United States Senate elections, 1956

United States Senate elections, 1956 and 1957

November 6, 1956
(And other dates for special elections)

35 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate 49 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Leader	Lyndon Johnson	Bill Knowland
Party	Democratic	Republican
Leader's seat	Texas	California
Seats before	49	47
Seats won	17	15
Seats after	49	47
Seat change	2	2
Popular vote	22,199,789	21,248,822
Percentage	50.6%	48.5%
Swing	4.9%	5.5%
Seats up	15	17

Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican hold Republican gain

Majority Leader before election

Lyndon Johnson
Democratic

Elected Majority Leader

Lyndon Johnson
Democratic

The United States Senate elections of 1956 (and subsequent special elections in 1957) were elections for the United States Senate that coincided with the re-election of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although the Democrats gained two seats in regular elections, the Republicans gained back two seats in special elections, leaving the party balance of the chamber remained unchanged.

Gains and losses

Democrats defeated incumbents Herman Welker (R-ID), George H. Bender (R-OH), and James H. Duff (R-PA), as well as winning a Republican-held seat in Colorado. Republicans defeated incumbent Earle C. Clements (D-KY) as well as winning Democratic-held seats in Kentucky, New York, and West Virginia.

Thus, this election caused Kentucky's U.S. Senate delegation to change from two Democrats to two Republicans.

Subsequent changes

During the next Congress, Republican John D. Hoblitzell, Jr. was appointed to the seat of deceased Senator Matthew M. Neely (D-WV), and Democrat William Proxmire won a special election to fill the vacancy created by the death of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy (R-WI). Also, Price Daniel (D-TX) left the Senate to become governor of Texas, and Democrat Ralph Yarborough won a special election for that Senate seat. The net result was to leave the party balance unchanged.

Results summary

For the November 1956 general and special elections.

Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.

Parties		Democratic	Republican	Total
Parties				Total
Before these elections		49	47	96
Not up		31	30	61
	Class 1 (1952)	11	20	31
	Class 2 (1954)	20	10	30
Up		18	17	35
	General: Class 3	15	17	33
	Special: Class 1	1	0	1
	Special: Class 2	2	0	2

Incumbent retired		5	1	6
	Held by same party	2	2	4
	Replaced by other party	1 Republican replaced by 1 Democrat 3 Democrats replaced by 3 Republicans		4
	Result	3	5	8
Incumbent ran		13	16	29
	Won re-election	12	13	25
	Lost re-election	3 Republicans replaced by 3 Democrats 1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican		4
	Lost renomination but held by same party	0	0	0
	Result	15	14	29

Total elected		18	17	35
Net change

Result		49	47	96

Change in Senate composition

Before the general elections

D₃₉ Ran	D₄₀ Ran	D₄₁ Ran	D₄₂ Ran	D₄₃ Ran	D₄₄ Ran	D₄₅ Ran	D₄₆ Ran	D₄₇ Ran	D₄₈ Retired
		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈
D₃₈ Ran	D₃₇ Ran	D₃₆ Ran	D₃₅ Ran	D₃₄	D₃₃	D₃₂	D₃₁	D₃₀	D₂₉
Majority →									D₄₉ Retired
R₃₉ Ran	R₄₀ Ran	R₄₁ Ran	R₄₂ Ran	R₄₃ Ran	R₄₄ Ran	R₄₅ Ran	R₄₆ Ran	R₄₇ Retired
R₃₈ Ran	R₃₇ Ran	R₃₆ Ran	R₃₅ Ran	R₃₄ Ran	R₃₃ Ran	R₃₂ Ran	R₃₁ Ran	R₃₀	R₂₉
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

