Bronx Zoo

For other uses, see The Bronx Zoo (disambiguation).
Bronx Zoo

Bronx Zoo logo

Asia Gate Entrance
Date opened November 8, 1899 [1]
Location 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx Park, Bronx, New York, 10460
U.S.
Coordinates 40°51′02″N 73°52′31″W / 40.850581°N 73.87538°W / 40.850581; -73.87538Coordinates: 40°51′02″N 73°52′31″W / 40.850581°N 73.87538°W / 40.850581; -73.87538
Land area 265 acres (107 ha)[2]
Number of animals 4,000 (2010) [3]
Number of species 650 (2010) [3]
Memberships AZA [4]
Major exhibits Congo Gorilla Forest, JungleWorld, Wild Asia Monorail, Madagascar!, Tiger Mountain, African Plains, World of Birds, World of Reptiles, Zoo Center
Public transit access

Subway:

Bus:

Website www.bronxzoo.com

The Bronx Zoo is a zoo located in the Bronx, a borough of New York City, within Bronx Park. It is the largest metropolitan zoo in the United States and among the largest in the world. On average, the zoo has 2.15 million visitors each year and is world-renowned for its large and diverse animal collection, and its award-winning exhibitions.[5] It comprises 265 acres (107 ha) of park lands and naturalistic habitats, through which the Bronx River flows. The zoo is part of an integrated system of four zoos and one aquarium managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), and is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).[6]

History

Early years

Zoo Director William T. Hornaday feeding a greater kudu in 1920

In 1895, a group made up largely of members of the Boone and Crockett Club founded the New York Zoological Society (later renamed to Wildlife Conservation Society) for the purposes of founding a zoo, promoting the study of zoology, and preserving wildlife.[7] Credit for this belonged chiefly to Madison Grant and C. Grant LaFarge.[8]

The zoo (sometimes called the Bronx Zoological Park[9] and the Bronx Zoological Gardens[10]) opened its doors to the public on November 8, 1899, featuring 843 animals in 22 exhibits. The first zoo director was William Temple Hornaday, who had 30 years of service at the zoo.[11]

Heins & LaFarge designed the original permanent buildings as a series of Beaux-Arts pavilions grouped around the large circular sea lion pool.[12] In 1934, the Rainey Memorial Gates, designed by noted sculptor Paul Manship, were dedicated as a memorial to noted big game hunter Paul James Rainey.[13] The gates were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.[14]

The Rockefeller Fountain, that today adorns the gardens just inside the Fordham Road Gate, was once a famous landmark in Como, Italy. Originally built by Biagio Catella in 1872, it stood in the main square (Piazza Cavour) by the lakeside.[15] It was bought by William Rockefeller in 1902 for 3,500 lire (the estimated equivalent then of $637) and installed at the Bronx Zoo in 1903. In 1968, the fountain was designated an official New York City landmark, and is one of the few local monuments to be honored in this way.[16]

The New York Zoological Society's seal was designed by famed wildlife-artist Charles R. Knight. The seal depicted a ram's head and an eagle to reflect the society's interest in preserving North American wildlife.[17] While no longer in use, the seal can still be found on the lawn in the center of Astor Court.

On December 17, 1902, the zoo became one of the seven zoos outside of Australia, and one of only two in the United States, to ever hold the now-extinct thylacine. The first animal was a male obtained from famous German animal dealer, Carl Hagenbeck. The animal died on August 15, 1908. The zoo received a second male on January 26, 1912, from the Beaumaris Zoo in Tasmania, who later died on November 20 of that year. The zoo received their final two animals from Sydney animal dealer, Ellis S. Joseph. The first was an unsexed individual who arrived on November 7, 1916, in poor condition and died seven days later. The second and final animal was a female purchased from the Beaumaris Zoo by Joseph for £25 (~$35) and then was resold to the zoo, arriving on July 14, 1917.[18] On a visit, the director of the Melbourne Zoo, Mr. Le Souef, said upon seeing the animal:

I advise you to take excellent care of that specimen; for when it is gone, you never will get another. The species soon will be extinct.

The zoo's final thylacine died on September 13, 1919.[18]

In early 1903, the zoo was gifted a pair of Barbary lions, a subspecies which is now believed to be extinct. The female was named "Bedouin Maid" and male "Sultan", who went on to become one of the zoo's most popular animals. Displayed in the "Lion House", "Sultan" was four years old at the time and described as being both "a perfect specimen" and "unusually good tempered". In May 1903, the pair produced three cubs, the first to be born at the zoo. On October 7, 1905, Charles R. Knight painted a portrait of "Sultan" and the animal went on to be the focus of many of the zoo's postcards. "Sultan" was also the model for the lion which sits atop the Rainey Memorial Gates.[19]

In 1916, the zoo built the world's first animal hospital located at zoo.[5]

Recent years

Historical Fordham Road Entrance to the Bronx Zoo featuring Rainey Memorial Gates

The zoo was one of the few in the world to exhibit proboscis monkeys outside of Southeast Asia and, in the 1976 International Zoo Yearbook, the zoo reported having eight monkeys, seven of which were born at the zoo. As of March 1999, the zoo only had two monkeys left, these two being the last members of their species kept in the United States.[20][21] In 2003, the pair were sent to the Singapore Zoo.

On June 6, 1990, the zoo received a female Sumatran rhinoceros named Rapunzel. At the time, the zoo was one of only three in North America to hold the critically endangered species, with the Cincinnati Zoo and San Diego Zoo being the others, holding one female each. The three zoos were apart of the Sumatran Rhino Trust's plan to start a captive breeding program for the species.[22] Rapunzel was born in the wild in Sumatra and rescued from an area of rainforest that was slated to be cleared for a palm oil plantation in 1989. Though it's believed she bred in the wild, she never produced any calves in captivity and it was eventually determined that she was past reproductive age, at which point she was returned to the zoo in 2000, having left for breeding purposes. Rapunzel lived in the Zoo Center until her death in December 2005 in her 30s.[23]

In November 2006, the zoo opened up brand-new eco-friendly restrooms outside the Bronx River Gate. According to Clivus Multrum, which built the composting toilets chosen by the zoo, these facilities will serve 500,000 people and save 1,000,000 U.S. gallons (3,800,000 l) of water a year.[24][25]

In March 2007, the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Fordham University Graduate School of Education announced they would offer a joint program leading to a Master of Science degree in education and New York State initial teacher certification in adolescent science education (biology grades 7–12). The program began in 2008, and is the first joint degree program of its kind.[26]

Bronx Zoo admission prices
since 1989
Year Adult admission
1989 $3.75[27]
1997 $6.75[28]
2004 $11[29]
2010 $16.95
$33.95 (Total Experience)[30]
2016 $19.95
$33.95 (Total Experience)

In 2009, New York City cut funding for the state's 76 zoos, aquariums, and botanical gardens. The Wildlife Conservation Society as a whole suffered a $15-million deficit and the zoo was forced to downsize its staff and animal collection. The budget cuts forced the buyouts of over 100 employees and layoffs of dozens more as well as the closure of four sections of the zoo: World of Darkness, Rare Animal Range, the Skyfari, and a small section of the overall still-open African Plains exhibit which featured endangered antelope.[31][32] In the end, 186 staff positions (15%) were cut within the WCS. In 2012, Mayor Michael Bloomberg passed another budget cut that took $4.7-million from the funding of the zoo and the New York Aquarium, which is also run by the WCS. This cut represented more than half of what the collections were receiving. However, he also passed an energy subsidy that brought the cuts down to $3.7-million.[33]

In the summer of 2014, New York Representative Carolyn B. Maloney visited the Chengdu Panda Base in Sichuan, China and announced her plan to bring giant pandas to New York City. Initially, she aimed to exhibit them at the Central Park Zoo, though switched her attention to Bronx after deciding the 6.5-acre zoo didn't have the resources to care for the animals. Maloney and her supporters, which include Maurice R. Greenberg, Newt Gingrich, and John A. Catsimatidis, have been met with many obstacles throughout their campaign. Initially, the largest issues were the lack of support from Mayor Bill de Blasio and City Hall, and Chinese officials insisting that no more pandas be brought to the United States. However, in October 2015, Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai announced that China was willing to enter preliminary talks with New York over the matter, and soon after de Blasio and City Hall signed a letter appealing to Chinese officials, which was drafted by Maloney in 2014. Despite her efforts, Maloney's campaign still has yet to overcome two critical steps in acquiring pandas: funding and the zoo's consent. Both de Blasio and the Wildlife Conservation Society refuse to fund the project, not wanting taxpayer or vital zoo money to go towards the highly expensive project. David Towne, chairman of the American-based Giant Panda Conservation Foundation, estimated that the cost of bringing pandas to NYC would be around $50-million. The foundation has also said that the cost of keeping just one animal is about $1-million a year, including food, trainers, and habitat upkeep. Additionally, China loans out their pandas for a hefty fee. A study published by the Washington Post in 2005 found that the four U.S. zoos holding pandas (Memphis Zoo, San Diego Zoo, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, and Zoo Atlanta) had spent $33-million more on the animals than revenue made off of them between 2000 and 2003. Despite the figures, Maloney believes pandas in NYC will do better since the city has a higher population than those four cities combined, and received a record-breaking 56.4-million visitors in 2014. Still, the WCS continues to steer away from the aspect of bringing in pandas. In 2014, a senior official from the WCS said Maloney's campaign had reached "a new level of absurdity" when it was announced she intended to bring a Chinese delegation to the Central Park Zoo and, in November 2015, Jim Breheny, WCS Executive Vice President and Bronx Zoo Director, released a statement saying:[34][35]

The concept of bringing Giant Pandas to New York which the Congresswoman is proposing is complex and would require that a number of complicated issues be considered and resolved before any such plan could be implemented.

