United States Senate elections, 1862 and 1863

Various dates

22 of the 68 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections) 25 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Republican	Democratic
Last election	29 seats	30 seats
Seats before	31	11
Seats won	32	10
Seat change	1	1
Seats up	10	5

	Third party	Fourth party

Party	Unionist	Unconditional Unionist
Last election	New Party	New Party
Seats before	6
Seats won	5	1
Seat change	1	1
Seats up	4

Majority Party before election

Republican Party

Elected Majority Party

Republican Party

The United States Senate elections of 1862 and 1863 were elections during the American Civil War in which Republicans increased their control of the U.S. Senate. The Republican Party gained three seats, bringing their majority to 66% of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists. As many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, and members left the Senate to join the Confederacy, or were expelled for supporting the rebellion, seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.

As this election was prior to ratification of the seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results summary

Senate Party Division, 38th Congress (1863–1865)

Majority Party: Republican (31), later rose to 33
Minority Party: Democratic (10)
Other Parties: Unionist (4), later dropped to 3; Unconditional Unionist (3), later rose to 4
Vacant: 20, later rose to 22
Total Seats: 48, later rose to 50

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

U₄ Running	U₅ Retired	U₆ Unknown	R₃₁ Ran	R₃₀ Ran	R₂₉ Unknown	R₂₈ Retired	R₂₇ Ran	R₂₆ Ran	R₂₅ Ran
V₄	V₃	V₂	V₁
V₅	V₆	V₇ No race	V₈ No race	V₉ No race	V₁₀ No race	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄
U₃	U₂	U₁	D₁₁ Ran	D₁₀ Retired	D₉ Unknown	D₈ Ran	D₇ Ran	D₆	D₅
Majority →
R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂ Ran	R₂₃ Ran	R₂₄ Ran
R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅
V₁₆	V₁₅	V₁₄	V₁₃	V₁₂	V₁₁	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄
V₁₇	V₁₈	V₁₉	V₂₀

As a result of the elections

U₅ Hold	UU₁ Gain	R₃₂ Gain	R₃₁ Gain	R₃₀ Re-elected	R₂₉ Re-elected	R₂₈ Hold	R₂₇ Hold	R₂₆ Re-elected	R₂₅ Re-elected
V₄	V₃	V₂	V₁
V₅	V₆	V₇ No race	V₈ No race	V₉ No race	V₁₀ No race	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄
U₄ Hold	U₃	U₂	U₁	D₁₀ Gain	D₉ Hold	D₈ Hold	D₇ Re-elected	D₆	D₅
Majority →
R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂ Re-elected	R₂₃ Re-elected	R₂₄ Re-elected
R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅
V₁₆	V₁₅	V₁₄	V₁₃	V₁₂	V₁₁	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄
V₁₇	V₁₈	V₁₉	V₂₀

Beginning of the next Congress

V₄	V₃	V₂	V₁
V₅	V₆	V₇	V₈	V₉	V₁₀	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄
U₄	U₃	U₂	U₁	D₁₀ Gain	D₉	D₈	D₇	D₆	D₅
UU₃ Gain	UU₂ Changed	UU₁	R₃₁	R₃₀	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅
Majority →
R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄
R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅
V₁₆	V₁₅	V₁₄	V₁₃	V₁₂	V₁₁	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄
V₁₇	V₁₈	V₁₉	V₂₀

Key:

D_#	Democratic
R_#	Republican
UU_#	Unconditional Unionist
U_#	Unionist
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the 37th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1862 or in 1863 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Michigan (Class 2)	Kinsley S. Bingham	Republican	1858	Incumbent died October 5, 1861. Winner elected January 17, 1862. Republican hold.	√ Jacob M. Howard (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Oregon (Class 2)	Benjamin Stark	Democratic	1862 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired September 12, 1862 when successor elected. Winner elected September 12, 1862. Democratic hold.	√ Benjamin F. Harding (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Rhode Island (Class 1)	James F. Simmons	Republican	1841 1847 (Lost) 1856	Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him. Winner elected December 1, 1862. Republican hold. Winner was not elected to the next term, see below.	√ Samuel G. Arnold (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Illinois (Class 2)	Orville H. Browning	Republican	1861 (Appointed)	Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. Winner elected January 12, 1863. Democratic gain.	√ William A. Richardson (Democratic) Orville H. Browning (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Indiana (Class 1)	Joseph A. Wright	Unionist	1862 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. Winner elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term, see below.	√ David Turpie (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Jersey (Class 1)	Richard S. Field	Republican	1862 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. Winner elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term, see below.	√ James W. Wall (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Races leading to the 38th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
California	Milton Latham	Democratic	1860 (Special)	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected as a Democrat in 1862 or 1863. Winner changed party to Republican after the election. Republican gain.	√ John Conness (Democratic) Milton Latham (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Connecticut	James Dixon	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	√ James Dixon (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Delaware	James A. Bayard, Jr.	Democratic	1851 1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	√ James A. Bayard, Jr. (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Florida	Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Stephen Mallory (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1868.	None.
Indiana	David Turpie	Democratic	1863 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1862. Democratic hold.	√ Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maine	Lot M. Morrill	Republican	1861 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	√ Lot M. Morrill (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maryland	Anthony Kennedy	Unionist	1856 or 1857	Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1862 or 1863. Unionist hold.	√ Reverdy Johnson (Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Massachusetts	Charles Sumner	Republican	1851 (Special) 1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	√ Charles Sumner (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Michigan	Zachariah Chandler	Republican	1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	√ Zachariah Chandler (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Minnesota	Henry Mower Rice	Democratic	1858	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1863. Republican gain.	√ Alexander Ramsey (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Mississippi	Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Jefferson Davis (D) resigned.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
Missouri	John B. Henderson	Unionist	1862 (Appointed)	Interim appointee elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1862. Unconditional Unionist gain.	√ John B. Henderson (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Jersey	James Walter Wall	Democratic	1863 (Special)	Incumbent had been elected to finish the previous term, but lost election to the next term. Winner elected in 1862 or 1863. Democratic hold.	√ William Wright (Democratic) James Walter Wall (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New York	Preston King	Republican	1857	Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected February 3, 1863. Republican hold	√ Edwin D. Morgan (Republican) Erastus Corning (Democratic) John Adams Dix (Democratic) Fernando Wood (Democratic) Daniel S. Dickinson (Democratic)
Ohio	Benjamin Wade	Republican	1851 1856	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	√ Benjamin Wade (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Pennsylvania	David Wilmot	Republican	1861 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 13, 1863. Democratic gain.	√ Charles R. Buckalew (Democratic) 50.38% Simon Cameron (Republican) 48.87% William D. Kelley (Republican) 0.75%
Rhode Island	Samuel G. Arnold	Republican	1862 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1862. Republican hold.	√ William Sprague IV (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Tennessee	Vacant since March 4, 1862 when Andrew Johnson (D) resigned to become Military Governor of Tennessee.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1866.	None.
Texas	Vacant since March 23, 1861 when Louis Wigfall (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
Vermont	Solomon Foot	Republican	1850 1856	Incumbent re-elected in 1862.	√ Solomon Foot (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Virginia	Waitman T. Willey	Unionist	1861 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1863. Unionist hold.	√ Lemuel J. Bowden (Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Wisconsin	James R. Doolittle	Republican	1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	√ James R. Doolittle (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Elections during the 38th Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
West Virginia (Class 1)	New state			West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. Winner elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain.	√ Peter G. Van Winkle (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
West Virginia (Class 2)	New state			West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. Winner elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain.	√ Waitman T. Willey (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Missouri (Class 3)	Robert Wilson	Unconditional Unionist	1862 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. Winner elected November 13, 1863. Unconditional Unionist hold.	√ B. Gratz Brown (Unconditional Unionist) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Complete list of races

New York

Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 1863

The New York election was held February 3, 1863 by the New York State Legislature.