After the general elections

D₃₉ Re-elected	D₄₀ Re-elected	D₄₁ Re-elected	D₄₂ Re-elected	D₄₃ Re-elected	D₄₄ Re-elected	D₄₅ Re-elected	D₄₆ Re-elected	D₄₇ Hold	D₄₈ Gain
		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈
D₃₈ Re-elected	D₃₇ Re-elected	D₃₆ Re-elected	D₃₅ Re-elected	D₃₄	D₃₃	D₃₂	D₃₁	D₃₀	D₂₉
Majority →									D₄₉ Gain
R₃₉ Re-elected	R₄₀ Re-elected	R₄₁ Re-elected	R₄₂ Re-elected	R₄₃ Re-elected	R₄₄ Gain	R₄₅ Gain	D₅₁ Gain	D₅₀ Gain
R₃₈ Re-elected	R₃₇ Re-elected	R₃₆ Re-elected	R₃₅ Re-elected	R₃₄ Re-elected	R₃₃ Re-elected	R₃₂ Re-elected	R₃₁ Re-elected	R₃₀	R₂₉
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

After the November special elections and beginning of the next Congress

		D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄	D₅	D₆	D₇	D₈
D₁₈	D₁₇	D₁₆	D₁₅	D₁₄	D₁₃	D₁₂	D₁₁	D₁₀	D₉
D₁₉	D₂₀	D₂₁	D₂₂	D₂₃	D₂₄	D₂₅	D₂₆	D₂₇	D₂₈
D₃₈	D₃₇	D₃₆	D₃₅	D₃₄	D₃₃	D₃₂	D₃₁	D₃₀	D₂₉
D₃₉	D₄₀	D₄₁	D₄₂	D₄₃	D₄₄	D₄₅	D₄₆	D₄₇	D₄₈
Majority →									D₄₉ Hold
R₃₉	R₄₀	R₄₁	R₄₂	R₄₃	R₄₄	R₄₅	R₄₆ Gain	R₄₇ Gain
R₃₈	R₃₇	R₃₆	R₃₅	R₃₄	R₃₃	R₃₂	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉
R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄	R₂₅	R₂₆	R₂₇	R₂₈
R₁₈	R₁₇	R₁₆	R₁₅	R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉
		R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄	R₅	R₆	R₇	R₈

Key:

D_#	Democratic
R_#	Republican

Race summaries

Special elections during the 84th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1956 or in 1957 before January 3; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Kentucky (Class 2)	Robert Humphreys	Democratic	1956 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 6, 1956. Republican gain.	√ John S. Cooper (Republican) 53.2% Lawrence W. Wetherby (Democratic) 46.8%
South Carolina (Class 2)	Thomas A. Wofford	Democratic	1956 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 6, 1956. Democratic hold.	√ Strom Thurmond (Democratic) Unopposed
West Virginia (Class 1)	William R. Laird, III	Democratic	1956 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected November 6, 1956. Republican gain.	√ Chapman Revercomb (Republican) 53.7% William C. Marland (Democratic) 46.3%