Any decision to bring giant pandas to New York would need to be based on positively contributing to the conservation of giant pandas in the wild and a determination that all the requirements necessary to keep the animals well in New York could be met.

Very importantly, there is no funding for this initiative. Building and maintenance of a panda exhibit would be an on-going effort that would require tens of millions of dollars up front and annual support monies for pandas for however long they would be in New York. Any agreement to exhibit pandas would have to come with a guarantee of provision for the necessary funds.

Exhibits and attractions

The zoo has two types of exhibits: free exhibits which are accessible with a General Admission ticket, and premium exhibits which require additional fees. A single price plan, "Total Experience", allows access to all exhibits. Special discounts are offered to members of the military and their families. The zoo has free admission on Wednesdays. A Premium Family Membership is available for an annual fee which includes free unlimited admission to all five of the WCS institutes (Bronx Zoo, Central Park Zoo, Prospect Park Zoo, Queens Zoo, and New York Aquarium).[36][37]

Free exhibits and attractions

Gelada in Baboon Reserve.
Guanay cormorant in the SeaBird Aviary, the zoo is the last to hold the species outside of South America.

As of 2010, the Bronx Zoo is home to more than 4,000 animals of 650 species, many of which are endangered or threatened.[3] Some of the exhibits at the zoo, such as "World of Birds" and "World of Reptiles", are arranged by taxonomy, while others, such as "African Plains" and the "Wild Asian Monorail", are arranged geographically.[38]

Astor Court

Astor Court is an old section of the zoo that's home to many of the zoo's original buildings, designed by Heins & LaFarge. While most are closed to the public, the former "Lion House" was reopened as the Madagascar! exhibit in 2008[39] and the Zoo Center still exhibits various species. The highlight of the area is the historic sea lion pool, featuring California sea lions. Small aviaries featuring small bird species can be found nearby and white-headed capuchins can be seen behind the old "Monkey House".

African Plains

African Plains allows visitors to walk past Transvaal lions, South African wild dogs, and Grévy's zebras, and see herds of Thomson's gazelles, lowland nyalas, and slender-horned gazelles sharing their home with lesser kudus, marabou storks, grey crowned cranes, blue cranes, and red-flanked duikers. Hybrid giraffes (Baringo × reticulated giraffe) roam nearby. The exhibit originally opened in 1941 and was the first in the country to allow visitors to view predators and their prey in a naturalistic setting as well as allowing large predators such as lions to be exhibited cage-free.[5] This success was achieved through the creation of a series of deep moats, a set-up which can still be found at the zoo today.[15] The wild dogs, however, can be viewed close-up from a glass-fronted viewing pavilion.[40] The zoo has bred their lions on multiple occasions, including one male and two females born in January 2010 and three males and one female born in August 2013. The zoo, in partnership with the NY Daily News, held a contest to name the 2010 cubs, which made their public debut in April 2010. The winning names were "Shani", "Nala", and "Adamma".[41] The 2013 cubs were named "Thulani", "Ime", "Bahata", and "Amara"[42] and the three males can still be found on-exhibit at the zoo. The Carter Giraffe Building, a section of African Plains, features indoor/outdoor viewing of the zoo's giraffes and southern ostriches (Struthio camelus australis), and is also home to spotted hyenas, common dwarf mongoose, southern white-faced owls, and the only two Maxwell's duikers outside of Africa. In June 2009, two aardvarks imported from Tanzania joined the exhibit.[5][43] In September 2010, the pair gave birth to a male named "Hoover", the first to ever be born at the zoo. In 1924, the zoo became the first in North America to exhibit the species.[44]

Until 2009, the Southwestern corner of African Plains was home to the endangered Arabian oryx and blesbok. Unfortunately, due to a huge budget cut and the unpopularity of the species with visitors, they were phased-out of the collection.[32] This section of the exhibit remains empty. The exhibit also lost its two male cheetahs in 2009 due to them dying of old age. They were replaced by the hyenas.[45]

Baboon Reserve

Baboon Reserve, opened in 1990, is a two-acre recreation of the Ethiopian highlands which, at the time of its opening, was the largest primate exhibit in the United States.[46] The exhibit's main features revolve around the zoo's troop of geladas such as artificial rocks and earthbanks, and displays about life in the highlands and the side-by-side evolution of humans and geladas. Visitors can watch the geladas from multiple viewpoints along with Nubian ibex and rock hyrax, all of which are mixed together in the hilly enclosure. An African village-styled café overlooks the exhibit. Baboon Reserve won the AZA Exhibit Award in 1991.[46][47] In the fall of 2014, a male gelada was born at the zoo, the first in over 13 years. The zoo is currently the only one in the United States to exhibit geladas,[48] though the San Diego Zoo plans to add them in their new "African Rocks" exhibit.[49]

Blue-winged geese and Cape teals have been exhibited here as well, though are currently absent. The former can now be found in African Plains while the later appears to be absent from the zoo's current on-exhibit collection.[46]

Big Bears

Big Bears features a pair of bear grottos home to a single male polar bear, a male grizzly bear, and three Sitka brown bears (Ursus arctos sitkensis) rescued as orphans from the ABC Islands of Alaska.[50]

Until 2015, two female grizzly bears named "Betty" and "Veronica" also lived in this exhibit, but are now on-exhibit at the Central Park Zoo.[51]

Himalayan Highlands

Himalayan Highlands, which opened on June 27, 1986,[52] recreates the Himalayas region of Asia. The exhibit is known for its highly naturalistic look and use of the hilly and rocky terrain found in that portion of the zoo. The stars of the exhibit are the zoo's multiple snow leopards. The exhibit also is home to western red pandas, white-naped cranes, and Temminck's tragopans. In 2006, the zoo brought in a male snow leopard named "Leo" from Pakistan after he was orphaned at around two months old.[53] "Leo" sired a male cub on April 9, 2013. The cub is one of more than 70 snow leopards born at the zoo, which was the first U.S. zoo to exhibit the species in 1903.[54]

Madagascar!

Madagascar!, which opened on June 20, 2008, recreates various habitats found on the island of Madagascar and contains a variety of wildlife from the island, including lemurs, lesser hedgehog tenrecs, fossas, Nile crocodiles, radiated tortoises, and highly endangered cichlids, as well as a variety of smaller species.[39][55] Ring-tailed lemurs, collared lemurs, red ruffed lemurs, crowned lemurs, and Coquerel's sifakas are the lemur species held in the exhibit. Madagascar! holds the only two ring-tailed vontsiras in the United States and is home to over 100,000 Madagascar hissing cockroaches that can be named for $10 around Valentine's Day.[5][56] The exhibit has multiple educational displays focusing on the many threats to the survival of these species as well as the WCS's conservation work in Madagascar. The building was converted from the former "Lion House", which had opened in 1903 and closed by the late 1980s.

Mouse House

The Mouse House is a small building home to various species of small mammals, particularly rodents. The building features both diurnal and nocturnal areas and a row of outdoor cages which, during the summer months, are home to a variety of small primates. Species include Karoo short-eared elephant shrew, northern Luzon giant cloud rat, western spotted skunk, golden-headed lion tamarin, Mohol bushbaby, Damaraland mole-rat, lesser Egyptian jerboa, long-tailed chinchilla, Harris's antelope squirrel, California mouse, green acouchi, and woodland dormouse.