Republican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.

At the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862–1863) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected Governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.

The election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.^[1] The Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew. The Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co.. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator,^[2] managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.^[3]

The caucus of Republican^[4] State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859-1862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent Senator Preston King was voted down.

**1863 Republican caucus for United States Senator result**
Office	Candidate	Informal ballot	First ballot	Second ballot
U.S. Senator	Edwin D. Morgan	25	39	50
	Preston King	19	16	11
	Daniel S. Dickinson	15	11	13
	Charles B. Sedgwick	11	7	1
	David Dudley Field	7	5	2
	Henry J. Raymond	6	8	9
	Ward Hunt	4
	Henry R. Selden	1
	blank	1

The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that "each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper." They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.

In the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem.), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union General in the Civil War. A second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican State Senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.

In the State Senate, Edwin D. Morgan was nominated.

Both Houses of the Legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.

Edwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the State Legislature.

House	Republican		Democrat		Also ran
State Senate (32 members)	Edwin D. Morgan	23	Erastus Corning	7
State Assembly (128 members) first ballot	Edwin D. Morgan	64	Erastus Corning	62	John Adams Dix	1	Fernando Wood	1
State Assembly (128 members) second ballot			Erastus Corning	63	John Adams Dix	65
State Legislature (160 members) joint ballot	Edwin D. Morgan	86	Erastus Corning	70	John Adams Dix	1	Daniel S. Dickinson	1

Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania election was held January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.^[5]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1863 to elect a Senator as follows:

State Legislature Results^[5]^[6]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Charles R. Buckalew	67	50.38
	Republican	Simon Cameron	65	48.87
	Republican	William D. Kelley	1	0.75
Totals			133	100.00%

References

↑ In 1819, 1825 and 1839, no U.S. Senator could be elected because nobody was nominated by either the Assembly or the State Senate due to stalemated votes.
↑ IMPORTANT FROM ALBANY.; A New Phase In the Struggle for the Speakership. Withdrawal of Mr. Sherwood from the Contest. Mr. Callicott, of Kings, Democrat, Nominated by the Republicans. Filibustering by the Democrats to Prevent a Vote in NYT on January 17, 1863
↑ IMPORTANT FROM ALBANY; MR. CALLICOTT ELECTED SPEAKER in NYT on January 27, 1863
↑ The newspapers used at the time the terms "Republican", "Republican Union" and "Union" synonymously. Many, but not all, of these legislators had been elected on a Union ticket nominated by Republicans and War Democrats. The word Union also referred to those who supported the incumbent federal administration during the Civil War as opposed to both the Southern "Confederates", and the Anti-War Democrats, headed by Governor Horatio Seymour.
1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 13 January 1863" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
↑ "PA US Senate - 1863". OurCampaigns. Retrieved 22 December 2012.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner, 1867 (see pg. 568 for U. S. Senators; pg. 443 for State Senators 1863; pg. 496ff for Members of Assembly 1863)
Members of the 38th United States Congress
Result state election 1861 in The Tribune Almanac for 1862 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
Result state election 1862 in The Tribune Almanac for 1863 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
IMPORTANT FROM ALBANY.; Nomination of Ex-Governor Morgan for United States Senator by the Union Caucus. The Democrats Decline to Make a Nomination in NYT on February 3, 1863
PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE; SENATE; ...The Adjourned Democratic Caucus in NYT on February 4, 1863
IMPORTANT FROM ALBANY.; EX-Governor Morgan Elected U.S. Senator in NYT on February 4, 1863
Result in the Senate: Journal of the Senate (86th Session) (1863; pg. 95f)
Result in the Assembly: Journal of the Assembly (86th Session) (1863; pg. 151f and 154)
Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project

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