Races leading to the 85th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1956; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Alabama	Lister Hill	Democratic	1938 (Appointed) 1938 1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Lister Hill (Democratic) Unopposed
Arizona	Carl Hayden	Democratic	1926 1932 1938 1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Carl Hayden (Democratic) 61.4% Ross F. Jones (Republican) 38.6%
Arkansas	J. William Fulbright	Democratic	1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ J. William Fulbright (Democratic) 83.0% Ben C. Henley (Republican) 17.0%
California	Thomas H. Kuchel	Republican	1953 (Appointed) 1954 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Thomas H. Kuchel (Republican) 54.0% Richard Richards (Democratic) 45.6% Ray Gourley (Prohibition) 0.4%
Colorado	Eugene D. Millikin	Republican	1941 (Appointed) 1942 (Special) 1944 1950	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	√ John A. Carroll (Democratic) 50.2% Dan Thornton (Republican) 49.8%
Connecticut	Prescott S. Bush	Republican	1952 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Prescott S. Bush (Republican) 54.8% Thomas J. Dodd (Democratic) 43.1%
Florida	George A. Smathers	Democratic	1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ George A. Smathers (Democratic) Unopposed
Georgia	Walter F. George	Democratic	1922 (Special) 1926 1932 1938 1944 1950	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Democratic hold.	√ Herman E. Talmadge (Democratic) Unopposed
Idaho	Herman Welker	Republican	1950	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	√ Frank Church (Democratic) 56.2% Herman Welker (Republican) 38.7%
Illinois	Everett M. Dirksen	Republican	1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Everett M. Dirksen (Republican) 54.1% W. Richard Stengel^[1] (Democratic) 45.7%
Indiana	Homer E. Capehart	Republican	1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Homer E. Capehart (Republican) 55.2% Claude R. Wickard (Democratic) 44.4%
Iowa	Bourke B. Hickenlooper	Republican	1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Bourke B. Hickenlooper (Republican) 53.9% R. M. Evans (Democratic) 46.1%
Kansas	Frank Carlson	Republican	1950 (Special) 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Frank Carlson (Republican) 57.9% George Hart (Democratic) 40.5%
Kentucky	Earle C. Clements	Democratic	1950 (Special) 1950	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Republican gain.	√ Thruston Morton (Republican) 50.4% Earle C. Clements (Democratic) 49.7%
Louisiana	Russell B. Long	Democratic	1948 (Special) 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Russell B. Long (Democratic) Unopposed
Maryland	John M. Butler	Republican	1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ John M. Butler (Republican) 53.0% George P. Mahoney (Democratic) 47.0%
Missouri	Thomas C. Hennings, Jr.	Democratic	1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. (Democratic) 56.4% Herbert Douglas (Republican) 43.6%
Nevada	Alan Bible	Democratic	1954 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Alan Bible (Democratic) 52.6% Cliff Young (Republican) 47.4%
New Hampshire	Norris Cotton	Republican	1954 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Norris Cotton (Republican) 64.1% Laurence M. Pickett (Democratic) 35.9%
New York	Herbert H. Lehman	Democratic	1950 (Special) 1950	Incumbent retired. New senator elected. Republican gain.	√ Jacob K. Javits (Republican) 53.3% Robert F. Wagner, Jr. (Democratic) 46.7%
North Carolina	Sam J. Ervin, Jr.	Democratic	1954 (Appointed) 1954 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Sam J. Ervin, Jr. (Democratic) 66.6% Joel A. Johnson (Republican) 33.4%
North Dakota	Milton R. Young	Republican	1945 (Appointed) 1946 (Special) 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Milton R. Young (Republican) 63.6% Quentin N. Burdick (Democratic) 36.0%
Ohio	George H. Bender	Republican	1954 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	√ Frank J. Lausche (Democratic) 52.9% George H. Bender (Republican) 47.1%
Oklahoma	Mike Monroney	Democratic	1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Mike Monroney (Democratic) 55.4% Douglas McKeever (Republican) 44.7%
Oregon	Wayne Morse	Democratic	1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Wayne Morse (Democratic) 54.2% Douglas McKay (Republican) 45.8%
Pennsylvania	James H. Duff	Republican	1950	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected. Democratic gain.	√ Joseph S. Clark (Democratic) 50.1% James H. Duff (Republican) 49.7%
South Carolina	Olin B. Johnston	Democratic	1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Olin B. Johnston (Democratic) Unopposed
South Dakota	Francis Case	Republican	1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Francis Case (Republican) 50.8% Kenneth Holum (Democratic) 49.2%
Utah	Wallace F. Bennett	Republican	1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Wallace F. Bennett (Republican) 54.0% Alonzo F. Hopkin (Democratic) 46.0%
Vermont	George D. Aiken	Republican	1940 (Special) 1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ George D. Aiken (Republican) 66.4% Bernard G. O'Shea (Democratic) 33.6%
Washington	Warren G. Magnuson	Democratic	1944 (Appointed) 1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Warren G. Magnuson (Democratic) 61.1% Arthur B. Langlie (Republican) 38.9%
Wisconsin	Alexander Wiley	Republican	1938 1944 1950	Incumbent re-elected.	√ Alexander Wiley (Republican) 58.6% Henry W. Maier (Democratic) 41.2%