Aquatic Bird House

The current Aquatic Bird House opened on September 24, 1964, on the foundation of the original house, which was opened on November 8, 1899, with the rest of the zoo. The building features a multitude of mostly open-fronted enclosures mainly focusing on coastal and wetland habitats and the species that rely on them.[57] Scarlet ibises, roseate spoonbills, a Madagascar crested ibis, giant wood rail, pied avocets, Baer's pochards, common terns, African spoonbills, silver teals and Forster's terns are among the residents here. The exhibit also features an outdoor pond home to a flock of American flamingos and Orinoco geese, and a large aviary home to lesser adjutant storks. The zoo is one of only three zoos in North America working with the endangered storks and has bred them several times, including the hatching of two chicks on June 27 and August 15, 2015.[58] The Aquatic Bird House is also home to another endangered stork species: the Storm's stork. The zoo is one of only two in the United States working with this species; the other being the San Diego Zoo. In May 2014, the zoo opened a new nocturnal enclosure for a North Island brown kiwi in the building,[59] and in May 2015, a colony of little blue penguins from the Taronga Zoo were added.[60]

Russell B. Aitken Sea Bird Aviary

The Russell B. Aitken Sea Bird Aviary, which opened on May 17, 1997, is a huge walk-through aviary designed to resemble the Patagonian coast. The aviary stands at 60-feet high, occupies 615,000 cubic feet, is supported by five steel arches, and netted with a stainless steel mesh. The aviary was built to replace the original "De Jur Aviary" that opened with the zoo in 1899 and collapsed in a snowstorm in February 1995.[61] The exhibit's height and open space allows the residents to soar around above visitor's heads and the fake sea cliff walls allows for more natural nesting and roosting behavior. The aviary is home to about 100 birds, most being Inca terns, but also a small colony of Magellanic penguins, flying steamer ducks, and a black-faced ibis. The aviary is also home to the last Guanay cormorant in captivity outside of South America. In April 2014, four Peruvian pelicans were added to the exhibit,[62] and in January 2015, a pair of ruddy-headed geese were added.[63]

Tiger Mountain

Tiger Mountain, which opened on May 15, 2003, is a three-acre exhibit which features Amur tigers and occasionally Malayan tigers, who are usually kept off-exhibit. The exhibit has two enclosures with glass viewing, the second of which has a 10,000 gallon pool with underwater viewing. Outside of the tigers, the exhibit has multiple interactive displays designed to educate visitors on behavioral enrichment and on the zoo's/WCS' ex-situ and in-situ conservation. The exhibit won the AZA Exhibit Award in 2004.[64] The zoo has had good breeding successful with both subspecies of tiger, having bred both in 2010.[65] Another set of Amur tiger cubs were born in 2012,[66] and a pair of Malayan tiger cubs were born in 2016.[67] Across from the entrance to Tiger Mountain, a large herd of Père David's deer and a pair of whooper swans can be found.

Prior to Tiger Mountain's construction, this area was home to Mexican wolves and hooded cranes.[68]

World of Birds

Maleo; the zoo is the only place to see this species outside of Sulawesi.

World of Birds, which originally opened in 1972, is an indoor bird house spanning two floors and featuring several walk-through aviaries. The building closed for repairs and upgrades in the summer of 2010,[69] and reopened the following year. The exhibit has multiple educational displays focusing on deforestation and the illegal wildlife trade and their affects on wild bird populations. The most prominent residents of the exhibit include the only maleos outside of their native Sulawesi,[70] a pair of Sanford's tarictic hornbills (Penelopides exarhatus sanfordi), green junglefowl, fawn-breasted bowerbirds, Cuban amazons, pink pigeons, Andean cocks-of-the-rock, plate-billed mountain toucans, Oriental pied hornbills, Abdim's storks, keas, three species of birds-of-paradise, a golden-headed quetzal, blue-billed curassows, white-throated bee-eaters, western capercaillies, white-fronted bee-eaters and common hoopoes. Emus can be found in an outdoor yard. Golden lion tamarins, Bolivian grey titis, cotton-top tamarins, and red-footed tortoise make up the exhibit's non-bird species. In mid-2009, the zoo's hand-reared pair of great blue turacos successfully raised chicks, the first known instance of a hand-reared pair doing so.[71] In March 2013, three maleo chicks hatched at the zoo, bringing their total number of birds to 12. The zoo, along with the WCS, works towards preserving this species in the wild as well.[70]

World of Reptiles

World of Reptiles has been an attraction at the zoo since it first opened. The building's first curator was Raymond Lee Ditmars, who had kept 45 snakes in his attic before being hired at the zoo.[72] The exhibit is a long hall with various terrariums situated on both sides. The exhibit also features a nursery area, which exhibits newborn herptiles born at the zoo, as well as a window into the off-show breeding and caring facilities. In the building, the zoo breeds and exhibits a wide range of endangered species, including Cuban crocodile, false gharial, yellow-headed day gecko, Mary River turtle, Fly River turtle, golden coin turtle, yellow-headed box turtle, Volcán Darwin giant tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra microphyes), Egyptian tortoise, pancake tortoise, Panamanian golden frog, and golden poison dart frog. The building also is home to the zoo's breeding population of Kihansi spray toads, which the zoo saved from extinction.[73] Other species held include lace monitor, northern caiman lizard, Taylor's cantil, green anaconda, eyelash palm pitviper, giant snake-necked turtle, Chiapas giant musk turtle, and Solomon Island leaf frog. On March 25, 2011, a cobra escaped from its off-show enclosure, during which time the exhibit was closed to the public. Six days later, the animal was found elsewhere in the building. The zoo named the cobra "MIA" (Missing In Action) and placed it on-exhibit.[74]

Pheasant Aviary

The Pheasant Aviary is a long row of cages home to a large variety of bird species, particularly pheasants. Exhibited species include Elliot's pheasant, Lady Amherst's pheasant, Cabot's tragopan, blue eared-pheasant, mountain peacock-pheasant, Mérida helmeted curassow (Pauxi pauxi pauxi), Swinhoe's pheasant, eastern loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus migrans), white-throated ground-dove, Lord Derby's parakeet, Montezuma oropendola, and yellow-crested cockatoo. Across from the exhibit is a large pond for Chilean flamingos and coscoroba swans.

Birds of Prey

Birds of Prey is a row of cages for multiple raptor species. The exhibit is home to bald eagles, snowy owls, European eagle-owls, a barred owl, an Andean condor, cinereous vultures, and king vultures. In February 2011, the zoo received two bald eagles rescued in Wyoming.[75] Nearby is a small pond for black-necked swans, American white pelicans, and brown pelicans.

Zoo Center

The Zoo Center, built in 1908, is a one-story Beaux-Arts building located in Astor Court. The exhibit houses blue tree monitors, Mertens' water monitors, and western spiny-tailed monitors (Varanus acanthurus brachyurus) indoors, and has both indoor and outdoor enclosures for Komodo dragons, Aldabra giant tortoises, and southern white rhinoceros.[76] The building's animal frieze was carved by A.P. Proctor.[5] In 2000, the building was landmarked.[77] The building is east of the Children's Zoo and south of Madagascar!.[78]

The building was originally designed as the zoo's "Elephant House" and has held all three elephant species over its history.[79] The building has also been home to various rhinoceros species, hippopotamus, domestic bactrian camel, Malayan tapir, and North Sulawesi babirusa. The building also held "Rapunzel", one of the few Sumatran rhinos held in U.S. zoos, until her death in 2005.[80]

Bison Range

The Bison Range is in the northeast corner of the zoo,[81] and has been a feature of the zoo since its opening. The range initially served to breed Plains bison, who were in danger of becoming extinct in the United States. Today, the exhibit continues to hold one of the few large herds of bison in U.S. zoos. In 1913, at the behest of the American Bison Society, fourteen bison were transported from the range to Montana's National Bison Range, as well as to Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota.[82]

Northern Ponds

Northern Ponds is a series of naturalistic ponds home to a variety of waterfowl and other aquatic birds both wild and captive. Captive residents include black-necked crane, red-breasted goose, lesser white-fronted goose, American ruddy duck, barnacle goose, and trumpeter swan. A wide variety of wild bird species can also be found in the ponds, including several native ducks such as mallards and mergansers, as well as other birds such as black-capped night-herons.

Mitsubishi Riverwalk

The Mitsubishi Riverwalk is a path that curves around the Bronx River, on the opposite bank from the zoo. It opened in 2004 upon the completion of a cleanup project on the Bronx River. The walkway was funded by Mitsubishi International Corporation Foundation.[83] The Riverwalk protects 15 acres (6.1 ha) of Bronx River watershed.[84]

Bronx Flyer

The Kingston Flyer locomotive is what the #70 locomotive is to be based on.

The Bronx Flyer is a 15-inch gauge heritage railroad that has two stations, one near Bronx River Parking and one near the 4-D Theater. At each station, the locomotive turns on a turntable at both endpoints of the line. The railroad operates three steam locomotives (one of which is a primary locomotive), and three of which are diesel locomotives (all primary locomotives).

Each exhibit/attraction costs $5. A Total Experience ticket or Bronx Zoo Membership allows for free unlimited access to these exhibits/attractions.

