United States Senate elections, 1790 and 1791

Dates vary by state

9 of the 26 seats in the United States Senate, plus special elections 14 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Pro-Administration	Anti-Administration
Last election	19 seats	7 seats
Seats before	18	6
Seats won	8	2
Seats after	17	8
Seat change	1
Seats up	7	2

Majority faction before election

Pro-Administration

Elected Majority faction

Pro-Administration

The United States Senate elections of 1790 and 1791 were the second series of elections of Senators in the United States. In these elections, terms were up for the nine Senators in Class 1. As of these elections, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of Senators who supported President George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the Senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party.

As these elections were prior to the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Change in Senate composition

Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.^[1]

Before the elections

After the June 25, 1790 elections in Rhode Island.

A₃	A₂	A₁
A₄	A₅	A₆ Ran	A₇ Ran	P₁₉ Unknown	P₁₈ Ran	P₁₇ Ran	P₁₆ Ran	P₁₅ Ran	P₁₄ Ran
Majority →									P₁₄ Ran
P₄	P₅	P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃ Ran
P₃	P₂	P₁

Results of the elections

A₃	A₂	A₁
A₄	A₅	A₆ Re-elected	A₇ Gain	V₁ A Loss	P₁₈ Hold	P₁₇ Hold	P₁₆ Re-elected	P₁₅ Re-elected	P₁₄ Re-elected
Majority →									P₁₄ Re-elected
P₄	P₅	P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃ Re-elected
P₃	P₂	P₁

Beginning of the next Congress

A₃	A₂	A₁
A₄	A₅	A₆	A₇	A₈ Gain	V₁	P₁₇	P₁₆	P₁₅	P₁₄
Majority →									P₁₄
P₄	P₅	P₆	P₇	P₈	P₉	P₁₀	P₁₁	P₁₂	P₁₃
P₃	P₂	P₁

Key:

A_#	Anti-Administration
P_#	Pro-Administration
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

General and special elections during the 1st Congress

In these elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1791; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Rhode Island (Class 1)	New seat			Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Winner elected June 7, 1790 Pro-Administration gain	√ Theodore Foster (Pro-Administration)
Rhode Island (Class 2)	New seat			Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Winner elected June 7, 1790 Anti-Administration gain	√ Joseph Stanton, Jr. (Anti-Administration)
Virginia (Special: Class 1)	John Walker	Pro-Administration	1790 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. Winner elected November 9, 1790 Anti-Administration gain	√ James Monroe (Anti-Administration)
New Jersey (Special: Class 2)	William Paterson	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent resigned November 13, 1790 to become Governor of New Jersey. Winner elected November 13, 1790 Pro-Administration hold	√ Philemon Dickinson (Pro-Administration)

Races leading to the 2nd Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated March 4, 1791; ordered by state.

All of these elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Connecticut	Oliver Ellsworth	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected on an unknown date.	√ Oliver Ellsworth (Pro-Administration)
Delaware	George Read	Pro-Administration	1788	Incumbent re-elected in 1791.	√ George Read (Pro-Administration)
Maryland	Charles Carroll	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent re-elected in 1791.	√ Charles Carroll (Pro-Administration)
Massachusetts	Tristram Dalton	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1790. Pro-Administration hold	√ George Cabot (Pro-Administration) Tristram Dalton (Pro-Administration)
New Jersey	Jonathan Elmer	Pro-Administration	1788	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1790. Pro-Administration hold	√ John Rutherfurd (Pro-Administration)
New York	Philip Schuyler	Pro-Administration	1789	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected January 19, 1791. Anti-Administration gain	√ Aaron Burr (Anti-Administration) Philip Schuyler (Pro-Administration)
Pennsylvania	William Maclay	Anti-Administration	1788	Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect a successor, leaving the seat vacant. Anti-Administration loss	None.
Rhode Island	Theodore Foster	Pro-Administration	1790	Incumbent re-elected in 1791.	√ Theodore Foster (Pro-Administration)
Virginia	James Monroe	Anti-Administration	1790 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1791.	√ James Monroe (Anti-Administration)

Special and general elections in 1791 during the 2nd Congress

In these elections, the winner was seated after March 4, 1791, the beginning of the next Congress.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Connecticut (Class 3)	William S. Johnson	Pro-Administration	1788	Resigned March 4, 1791. Winner elected June 13, 1791. Pro-Administration hold.	√ Roger Sherman (Pro-Administration)
Vermont (Class 1)	New seat			Vermont was admitted to the Union March 4, 1791. Winner elected November 4, 1791. Anti-Administration gain	√ Stephen R. Bradley (Anti-Administration)
Vermont (Class 3)	New seat			Vermont was admitted to the Union March 4, 1791. Winner elected November 4, 1791. Anti-Administration gain	√ Moses Robinson (Anti-Administration)

References

↑ Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.

External links

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov

United States Senate elections

1788/89 1790/91 1792/93 1794/95 1796/97 1798/99 1800/01 1802/03 1804/05 1806/07 1808/09 1810/11 1812/13 1814/15 1816/17 1818/19 1820/21 1822/23 1824/25 1826/27 1828/29 1830/31 1832/33 1834/35 1836/37 1838/39 1840/41 1842/43 1844/45 1846/47 1848/49 1850/51 1852/53 1854/55 1856/57 1858/59 1860/61 1862/63 1864/65 1866/67 1868/69 1870/71 1872/73 1874/75 1876/77 1878/79 1880/81 1882/83 1884/85 1886/87 1888/89 1890/91 1892/93 1894/95 1896/97 1898/99 1900/01 1902/03 1904/05 1906/07 1908/09 1910/11 1912/13 1914/15 1916/17 1918 1920/21 1922/23 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932/33 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

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