Elections during the 85th Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1957 after January 3; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Texas (Class 1)	William A. Blakley	Democratic	1957 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. Winner elected April 28, 1957. Democratic hold.	√ Ralph Yarborough (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Wisconsin (Class 1)	Joseph McCarthy	Republican	1946 1952	Incumbent died May 2, 1957. Winner elected August 28, 1957. Democratic gain.	√ William Proxmire (Democratic) 56.4% Walter J. Kohler Jr. (Republican) 40.5%^[2]

Complete list of races

New York

In New York, the Republican state convention met on September 10 at Albany, New York, and nominated New York State Attorney General Jacob K. Javits.^[3] The Democratic state convention met on September 10 at Albany, New York, and nominated Mayor of New York City Robert F. Wagner, Jr., for the U.S. Senate.^[4] The Liberal Party endorsed the Democratic nominee, Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr., for the U.S. Senate.^[5] On October 1, a movement was launched to vote for General of the Army Douglas MacArthur as a write-in candidate for the U.S. Senate.^[6] On October 2, MacArthur disavowed the campaign, and stated that he was not a candidate.^[7]

The Republican candidate was elected.

Party	Candidate	Votes
Republican	Jacob K. Javits	3,723,933
Democratic	Robert F. Wagner, Jr.	2,964,511
Liberal	Robert F. Wagner, Jr.	300,648

North Dakota

In North Dakota, the incumbent, Republican Milton Young, sought and received re-election to his third term, defeating North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party candidate Quentin N. Burdick, son of North Dakota congressman Usher L. Burdick.^[8]

Only Young filed as a Republican, and the endorsed Democratic candidate was Quentin Burdick, the son of well-known politician Usher Burdick, and former candidate for Governor of North Dakota. Young and Burdick won the primary elections for their respective parties.

One independent candidate, Arthur C. Townley, also filed before the deadline. Townley would later seek the state's other senate seat in 1958 (see election), and was known for creating the National Non-Partisan League.

1956 United States Senate election, North Dakota
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Milton R. Young	155,305	63.61
	Democratic	Quentin N. Burdick	87,919	36.01
	Independent	Arthur C. Townley	937	0.38
Majority
Turnout			244,161

Oregon

In Oregon, Republican-turned-Independent-turned Democratic Senator Wayne Morse decided to seek re-election for his first full term as a Democrat. Morse defeated Republican candidate Douglas McKay in the hotly contested general election.^[9]

Oregon United States Senate election, 1956
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Wayne Morse, incumbent Senator since 1945; member of the Democratic party since 1955	396,849	54.20
	Republican	Douglas McKay, former Governor of Oregon (1949–1952) and United States Secretary of the Interior (1953–1956)	335,405	45.80
Majority			61,444	8.39
Turnout			732,254

Pennsylvania

In Pennsylvania, incumbent Republican U.S. Senator James H. Duff sought re-election to another term, but was defeated by the Democratic nominee, Joseph S. Clark, Jr.

General election results^[8]
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	Joseph S. Clark, Jr. Former Mayor of Philadelphia	2,268,641	50.08
Republican	James H. Duff Incumbent U.S. Senator	2,250,671	49.69
Socialist Labor	George S. Taylor	7,447 4528794	0.16
Militant Workers	Herbert G. Lewin	2,035	0.05

South Carolina

In South Carolina the regular election was held simultaneously with the special election.

The special election resulted from the resignation of Senator Strom Thurmond on April 4, 1956, who was keeping a campaign pledge he had made in the 1954 election. Thurmond was unopposed in his bid to complete the remaining four years of the term. Senator Strom Thurmond faced no opposition from South Carolina Democrats and avoided a primary election. There was a possibility that Governor George Bell Timmerman, Jr. might enter the race, but Thurmond was held in such high regard by the voters that there would have been no chance of defeating Thurmond. With no challenge to the remainder of the term, Thurmond did not conduct a campaign and rejoined his old law firm in Aiken until he returned to the Senate after the general election.