The Bug Carousel hosts insects as seats. It was installed in 2005 and has an annual ridership of 540,000.[86]

Butterfly Garden

This permanent structure is an indoor butterfly conservatory which lets visitors walk through gardens and meadows and watch the butterflies up close. [87] It was built and inaugurated in mid-1996. The attraction is a 170-foot-long maze, where "visitors can walk through the stages of a monarch's metamorphosis" with a greenhouse in the middle hosting 44 species and over 1,000 butterflies; the greenhouse is really "a plastic tent on an aluminum frame." The structure, costing $500,000, is the precursor for a future permanent House of Invertebrates in the Monkey House near the Fordham Road entrance. Many species come from the New York metropolitan area, and all species of butterflies and moths are from around the continent. If not successful, the Oklahoma City Zoo would have purchased it in September 1997.[88]

Children's Zoo

The original Children's Zoo in the Bronx Zoo opened in 1941 with a nursery-rhyme theme; in 1981, a new Children's Zoo opened, and was instantly successful, seeing almost 250,000 visitors in two months. It closed for renovations in 2013;[89] it reopened on May 30, 2015, with new exhibits featuring giant anteaters, pudús, Linne's two-toed sloth, squirrel monkeys, Asian small-clawed otters, and Nubian goats.[90]

Congo Gorilla Forest

Congo gorillas

In the southwestern part of the zoo, "Congo Gorilla Forest" is a 6.5-acre (2.6 ha) rainforest that is home to the 20 or so western lowland gorillas in the zoo. Angolan colobus monkeys, guenon, marmosets and mandrills also call this area home. Visitors walk through the area and can also view it from treetop lookouts.[91]

The Congo Gorilla Forest was opened in 1999 and was visited 7,000,000 times as of 2009.[92] In one of the largest breeding groups of western lowland gorillas in North America, the exhibit has two troops of gorillas, for a total of 19 gorillas. Since 1999, 14 gorillas, 23 red river hogs, 11 Wolf's guenons, and four okapis have been born in the exhibit.[92] There is also an 8-minute film in the middle of the exhibit, as well as viewing points throughout. In total, there are about 400 animals from 55 species. Over $10.6 million for conservation of Central African habitats has been collected in donations since the exhibit's opening,[93] and the exhibit has netted $12.5 million in exhibit fees as of 2014.[94][95]

4-D Theater

The 4-D Theater shows 4-D films with the help of 3-D film and built-in sensory effects, including moving seats, wind, mist, and scents.[96] Produced by SimEx-Iwerks, the theater shows condensed versions of popular children's movies. Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs was previously shown, with the current film being Rio.

JungleWorld

Silvery lutungs (Trachypithecus cristatus), at JungleWorld

This exhibit is an indoor tropical jungle and home to nearly 800 animals including Asian small-clawed otters, Javan lutungs, silvery lutungs, northern white-cheeked gibbons, Matschie's tree-kangaroos, and Malayan tapirs, living in mangroves and on the beaches. Visitors can watch the gibbons swinging or singing, and watch the otters play. The exhibit includes species that are usually on the jungle floor including stag beetles, scorpions, and fire-bellied toads, but behind glass. A pond with a waterfall lets visitors sit and observe gourami and Fly River turtles.[97]

Planning for JungleWorld, in the southeastern "Wild Asia" portion of the zoo, was started in 1977 and completed at a cost of $9.5 million in June 1985. $4.1 million in funds were donated by Enid A. Haupt, a member of the New York Zoological Society's board of trustees.[98] The building is the largest at the zoo with an area of 1 acre (4,000 m2) and a height of 55 feet (17 m). There is a wooden path that meanders for 0.13 miles (210 m). The building's design integrates its environment with the path, as no bars are present in the building; the walkway has no full-height barriers and short railings; and only by means of ravines, streams, or cliffs are most of the animals separated from people and each other. There is a volcanic scrub forest, a mangrove swamp, a lowland evergreen rain forest with giant trees which merges into a mountain rain forest, and five museum-like galleries connecting and explaining the habitats.[98] The building was built to emphasize the fact that 150 acres (61 ha) of rainforest is lost every minute.[99] Nearly 800 species live here.[100]

Wild Asia Monorail

The Monorail

The monorail was inaugurated in 1977 with the rest of the formerly underdeveloped Wild Asia section of the zoo. There are six 9-car monorails on this 1.6 miles (2.6 km) ride, originally built by Rohr; the ride was refurbished in 2007.[101] Some animals in the zoo can only be seen on this ride such as Przewalski's horse, Indian elephant, and a plethora of even-toed ungulates.[3]

This ride takes visitors through a 40-acre (16 ha) area that recreates the mud wallows and pastures, forests and riverbanks of Asia. Visitors will see Siberian tigers, Indian elephants, and rhinos, and wild horses in their natural habitats. As the monorail travels along the Bronx River, visitors can see native animals including egrets, turtles, and ducks. The monorail is accessible for wheelchairs up to 26" wide. Smaller chairs are available at the monorail platform for visitors with wider wheelchairs or motorized scooters.[102]

In 2012, a visitor was mauled by an Amur tiger after jumping off this monorail.[103]

Exhibits closed after the 1990s

Big Birds

Big Birds was a short-lived exhibit which preceded the "Rare Animal Range" in the late 1990s that focused on large ratites. The featured species were emu, ostrich, greater rhea, and double-wattled cassowary.

Emus can still be found at the zoo outside of World of Birds and ostriches can be found mixed with giraffes in African Plains.

World of Darkness

World of Darkness opened in 1969 and was the world's first major exhibit designed specifically around nocturnal animals.[104] Built by Morris Ketchum, Jr. & Associates, the house was built where the zoo's "Rocking Stone Restaurant" stood until 1942. The exhibit used red-lights to dimly illuminate the enclosures within the windowless building. Like all nocturnal exhibits, the house ran on a reversed lighting schedule, which simulated night and day at opposite times to allow visitors to view nocturnal animals in a more naturalistic setting.[105] Due to budget cuts and the high-cost of running the exhibit, it was closed in 2009[31][32] At the time of closing, exhibited species included Rodrigues flying fox, western bay duiker, Javan slow loris, pygmy slow loris, Chinese leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis chinensis), Arabian sand cat, naked mole-rat, Hoffmann's two-toed sloth, broad-snouted caiman, and cane toad.

The flying fox can still be seen in JungleWorld, as can the pygmy slow loris, which returned to the zoo in 2015 after a six-year absence. The cane toad can also be viewed in World of Reptiles where it is mixed with the zoo's anaconda. Until 2014, the mouse lemurs could still be seen on-exhibit in Madagascar!, though they are now currently off-exhibit and it is unclear whether or not they will return.

Rare Animal Range

Rare Animal Range was a trail which focused on highly endangered species.[104] Featured species included guanaco, Formosan sika deer, pied ruffed lemurs, and blue-eyed black lemurs.[106][107] The exhibit also had duplicate enclosures for the zoo's Arabian oryx, blesbok, Père David's deer, and broad-snouted caiman as well as a large pond with a pair of small islands in the center which were home to a pair of golden-cheeked gibbons. Due to budget cuts and the unpopularity of many of the species, the zoo was forced to close the exhibit in 2009.[31][32]

While most of the species left the zoo when the exhibit closed, the Formosan sika deer were moved to the Wild Asia Monorail and the Père David's deer remained in their primary enclosure across from Tiger Mountain. While no longer at the zoo, pied ruffed lemurs can still be seen at the zoo's partner institute, the Central Park Zoo.[108] The zoo's popular "Dinosaur Safari" ran through a part of this area and the zoo's yearly Run for the Wild event runs through its entirety.

Skyfari

The Skyfari was a popular gondola lift which transported visitors from the Zoo Center to the Asian Plaza, running over African Plains and several other popular exhibits at the zoo. The seasonal exhibit ran from April to October and rose between 60-100-feet in the air. With around 490,000 riders annually, the lift was the zoo's third most popular attraction after Congo Gorilla Forest and the Wild Asia Monorail. Despite its popularity, ticket sales were barely breaking even and maintenance costs led to a loss of profit. On July 8, 2008, high winds and heat led to one of the cars derailing, which trapped the three dozen passengers for up to five hours. Due to this, along with heavy budget cuts, the lift was permanently closed in January 2009, after 30 years of operation.[109]

Monkey House

The Monkey House, which first opened in 1901 and was originally named the "Primate House", closed in late February 2012 after 111 years of operation.[110][111] At the time of closing, it was home to cotton-top tamarins, white-faced sakis, Wied's marmosets, moustached tamarins, black-chinned emperor tamarins, Goeldi's monkeys, and grey-handed night-monkeys, as well as Brazilian porcupines and Pallas's long-tongued bats. This was the building where Ota Benga spent most of his time during his stay at the zoo.[111]

Some of the primates that were in the now-closed exhibit have been moved to other parts of the zoo, such as the cotton-top tamarins now being found in World of Birds; others were sent to other New York City zoos, such as the sakis being moved to the Central Park Zoo. White-headed capuchins can still be seen in an outdoor cage behind the building.[111]

Amazing Amphibians

Amazing Amphibians was a short-lived exhibition which opened in the zoo's Zoo Center in June 2008 and only remained for a few years. The exhibit featured several educational displays on amphibian conservation as well as a few terrariums containing several amphibian species. Highlight species included Chacoan horned frog, Puerto Rican crested toad, smooth-sided toad, and common mudpuppy.[112]

While none of these species are currently on-exhibit at the zoo, the Puerto Rican crested toads can be seen at the Central Park Zoo, which breeds this species for reintroduction back into Puerto Rico.[113]

Dinosaur Safari

Dinosaur Safari was a temporary exhibit which originally ran through the summer months of 2013. The exhibit took visitors on a safari ride through a normally off-exhibit 2-acre wooded area and featured about two dozen animatronic dinosaur species from throughout time, starting at 300-million-years ago in the Permian Period and ending 235-million-years later in the Cretaceous Period. The ride lasted approximately 20 minutes. The "robo-saurs" were manufactured by Billings Productions, who lease them out to sites all over the world. The exhibit featured more popular species such as the Triceratops and Brachiosaurus, as well as less well-known species such as the Pachycephalosaurus. The ride's Dilophosaurus spits water at visitors as a nod to the species' acid-spitting abilities as seen in the Spielberg classic, Jurassic Park, despite the fact that there is no scientific evidence to support that the living animal did so.[114] Due to popularity, the exhibit returned in 2014 and ran from April 12 to November 2.[115] The exhibition did not return in 2015.

