under the Kulathupuzha range is the habitat of rare species of snakes and lizards. Mammals are well represented in the district. Nilgiri langur, the lion-tailed macaque, the Nilgiri brown mongoose and the Malabar civet are characteristic to this region. Carnivores include: tiger, wild cat, jackal, leopard and wild dog. Sloth bear, gaur, a few species of deer and elephants are also seen. Reptiles include snakes, lizards, crocodiles and tortoises. There are about 75–80 species of snakes in this area. Some of them are very poisonous.[30]

Tourism

Tourism has contributed heavily to the economy of Thiruvananthapuram. The entire tourism package such as hill stations, back waters, beaches, lagoons, and wildlife sanctuaries are present in the district.

Foreign tourists flock to Thiruvananthapuram, a major destination for chartered flights to India for medical tourism, as there are more than fifty recognised Ayurveda centres in and around the city. This is primarily due to Ayurveda's immense popularity in the West. Medical tourism is further promoted by world-class modern medicine hospitals in the city. Recuperation facilities are available at five-star beach resorts and hill stations nearby.

Education

Kerala University administrative Building in Thiruvananthapuram.

Thiruvananthapuram district is a major academic hub. The University of Kerala is in Thiruvananthapuram city. There are 20 arts and sciences colleges in the district, and the strength of students is estimated to be 15,926. The University of Kerala has its research and higher-education centres at Kariavattom.[31]

Thiruvananthapuram Medical College, the premier health institute of the state is one of the finest in the country. It is being upgraded to the status of an All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). The College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram and Government Engineering College, Bartonhill are the two main engineering colleges in Thiruvananthapuram.

The schools in the district are classified as Government, Aided, or Unaided schools. There are 1,129 schools in the district.[32]

Media

Thiruvananthapuram has long been a center of media in India. Kerala Chandrika, the first newspaper of the state, was published from Thiruvananthapuram in 1789. Now, more than 30 newspapers have been published from the district, including The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle , The Times of India, Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhoomi, Kerala Kaumudi, Desabhimani, Deepika, Madhyamam, Chandrika, Thejas, Siraj, Janmabhoomi and Metro Vaartha.[34]

Weeklies, fortnightlies, monthlies, bi-monthlies and quarterlies are published from parts of the district. The Kerala Information and Public Relations Department is the main agency of the government to disseminate information to the public and to provide feedback.

Most Malayalam TV channels are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The government-owned Doordarshan began broadcasting from here in 1981. Asianet, the first private Malayalam channel, began its telecasts in 1991 from Thiruvananthapuram.

There are many radio stations in the district. Most of them broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram city. All India Radio has an AM (1161 MHz), an FM (Ananthapuri FM; 101.9 MHz) and a SW ( various frequencies ) station in the city. FM radio channels broadcast from Thiruvananthapuram are Gyanvani 105.6 MHz,IGNOUAnanthapuri FM (AIR) 101.9 MHz, Big FM 92.7 MHz, Club FM 94.3 MHz, Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz, Red FM 93.5 MHz and Radio DC 90.4 MHz. The Radio DC broadcasts at low-power CRS. The channel is only available at a 15-kilometre (9 mi) radius around the broadcasting station.

The wireline telephone services are provided by BSNL, Reliance and Tata Indicom. The main GSM networks operating in the district are BSNL CellOne, Airtel, Tata Docomo, Idea Cellular, Vodafone, Reliance, and Virgin Mobile. The main CDMA providers are Reliance, MTS and Tata Indicom. Major broadband internet services are provided by BSNL DataOne, Asianet Dataline and Siti Cable.

Sports

Chandrashekaran Nair Football Stadium

The most popular games in the district are football and cricket.[35] Basketball, badminton and volleyball are also popular, mostly in schools.

The Kerala Cricket Association (KCA) is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram City. The Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium, in the heart of Thiruvananthapuram, is a prominent football stadium and has hosted both national and international-level matches. The University Stadium has hosted two international cricket matches. This stadium is under the University of Kerala and is equipped with synthetic tracks for athletics games. The Central Stadium has facilities for athletics, football, basketball, volleyball and cricket practice nets. The Jimmy George Sports Complex, is another major sports establishment in the district.The Kariavattom Outdoor Stadium, is one of the largest international stadium which can use for both cricket & football.

Rural development

There are 12 development blocks in the district: Parassala, Perumkadavila, Athiyanoor, Nemom, Thiruvananthapuram Rural, Kazhakuttom, Vellanad, Nedumangad, Vamanapuram, Kilimanoor, Chirayinkeezhu and Varkala. The District Rural Development Agency co-ordinates the work in these blocks. Several welfare schemes are carried out in the blocks, such as Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Total Sanitation Scheme (TSS), Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), Prime Minister's Grama Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Indira Awaaz Yojana (IAY), etc.

There are a number of villages in the district, including Kaduvakuzhy, 16 km from the state capital.[36]

References

  1. ↑ Archived 8 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. ↑ "CENSUS OF INDIA 2011" (PDF). PROVISIONAL POPULATION TOTALS INDIA, KERALA STATE AND DISTRICTS. Government of India. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  4. ↑ "CENSUS OF INDIA 2011" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals Kerala. Government of India. p. 45. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  5. ↑ "Districts Thiruvananthapuram". indiastudychannel. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  6. ↑ "A Brief History" (PDF). District Handbooks of Kerala: Thiruvananthapuram. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "TVM Urbanaisation". censusindia.
  8. ↑ Keralapages.org Land use, water bodies and panchayats of Kerala
  9. ↑ "About Thiruvananthapuram". Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  10. ↑ "TVPM History". Government of Kerala.
  11. ↑ "Geography". Government of Kerala.
  12. ↑ "Climate", kerenvis.nic.in.
  13. ↑ Rainfall Archived 24 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ↑ Climate-Monsoon Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  15. ↑ Seasons Archived 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ "Thiruvananthapuram". Retrieved 21 March 2010.
  17. ↑ "Thiruvananthapuram, India". Whetherbase. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  18. ↑ Industry In Thiruvananthapuram District Archived 19 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ Administration Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ "Parliamentary Constituencies of Thiruvananthapuram District".
  21. ↑ Infrastructure Roads Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ↑ Rail Transport Archived 10 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Retrieved 1 October 2011. Uruguay 3,308,535 July 2011 est.
  24. ↑ "2010 Resident Population Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 September 2011. Connecticut 3,574,097
  25. ↑ Selvister Ponnumuthan (1996). The spirituality of basic ecclesial communities in the socio-religious context of Trivandrum/Kerala, India. Selvister Ponnumuthan, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 1996. pp. 356 Pages. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  26. 1 2 "Kinfra Film & Video Park to house animation zone". Kinfra Film Park. Hindu Business Line. 26 December 2003. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
  27. ↑ "Theatre opened at Kinfra park". Kinfra Film Park. Source: IANS. 22 August 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
  28. ↑ "Major Religious Festivals in Thiruvananthapuram". Major Festivals. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 24 November 2006.
  29. ↑ Varitey of Plants Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  30. ↑ Flora and fauna Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ↑ "Technical Education in Kerala – Department of Technical education". Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala Government. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  32. ↑ "Education in Thiruvananthapuram". Schools in Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala Government. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  33. ↑ "Thiruvananthapuram International School opens doors". The Hindu Business Line. 8 October 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  34. ↑ "Media in Thiruvananthapuram". Kerala Government. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  35. ↑ "Football and Cricket – the Most Popular Games". Games in Kerala. Information and Public relations office of Kerala. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  36. ↑ http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Thiruvananthapuram/Vellanad/Kaduvakuzhy

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Further reading

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