South Carolina U.S. Senate Special Election, 1956
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic	Strom Thurmond	245,371	100.0	+36.9
Majority			245,371	100.0	+73.7
Turnout			245,371	32.2	+5.9
	Democratic hold

Incumbent Democratic Senator Olin D. Johnston handily defeated Republican mayor of Clemson Leon P. Crawford. Olin D. Johnston, the incumbent Senator, faced no opposition from South Carolina Democrats and avoided a primary election. Leon P. Crawford, the mayor of the town of Clemson in the Upstate, faced no opposition from South Carolina Republicans and avoided a primary election. Crawford campaigned as a defender of states' rights and denounced Johnston for backing the New Deal and the Fair Deal. The state Republican Party believed that Crawford could have a chance in the election if he galvanized the 128,000 registered black voters, although they were weary of being labeled as the black party. In the end, Johnston remained highly popular with the voters who were still leery of the Republican party and he easily defeated Crawford in the general election.

South Carolina U.S. Senate Election, 1956
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Democratic	Olin D. Johnston	230,150	82.2	-17.7
	Republican	Leon P. Crawford	49,695	17.8	+17.8
	No party	Write-Ins	124	0.0	-0.1
Majority			180,455	64.4	-35.4
Turnout			279,969	36.8
	Democratic hold

Vermont

In Vermont, incumbent Republican George Aiken ran successfully for re-election to another term in the United States Senate, defeating Democratic incumbent Bernard G. O'Shea.

Republican primary results^[10]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	George Aiken (inc.)	49,454	99.9
	Republican	Other	27	0.1
Total votes			49,481	100

Democratic primary results^[10]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Bernard G. O'Shea	7,997	99.8
	Democratic	Other	19	0.2
Total votes			8,016	100

United States Senate election in Vermont, 1956^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	George Aiken (inc.)	103,101	66.4
	Democratic	Bernard G. O'Shea	52,184	33.6
Total votes			155,289	100

References

↑ W. (William) Richard Stengel was an Illinois lawyer, state legislator and (after his loss to Dirksen) Rock Island County State's attorney and an Illinois judge. He died in 1994.
↑ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=55&year=1957&f=0&off=3&elect=7
↑ G.O.P. UNANIMOUS; ...JAVITS IS NAMED FOR SENATE RACE in NYT on September 11, 1956 (subscription required)
↑ Wagner's Address Accepting Democratic Senatorial Nomination in NYT on September 11, 1956 (subscription required)
↑ STEVENSON PUTS RACIAL 'CLIMATE' UP TO PRESIDENT; ...Wins Liberal Nomination, With Mayor Wagner Party Nominates Slate in NYT on September 12, 1956 (subscription required)
↑ WRITE-IN STATE VOTE FOR M'ARTHUR URGED in NYT on October 2, 1956 (subscription required)
↑ M'ARTHUR DISAVOWS BID; General Repeats He Is Not Candidate for Senate in NYT on October 3, 1956 (subscription required)
1 2 "Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of November 6, 1956" (PDF). Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
↑ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=40154
1 2 "Primary Election Results" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
↑ "General Election Results - U.S. Senator - 1914-2014" (PDF). Office of the Vermont Secretary of State. Retrieved June 17, 2015.

1956 U.S. Senate Election results
STATE ELECTORS TO VOTE MONDAY; But Harriman Will Not Hold Reception for Republicans; Final Tally Listed; Dewey Held Receptions; 4.3 Million for Eisenhower in NYT on December 11, 1956 (subscription required)
"Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." Reports and Resolutions of South Carolina to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1957, pp. 8–9.
Kalk, Bruce H. (2001). The Origins of the Southern Strategy: Two-Party Competition in South. Lexington Books. pp. 30, 33.
Bass, Jack; Marilyn W. Thompson (1998). Ol' Strom: An Unauthorized Biography of Strom Thurmond. Longstreet. p. 155.

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