WCS's Run for the Wild

In April 2008, the zoo hosted the first Run for the Wild event. The event is a 5k run (5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long) organized by the Wildlife Conservation Society with the goal of raising money and awareness for their conservation programs of endangered species. Each year, there is a set entry fee for participants with varying prices depending on age; child (3–15), adult, and senior (65+). WCS Members get a discounted fee. Along with the entry fee, there is a $30 minimum donation per adult/senior participant. The event offers free prizes for donors, based on donation size, ranging from a Run for the Wild T-shirt to a special animal experience at the zoo. All donations are tax-deductible. All participants are also offered free all-day entry to the zoo and its paid exhibits/attractions. The yearly event takes place at the end of April and originally began at 8am for those wishing to actually run, and 8:45 for those who wish to simply walk or jog; the start times were changed to 7am and 7:45am in later years.[116]

The event takes participants through the zoo before opening hours, starting at the Bronx River Parkway Entrance, through the Asian Plaza and African Plains, and ending by the Rockefeller Fountain near Astor Court. The trail also takes runners through the now-closed section of the zoo where the "Rare Animal Range" once stood. Each year, the event focuses on a specific endangered species or animal group to help raise funds for: 2009's run was for gorillas, 2010 focused on tigers, 2011 helped raise funds to protect the Punta Tombo peninsula of Argentina for Magellanic penguins, 2012 focused on lions, both 2013 and 2014 focused on elephants, 2015 once again was for gorillas, and 2016's run will allow participants to run on behalf of their favorite animal.[116][117]

In 2011, another WCS institute, the New York Aquarium, held its own Run for the Wild event for sea turtles in early October. The 5k run began at the aquarium and led down the Riegelmann Boardwalk on Coney Island.[118] The aquarium held a second run the following year for walruses.[119] The event has not returned to the aquarium since.

Conservation

In 1905, the zoo's first director, William T. Hornaday, along with President Theodore Roosevelt and other conservationalists, created the American Bison Society (ABS) in an attempt to save the American bison from extinction. The bison had been depleted from tens-of-millions of animals to only a few hundred by the end of the 19th century due to westward expansion. The society worked to breed the species in captivity as well as raise public awareness, raise money to create protected reserves, and reintroduce bison back into the wild.[15] On October 11, 1907, the first reintroduction of bison began when the zoo sent six males and nine females, by rail, to the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Oklahoma. Seven days later, the animals were successfully reintroduced to the park.[120] By 1935, the society, who had successfully carried out several more reintroductions from bison kept in zoos and ranches, considered their work done and disbanded that year. In 2005, the Wildlife Conservation Society resurrected and re-purposed the ABS to, "help build the social and scientific foundations for the ecological restoration of bison," and, "restore bison ecologically, not just animals in pens but actual functioning animals in the larger landscape," (Keith Aune, WCS Bison Coordinator).[121][122] According to a study published in 2012, virtually all wild and captive bison in the United States are hybrids with cattle genes, with the exception of the two distinct breeding populations within Yellowstone National Park and their descendants. The cattle genes entered the bison population due to private ranchers hybridizing their bison to make them more docile, with some of these animals being accidentally reintroduced by the ABS.[123] In response, in the fall of 2011, the WCS arranged for a herd of female bison originating from the American Prairie Reserve to be sent to the Colorado State University's Animal Reproduction & Biotechnology Laboratory to be used as surrogates in an attempt to transfer the fertilized embryos of genetically pure bison. After an ultrasound showed one female to be pregnant, the herd was moved to the zoo where, on June 20, 2012, the calf was born. The herd is kept in an off-exhibit section of the zoo and the goal is to eventually create a breeding herd of genetically pure bison through embryo transfers with the surrogate hybrid bison.[124]

In 1981, the zoo successfully implanted a gaur embryo into a Holstein cow in an attempt to clone the endangered species.[5][125]

In 1990, the zoo experienced a pest problem with the Canada goose. The park had become so over-crowded with the geese, that the zoo had to take action to decrease their numbers. Apart from their presence, the geese were very aggressive towards other birds and occasionally carried diseases into the park. To cope with the problem, the zoo hired a sharpshooter, who killed 19 geese. Zoo workers also destroyed 144 eggs found on the property. In 1991, the zoo employed a gentler method of sterilizing the birds.[126]

In 2005, the zoo sent the frozen sperm of a male Indian rhinoceros to the Cincinnati Zoo where, four years later in 2009, it was thawed out and used in the first successful artificial insemination of the species when a calf was born in late 2010.[127] The calf did not survive long-term.

In August 2006, the zoo adopted an orphaned snow leopard cub, named "Leo". The 13-month-old cub was found stuck in mud following a landslide in Naltar Valley in Pakistan. The landslide had killed the cub's mother. A Pakistani shepherd in the area found the cub with its female sibling, but the female had died a week later due to malnutrition. He then handed over the male cub to Pakistani authorities to care for him. Since there are no captive breeding programs or rehabilitation centers for snow leopards in Pakistan, the authorities decided to send the cub to the Bronx Zoo. The cat will be returned to its place of birth following construction of a rehab facility in the Naltar Valley with cooperation from the United States.[12][128][129][130] On April 9, 2013, "Leo" sired a cub. He was the first cub of "Leo".[131]

In 2007, the zoo successfully reintroduced three Chinese alligators into the wild. In July 2009, the zoo announced that the reintroduced alligators had begun breeding naturally in the wild, producing 15 hatchlings. The breeding was a milestone in the zoo's 10-year effort to reintroduce the species to the Yangtze River in China.[132]

In January 2010, the zoo adopted four abandoned brown bear cubs. Three of the bears, two males and one female, were siblings born in 2009 and rescued from the ABC Islands in Alaska. The cubs were named "Kootz", "Denali", and "Sitka". The fourth cub, a grizzly bear born in 2008, was rescued from Glacier National Park in Montana and named "Glacier" after the park.[50] In 2015, two other rescued grizzly bears, who had been at the zoo since 1995, were sent to one of the zoo's partner institutions, the Central Park Zoo.[51]

The next month, an "assurance colony" of Kihansi spray toads was placed in the zoo. The species disappeared in their native Tanzania home.[133]

In February 2011, the zoo took in two bald eagles that were rescued in Wyoming. The 5-year-old male was found in 2008 and was believed to have been hit by a car. The 3-year-old female was believed to have been injured during a storm. The birds were taken in by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and sent to the Woodford Cedar Run Wildlife Refuge in New Jersey for evaluation and care, where it was decided they were unable to survive in the wild.[75]

In December 2012, five Chinese yellow-headed box turtles, a critically endangered species, were born.[134]

In December 2015, the zoo rescued a juvenile Indian cobra which had stowed away on a cargo ship destined for New Jersey. The snake was found in poor condition being dehydrated, cold, and exposed to oil residue. The animal was brought to the zoo for recovery. It's unclear how the snake got onto the ship since it set out from Singapore, which is outside of the species' natural range.[135]

Incidents and controversies

Human deaths

On July 29, 1985, two female Amur tigers killed 24-year-old animal keeper Robin Silverman after she entered their enclosure with a volunteer aide.[136] It was unclear why Silverman entered the enclosure; the zoo's general curator suspected a lapse in concentration, while Silverman's family suspected a lapse on the part of the zoo. It was the first fatality in the zoo's history.[137]

In late April 2012, seven members of one family were driving down the Bronx River Parkway when their Honda Pilot flipped off of an old bridge and fell nearly 60 feet (18 m) into a remote section of the zoo. All seven people, which included three children, were pronounced dead on the scene. This accident did not involve any of the zoo's animals, however. The accident led to safety improvements along the parkway near the zoo.[138]

Non-human deaths

In the early 2000s, the zoo added a troop of Javan langurs to JungleWorld and mixed them with their Oriental small-clawed otters. Previously, the otters had been mixed with other primate species in the enclosure for over a decade with no problems. The new langurs, however, made a habit of constantly bothering and attacking the otters. In June 2007, the otters grabbed a langur that was sitting at the water's edge and proceeded to drown it full view of visitors. A keeper on the viewing deck attempted to break up the fight by whistling and yelling at the otters to no avail. Part of the incident was recorded and uploaded to YouTube. After killing the langur, the otters left the body floating in the pool and it was later removed by keepers. Soon after, the otters were removed from the enclosure and given their own in the Children's Zoo and elsewhere in JungleWorld.[139]

Safety incidents

In 2001, Peter Vitique, 32, climbed a 20-foot wall, entered the gorilla enclosure, and stripped down to his boxer shorts. He later told police that he wanted to be "one with the gorillas."[5]

In 2004, a man stripped off his clothes in "World of Darkness" and jumped into the caiman enclosure. He was removed by zookeepers and police before he sustained any injuries.[5]

On July 9, 2008, the "Skyfari", a now defunct gondola lift used to transport guests from the Zoo Center to Asia Plaza, broke down when high winds and heat caused one of the gondola cars to derail. Three dozen guests, several of which were children, were stranded for approximately five hours at heights ranging from 60 to 100 feet (18 to 30 m) in elevation. A crane was brought into the zoo to evacuate the three guests in the derailed car, who were safely rescued after three hours. The car was then repaired and operations resumed, allowing the remaining passengers to exit normally. No serious injuries occurred as a result of the incident, though one couple sued. They claimed the "psychological trauma" of being stuck for five hours "above fang-baring, flesh-eating baboons" put the woman's pregnancy at risk. In January 2009, the zoo removed the Skyfari due to high maintenance costs.[109][140]

On September 21, 2012, David Villalobos, 25, jumped off the Wild Asia Monorail, and cleared the 16-foot (4.9 m) high perimeter fence around the area into the tiger exhibit. During the 10 minutes that he was in the enclosure, Villalobos was alone with an 11-year-old male Amur tiger named Bashuta, a three-year resident of the zoo at the time, before being mauled. Villalobos was attacked on his shoulder, arms, legs, and back, before he was rescued by zoo officials who used fire extinguishers to chase the tiger away and told him to escape by rolling under a wire. Villalobos was taken to an area hospital and reported in stable condition. He had petted the 400-pound animal and wanted to be "one with the tiger".[103] The tiger was not euthanized as a result of the incident, since it was clearly provoked and the mauling did not result in a fatality.[141][142]

In the summer of 2013, New Jersey residents Heung Ju Yi and Kyung Hee brought their three-year-old son, Ethan, to the zoo to visit the popular "Dinosaur Safari" exhibit. After buying their tickets, each member of the family was given a free souvenir pressed penny as a gift promoting the exhibit. Soon after, Ethan swallowed the coin and began choking. His mother, Kyung, said she'd, "thought he'd died."[143] After unsuccessful attempts to retrieve the coin from his throat, the boy was rushed to an emergency medical clinic where X-rays showed it had entered his stomach. The next day, further X-rays revealed that the coin was not passing naturally and surgery was required to remove it.[143] Two days later, Ethan was put under general anesthesia and the coin was removed via endoscopy. The surgery revealed that the zinc in the coin had reacted with his stomach acid and began to dissolve, creating jagged edges that cut the inside of his stomach. The family, which did not have insurance, had to pay over $50,000 for this.[143] In early 2014, the family pressed charges against the zoo and the Wildlife Conservation Society for unspecified damages. They claimed the zoo endangered their son since the employee who handed them the coins, handed it directly to Ethan and by given no warning about the choking hazards of small coins.[143]

Animal escapes

In 1902, a seven-month-old male jaguar broke out of his cage and escaped.[5]

In February 1995, the zoo's "De Jur Aviary" collapsed during a snowstorm with about 100 seabirds, including Inca terns and gulls, inside. During the collapse, some of the residents flew off and escaped. In total, about 30 birds were lost.[61]

On March 26, 2011, the Bronx Zoo announced that World of Reptiles was closed after a venomous adolescent cobra was discovered missing from its off-exhibit enclosure on March 25. Zoo officials were confident the missing cobra would be found in the building and not outside, since the species is known to be uncomfortable in open areas.[144] The missing snake quickly sparked a popular Twitter parody account, @BronxZoosCobra,[145] which narrated the daily hijinks of the cobra.[146] On March 31, zoo authorities found the snake in a non-public area of the reptile house.[147]

On May 9, 2011, a female green peafowl escaped from the zoo before being caught on May 11.[148]

On September 11, 2011, a lesser kudu escaped from its enclosure for about half an hour, and then returned to its enclosure once a zoo worker opened the gate.[149]

Happy the Elephant

In the early 1970s, seven Indian elephants, named after the Seven Dwarfs from Snow White, were captured as calves in Thailand and dispersed among multiple U.S. zoos and circuses. Two of those calves, named "Grumpy" and "Happy", were brought to the zoo in 1977. Over the next 25 years, the pair lived together, separated from the zoo's other elephants. In July 2002, the zoo attempted to mix the pair with two females, "Patty" and "Maxine". However, the introduction failed when "Patty" and "Maxine" attacked the pair and injured "Grumpy". Over the next several months, the elephant's injuries worsened and, in October of that year, the zoo was forced to euthanize her. With her lifelong companion gone, "Happy" was paired with the zoo's younger female, "Sammy", whose companion "Tus" had also died in 2002. The two got along very well until "Sammy" developed severe liver disease and was also euthanized in early 2006. This left "Patty", "Maxine", and "Happy" as the zoo's only remaining elephants.[150]

Despite the fact that elephants are highly social animals, the zoo decided that making a second attempt at introducing "Happy" to the others was too risky, with there being too high a chance that she'd be attacked. She has since lived without the company of other elephants. Due to this, the zoo has been heavily criticized by multiple animal rights organizations for the accused mistreatment and even cruelty of "Happy". People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has filed a formal complaint against the zoo with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), calling for them to strip the zoo of its accreditation. In January 2016, In Defense of Animals (IDA) named the zoo the "Hall of Shame Winner" on their 2015 "Ten Worst Zoos for Elephants".[151] IDA listed the zoo fourth on their 2012 list,[152] fifth on their 2013 and 2014 lists,[153][154] and eighth on their 2009 list.[155] The organizations, as well as many online petitions, some gaining up to 200,000 supporters, have called on the zoo to send "Happy" to an elephant sanctuary. However, the zoo says that moving her at this stage in her life might not be what's best for her health. They report that she has very strong bonds with her keepers and is well-adjusted to the zoo, where she has spent well over thirty years of her life. With elephants being very sensitive to sudden changes in their surroundings, uprooting the 46-year-old animal's life now would be potentially traumatizing for her.[150][156]

The zoo, which works heavily in wild elephant conservation through the WCS, has attempted to ease the controversy for years, though new petitions and campaigns by concerned citizens and animal rights activists continuously confront them. However, many of the "facts" which are often recited on the issue, are entirely false. In 2012, the New York Post published a story containing inaccuracies involving the elephant's situation, claiming that she is kept inside all year and in solitary confinement. The zoo, however, says that she has as equal access to outdoor yards as the other two elephants. Additionally, "Happy" receives hours of personal interaction from her keepers on a daily basis. The zoo even offers limited, supervised interaction between her and "Patty" and "Maxine" through fences. All three animals share the same barn, though live in separate stalls and yards.[156] While she spends most of her time in an off-exhibit section of the Wild Asia Monorail, "Happy" is still sometimes exhibited alone in the main yard.

Ota Benga

Main article: Ota Benga
Ota Benga at the Bronx Zoo in 1906. Only five promotional photos exist of Benga's time here, none of them in the "Monkey House"; cameras were not allowed.[157]:{{{1}}}

In 1906, a large controversy erupted when Ota Benga, a Mbuti pygmy, was brought to the zoo by the American businessman and explorer Samuel Phillips Verner, and displayed there as an exhibit; though he was allowed to roam the grounds freely. He became fond of an orangutan named Dohong, "the presiding genius of the Monkey House", who had been taught to perform tricks and imitate human behavior.[157]:172–174 The events leading to his "exhibition" alongside Dohong were gradual. Benga spent some of his time in the Monkey House exhibit, were the zoo encouraged him to hang his hammock and to shoot his bow and arrow at a target. On the first day of the exhibit, September 8, 1906, visitors found Benga in the "Monkey House".[158] Soon, a sign on the exhibit read:

The African Pigmy, "Ota Benga."

Age, 23 years. Height, 4 feet 11 inches.
Weight, 103 pounds. Brought from the
Kasai River, Congo Free State, South
Central Africa, by Dr. Samuel P. Verner.
Exhibited each afternoon during September.[159]

Hornaday considered the exhibit a valuable spectacle for visitors; he was supported by Madison Grant, secretary of the New York Zoological Society, who lobbied to put Benga on-display alongside apes at the zoo. A decade later, Grant became a prominent nationally as a racial anthropologist and eugenicist.[157]:173–175

African-American clergymen immediately protested to zoo officials about the exhibit. James H. Gordon said, "Our race, we think, is depressed enough, without exhibiting one of us with the apes ... We think we are worthy of being considered human beings, with souls."[158] Gordon also thought the exhibit was hostile to Christianity and a promotion of Darwinism: "The Darwinian theory is absolutely opposed to Christianity, and a public demonstration in its favor should not be permitted."[158] A number of clergymen backed Gordon.[160]:47 In defense of the depiction of Benga as a lesser human, an editorial in The New York Times suggested:

We do not quite understand all the emotion which others are expressing in the matter ... It is absurd to make moan over the imagined humiliation and degradation Benga is suffering. The pygmies ... are very low in the human scale, and the suggestion that Benga should be in a school instead of a cage ignores the high probability that school would be a place ... from which he could draw no advantage whatever. The idea that men are all much alike except as they have had or lacked opportunities for getting an education out of books is now far out of date.[160]:48

After the controversy, Benga was allowed to roam the grounds of the zoo. In response to the situation, as well as verbal and physical prods from the crowds, he became more mischievous and somewhat violent.[161]:Chapter on Ota Benga Around this time, Rev. Dr. R. MacArthur of Calvary Baptist Church, was quoted in The New York Times saying: "It is too bad that there is not some society like the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. We send our missionaries to Africa to Christianize the people, and then we bring one here to brutalize him." Soon, the zoo removed Benga from the grounds.[159][162] Benga committed suicide in 1916 at the age of 32.[163]

In 2013, So What? Press published an issue of its comic series Tales of the Night Watchman, entitled "The Night Collector", about a coven of vampires that takes over the bat exhibit at the Bronx Zoo. A zookeeper who specializes in bats is put at odds with his co-worker when it's discovered that the woman of their mutual affection has been turned into a vampire. It was written by Dave Kelly and illustrated by Molly Ostertag.[164]

In March 2016, Animal Planet announced plans to produce a docu-series about the zoo, though there is not yet a release date.[165]

References

  1. ↑ "Wildlife Conservation Society". fundinguniverse.com. Funding Universe. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
  2. ↑ "How long does is take to see the zoo". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Bronx Zoo". nycgovparks.org. New York City. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  4. ↑ "List of Accredited Zoos and Aquariums". aza.org. Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JACOB E. OSTERHOUT (November 13, 2009). "In honor of its birthday, 110 things to know about the Bronx Zoo". NY Daily News.
  6. ↑ "Brooklyn Botanic Garden History". NYC Parks. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  7. ↑ Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society. New York: New York Zoological Society. 1896. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  8. ↑ Grinnell, George (1910). Brief History of the Boone and Crockett Club. New York, New York: Forest and Stream Publishing Company. p. 7.
  9. ↑ "New Antelope house". nytimes.com. New York Times. November 27, 1903. Retrieved February 28, 2011. "The antelope house at the Bronx Zoological Park was opened to the public yesterday."
  10. ↑ "Taft Enjoys Trip To The Bronx Zoo". nytimes.com. New York Times. May 24, 1911. Retrieved February 28, 2011. "President Taft paid a two-hour visit to the Bronx Zoological Gardens yesterday afternoon, as the guest of the New York Zoological Society."
  11. ↑ "Dr. W. T. Hornaday Dies In Stamford". nytimes.com. New York Times. March 7, 1937. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  12. 1 2 Bridges, William. Gathering of Animals: An unconventional history of the New York Zoological Society. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
  13. ↑ Stephen S. Lash (May 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Rainey Memorial Gates". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  14. ↑ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  15. 1 2 3 Mike Dunphy (April 6, 2015). "Secrets of the Bronx Zoo". EVERYTHING NEW YORK.
  16. ↑ "Bronx Monuments". Retrieved November 9, 2013.
  17. ↑ "12,000 Vintage Photographs from Bronx Zoo and New York Aquarium to Be Preserved". Untapped Cities.
  18. 1 2 "The Thylacine Museum – The Thylacine in Captivity: Zoos, Circuses and Menageries (page 18)".
  19. ↑ "Sultan: A King Among Lions". WBUR's The Wild Life.
  20. ↑ "ProboscisMonkey.org".
  21. ↑ https://www.ippl.org/newsletter/1990s/077_v26_n1_1999-04.pdf
  22. ↑ "At Bronx Zoo, a Damsel In Distress Is Rescued". The New York Times. June 7, 1990.
  23. ↑ Newman, Andy (2005-12-24). "Rapunzel the Rhino Is Mourned in Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
  24. ↑ "Bronx Zoo". clivusmultrum.com. Clivus Multrum. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Composting Toilets, The Bronx Zoo, and Design that's Disgusting". poopthebook.com. The Poop Culture Blog. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  26. ↑ "New GSE Master's Program Approved and Ready To Roar". fordham.edu. Fordham University. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Bronx Zoo Transcends Guilt Trip To Foster Fun".
  28. ↑ "Penguins and Friends Get New Home in Bronx". The New York Times. May 18, 1997.
  29. ↑ "Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Society - Big Apple Visitors Center". March 11, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Bronx Zoo: Super Discounts & Tips From A NYC Resident".
  31. 1 2 3 "Reorganization at City's Zoos Includes Buyouts and Layoffs". The New York Times. April 7, 2009.
  32. 1 2 3 4 jason cochran (April 26, 2009). "Animals and money: Bronx Zoo lays off hundreds of 'unpopular' animals". DailyFinance.com.
  33. ↑ "Bronx Zoo animals could be affected by budget cuts – May. 19, 2011". CNNMoney.
  34. ↑ "Congresswoman's Long Quest: Bringing Pandas to New York". The New York Times. February 7, 2016.
  35. ↑ "Pandas May Be Headed To Bronx Zoo, If All The Stars Align". Gothamist.
  36. ↑ "Tickets – Bronx Zoo".
  37. ↑ "FAQs – Bronx Zoo".
  38. ↑ "Exhibits & Attractions". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  39. 1 2 "ZooLex Exhibit".
  40. ↑ "African Plains". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  41. ↑ David Rooney: "Bronx Zoo's New Lion Cubs Are Impossibly Cute'. New York Times, 2010.
  42. ↑ "African Lion Cubs Come Out To Enjoy Sun At Bronx Zoo".
  43. ↑ "Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo Opens New Aardvark Habitat".
  44. ↑ "Bronx Zoo Debuts Hoover the Baby Aardvark!". ZooBorns.
  45. ↑ Lee, Jennifer 8. "Denver Zoo Gives Pair of Hyenas to Bronx Zoo".
  46. 1 2 3 "Baboon Reserve". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  47. ↑ "ZooLex Exhibit".
  48. ↑ "WCS's Bronx Zoo Debuts First Gelada Baboon Born in NYC in 13 years".
  49. ↑ "Gelada Baboon – San Diego Zoo Animals".
  50. 1 2 "Bronx Zoo Welcomes Bear Cubs". NBC New York.
  51. 1 2 "Central Park's New Bears Will Be Bronx Zoo Grizzly Bears". Gothamist.
  52. ↑ "BRONX ZOO'S AIRBORNE HERALDS OF SPRING". The New York Times. April 11, 1986.
  53. ↑ "Pakistan's First Lady welcomes snow leopard to Bronx Zoo – Big Cat Rescue". Big Cat Rescue.
  54. ↑ Danika Fears. "Snow leopard cub with storybook beginnings makes debut at Bronx Zoo". TODAY.com.
  55. ↑ "Madagascar". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  56. ↑ "Name a Roach – Bronx Zoo".
  57. ↑ "Happy 50th to the (New) Aquatic Birds House!".
  58. ↑ "Lesser Adjutant Storks At WCS's Bronx Zoo Foster Abandoned Egg and Raise Chick As Their Own".
  59. ↑ "Northern Brown Kiwi at the Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo".
  60. ↑ "Little Penguins Make a Big Splash – Bronx Zoo".
  61. 1 2 "Penguins and Friends Get New Home in Bronx". The New York Times. May 18, 1997.
  62. ↑ "Peruvian Pelicans Join the Flock in the Russell B. Aitken Sea Bird Colony At the Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo".
  63. ↑ "A Rare Pair – Wild View".
  64. ↑ "ZooLex Exhibit".
  65. ↑ "Twice the Tiger Triplets at the Bronx Zoo!". ZooBorns.
  66. ↑ "Tiger Triplets debut at Bronx Zoo". ZooBorns.
  67. ↑ "So cute! Meet the new tiger cubs at the Bronx Zoo".
  68. ↑ "Bronx Zoo- the boy's 4th birthday http://takecoupons.net/entertainmentcoupons/item/bronxzoocoupons – Bronx Zoo – Pinterest – Zoos, 4th Birthday and The Boy". Pinterest. External link in |title= (help)
  69. ↑ "World of Birds". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  70. 1 2 Rueb, Emily S. "These Chicks Are Not of the Easter Basket Variety".
  71. ↑ "Blue Turacos Make History at WCS's Bronx Zoo".
  72. ↑ "How an amateur snake hunter helped create the Bronx Zoo — in his attic". New York Post. June 21, 2015.
  73. ↑ "Nectophrynoides asperginis (Kihansi Spray Toad)".
  74. ↑ Diamond, Marla. "Missing Bronx Zoo Egyptian Cobra Finally Captured".
  75. 1 2 "Bald eagles find home at Bronx Zoo".
  76. ↑ "Dragons Return to the Bronx Zoo". The New York Times. May 24, 2014.
  77. ↑ "History of the Bronx Zoo : NYC Parks".
  78. ↑ "Zoo Center - Bronx Zoo".
  79. ↑ "The Bronx Zoo's Loneliest Elephant". The New York Times. June 28, 2015.
  80. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/nyregion/rapunzel-the-rhino-is-mourned-in-bronx.html?_r=0
  81. ↑ "American Bison - Bronx Zoo".
  82. ↑ Wildlife Conservation Society. "Marking the 100-year Anniversary of Historic Transfer of Bison from the Bronx Zoo to Wind Cave National Park". National Geographic (blogs).
  83. ↑ BOB KAPPSTATTER (April 16, 2004). "ZOO GETS RIVERWALK UNVEILS FREE NEW NATURE PATHWAY". NY Daily News.
  84. ↑ http://www.nycgovparks.org/pagefiles/53/FINAL-bronx-river-riparian-invasive-plant-management-plan-april-30-2012.pdf
  85. ↑ "4-D Theater".
  86. ↑ "The Carousel Works – Bronx Zoo". Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  87. ↑ "Butterfly Garden". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  88. ↑ Exhibits Aflutter At the Bronx Zoo;Butterfly Tent Will Allow Visitors To Mingle With Winged Residents, The New York Times. By DOUGLAS MARTIN. Published: May 23, 1996
  89. ↑ "Support the Children's Zoo". Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  90. ↑ SHEILA ANNE FEENEY (May 27, 2015). "Bronx Zoo poised to reopen Children's Zoo with new animals: Giant anteater, pudu and more". am New York.
  91. ↑ "Congo Gorilla Forest". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  92. 1 2 "Bronx Zoo's gorilla exhibit celebrates 10th anniversary". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  93. ↑ "Africa - WCS.org".
  94. ↑ "Pair of baby gorillas born at Bronx Zoo, first in 8 years". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  95. ↑ "Bronx Zoo: Congo Gorilla Forest Exhibit". Martha Stewart. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  96. ↑ "4-D Theater – Bronx Zoo".
  97. ↑ "JungleWorld". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  98. 1 2 A JUNGLE IN THE BRONX, The New York Times
  99. ↑ Bazell, R. (Reporter), & Garrels, A. (Anchor). (July 22, 1985). Indoor Rainforest Opens at The Bronx Zoo. [Television series episode]. NBC Today Show. Retrieved from https://archives.nbclearn.com/portal/site/k-12/browse/?cuecard=40260
  100. ↑ "JungleWorld". May 19, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  101. ↑ http://www.schwagerdavis.com/pdf/10_JR10BronxJR.pdf
  102. ↑ "Wild Asia Monorail". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  103. 1 2 Hayes, Tom (September 22, 2012). "Mauled NY man: I wanted to be one with the tiger". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
  104. 1 2 "Bronx Zoo". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  105. ↑ "World of Darkness. : Tim Soter… blog.".
  106. ↑ "WILD-FIRED BY THE ZOO". New York Post. April 24, 2009.
  107. ↑ "Bad Economy Causes Bronx Zoo to Evict Animals". Living the Scientific Life (Scientist, Interrupted).
  108. ↑ "Tropic Zone: The Rainforest – Central Park Zoo".
  109. 1 2 "Bronx Zoo to take down Skyfari".
  110. ↑ Krystal D'Costa. "Closing the Monkey House: The End of a Shared Experience". Scientific American Blog Network.
  111. 1 2 3 "Monkey House". bronxzoo.com. WCS. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  112. ↑ http://69.18.170.136/multimedia/headlines/amazing-amphibians.aspx
  113. ↑ WAZA. "Overview : WAZA : World Association of Zoos and Aquariums".
  114. ↑ Barry Paddock (May 23, 2013). "SEE IT: Dinosaur Safari debuts at Bronx Zoo this weekend". NY Daily News.
  115. ↑ TIM O'CONNOR (March 25, 2014). "Dinosaurs rumble into Bronx Zoo". NY Daily News.
  116. 1 2 See:
  117. ↑ "Run for the Wild – Bronx Zoo".
  118. ↑ "WCS Run for the Wild at the New York Aquarium". WalkJogRun.net.
  119. ↑ "Second Annual WCS Run for the Wild in Brooklyn is Dedicated to Saving Walruses and Other Wildlife".
  120. ↑ "History of the Bison Herd – Wichita Mountains – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service".
  121. ↑ "American Bison Society News and Updates".
  122. ↑ "Bison - WCS.org".
  123. ↑ "New research indicates hybrid bison may not be as fit as those without cattle genes". The Wildlife News.
  124. ↑ "Bronx Zoo Announces Birth of the First Genetically Pure Bison Calf Ever Produced by Embryo Transfer".
  125. ↑ "Field & Stream".
  126. ↑ "Bronx Zoo Workers Killing Pesky Geese". latimes.
  127. ↑ "Cincinnati Zoo Prepares for World's First AI Indian Rhino Birth". The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden.
  128. ↑ "Pakistan snow leopard cub heads to Bronx". msnbc.msn.com. Associated Press. August 8, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  129. ↑ "Endangered Leo bound for Bronx". dawn.com. Dawn. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  130. ↑ "Bronx Zoo Provides New Home for Pakistani Snow Leopard". america.gov. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  131. ↑ Foderaro, Lisa W. (August 26, 2013). "Baby Snow Leopard Born at Bronx Zoo Is Now on Display". NY Times. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  132. ↑ Powell Ettinger. "Wildlife Extra News – Critically endangered Chinese alligators breeding in the wild after reintroduction".
  133. ↑ www.bronxzoo.com/multimedia/headlines/kihansi-toad-exhibit.aspx
  134. ↑ "The Neighborhood News". New York. Dec. 31. 2012 – January 7, 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  135. ↑ "Indian Cobra Found As Stowaway On Cargo Ship In NJ Taken To Bronx Zoo « CBS New York".
  136. ↑ Oren Yaniv (December 27, 2007). "Flashback to death by Bronx Zoo tiger". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  137. ↑ "Death at the Bronx Zoo". TIME. April 18, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  138. ↑ "Seven Members of a Family Die After SUV Flips Off Highway Into Bronx Zoo". DNAinfo New York.
  139. ↑ monkey death at bronx zoo. June 14, 2007 – via YouTube.
  140. ↑ "Dozens Stuck in Midair at the Bronx Zoo". The New York Times. July 10, 2008.
  141. ↑ "News reporter rides Bronx Zoo's Wild Asia Monorail in an attempt to see Bachuta the tiger, who mauled man who jumped into his habitat". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  142. ↑ Anjali Athavaley and Pervaiz Shallwani (September 23, 2012). "Visitors Back at Bronx Zoo". WSJ.
  143. 1 2 3 4 "Zoo sued after child swallows souvenir penny". New York Post. February 2, 2014.
  144. ↑ Kevin Dolak (March 27, 2011). "Bronx Zoo Reptile House Closed After Poisonous Snake Goes Missing". ABC News. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  145. ↑ "Bronx Zoo's Cobra". Twitter. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
  146. ↑ Jonathan Allen (March 30, 2011). "Missing Bronx zoo cobra sparks Twitter following". Reuters. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
  147. ↑ "Missing Bronx Zoo Egyptian Cobra Finally Captured". WCBS-TV. March 31, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
  148. ↑ O'Connor, Anahad (May 10, 2011). "Another Bronx Getaway, This Time Without the Scales". The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
  149. ↑ Paddock, Berry. "Exotic Antelope Gets Big Break When Photographer Finds Her Loose at Bronx Zoo". Daily News. New York.
  150. 1 2 "The Bronx Zoo's Loneliest Elephant". The New York Times. June 28, 2015.
  151. ↑ "In Defense of Animals 10 Worst Zoos for Elephants 2015".
  152. ↑ "2012 Ten Worst Zoos for Elephants - In Defense of Animals".
  153. ↑ Mosbergen, Dominique, "Bronx Zoo, Disney's Animal Kingdom Make List Of The '10 Worst Zoos For Elephants'", Huffington Post, January 13, 2015
  154. ↑ "2013 Ten Worst Zoos for Elephants - - In Defense of Animals".
  155. ↑ http://yubanet.com/enviro/In-Defense-of-Animals-Releases-2009-Ten-Worst-Zoos-for-Elephants-List.php#.VyPZnp3F-FA
  156. 1 2 Jim Breheny (August 28, 2015). "Jim Breheny: Hey, elephant lovers: Happy is happy". NY Daily News.
  157. 1 2 3 Bradford, Phillips Verner; Blume, Harvey (1992). Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-08276-2.
  158. 1 2 3 Keller, Mitch (August 6, 2006). "The Scandal at the Zoo". The New York Times. The new resident of the Monkey House was, indeed, a man, a Congolese pygmy named Ota Benga. The next day, a sign was posted that gave Ota Benga’s height as 4 feet 11 inches, his weight as 103 pounds and his age as 23. The sign concluded, 'Exhibited each afternoon during September.' ...
  159. 1 2 "Man and Monkey Show Disapproved by Clergy," The New York Times, September 10, 1906, pg. 1.
  160. 1 2 Spiro, Jonathan Peter (2008). Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Press. pp. 43–51. ISBN 978-1-58465-715-6.
  161. ↑ Smith, Ken (1998). Raw Deal: Horrible and Ironic Stories of Forgotten Americans. New York: Blast Books, Inc. ISBN 0-922233-20-9.
  162. ↑ Quoted by NPR at From the Belgian Congo to the Bronx Zoo, September 8, 2006, Retrieved May 29, 2015
  163. ↑ Evanzz, Karl (1999). The Messenger: The rise and fall of Elijah Muhammad. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780679442608.
  164. ↑ Bryant Dillon, Fanboy Comics President. "Fanboy Comics – A Review of 'Tales of the Night Watchman: Volume 1 #2' and 'Tales of the Night Watchman Presents: The Night Collector' (New Hires and Nude Vampires)".
  165. ↑ "Animal Planet Orders Bronx Zoo Docuseries". March 31, 2016.
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