List of House members of the 41st Parliament of Canada
This is a list of members of the House of Commons of Canada in the 41st Canadian Parliament (June 2, 2011 to August 2, 2015).[1]
Members
Party leaders are italicized. Cabinet ministers are in boldface. The Prime Minister is both.
Alberta
- ^a Voluntarily left caucus on December 5, 2011, and re-joined the Conservative caucus on June 6, 2013
- ^b Left caucus on June 5, 2013
British Columbia
- ^c Resigned from caucus March 31, 2015.
Manitoba
Name | Party | Electoral district | |
---|---|---|---|
Merv Tweed (until August 31, 2013) | Conservative | Brandon—Souris | |
Larry Maguire (after November 25, 2013) | Conservative | ||
Steven Fletcher | Conservative | Charleswood—St. James—Assiniboia | |
Niki Ashton | NDP | Churchill | |
Robert Sopuck | Conservative | Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette | |
Lawrence Toet | Conservative | Elmwood—Transcona | |
Joy Smith | Conservative | Kildonan—St. Paul | |
Candice Bergen | Conservative | Portage—Lisgar | |
Vic Toews (until July 9, 2013) | Conservative | Provencher | |
Ted Falk (after November 25, 2013) | Conservative | ||
Shelly Glover | Conservative | Saint Boniface | |
James Bezan | Conservative | Selkirk—Interlake | |
Pat Martin | NDP | Winnipeg Centre | |
Kevin Lamoureux | Liberal | Winnipeg North | |
Rod Bruinooge | Conservative | Winnipeg South | |
Joyce Bateman | Conservative | Winnipeg South Centre |
New Brunswick
Name | Party | Electoral district | |
---|---|---|---|
Yvon Godin | NDP | Acadie—Bathurst | |
Dominic LeBlanc | Liberal | Beauséjour | |
Keith Ashfield | Conservative | Fredericton | |
Rob Moore | Conservative | Fundy Royal | |
Bernard Valcourt | Conservative | Madawaska—Restigouche | |
Tilly O'Neill-Gordon | Conservative | Miramichi | |
Robert Goguen | Conservative | Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe | |
John Williamson | Conservative | New Brunswick Southwest | |
Rodney Weston | Conservative | Saint John | |
Mike Allen | Conservative | Tobique—Mactaquac |
Newfoundland and Labrador
Name | Party | Electoral district | |
---|---|---|---|
Scott Andrews | Liberal | Avalon | |
Independentd | |||
Scott Simms | Liberal | Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor | |
Gerry Byrne | Liberal | Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte | |
Peter Penashue (until March 14, 2013) | Conservative | Labrador | |
Yvonne Jones (after May 13, 2013) | Liberal | ||
Judy Foote | Liberal | Random—Burin—St. George's | |
Jack Harris | NDP | St. John's East | |
Ryan Cleary | NDP | St. John's South—Mount Pearl |
- ^d Suspended from caucus November 5, 2014.
Nova Scotia
Name | Party | Electoral district | |
---|---|---|---|
Rodger Cuzner | Liberal | Cape Breton—Canso | |
Peter MacKay | Conservative | Central Nova | |
Scott Armstrong | Conservative | Cumberland—Colchester—Musquodoboit Valley | |
Robert Chisholm | NDP | Dartmouth—Cole Harbour | |
Megan Leslie | NDP | Halifax | |
Geoff Regan | Liberal | Halifax West | |
Scott Brison | Liberal | Kings—Hants | |
Peter Stoffer | NDP | Sackville—Eastern Shore | |
Gerald Keddy | Conservative | South Shore—St. Margaret's | |
Mark Eyking | Liberal | Sydney—Victoria | |
Greg Kerr | Conservative | West Nova |
Ontario
- ^e Changed affiliation on February 9, 2015.
- ^f Left caucus on September 26, 2013.
- ^g Left NDP caucus April 23, 2012. Joined Green caucus December 13, 2013.
- ^h Liberal leader until April 14, 2013.
- ^i NDP leader until July 28, 2011.
Prince Edward Island
Name | Party | Electoral district | |
---|---|---|---|
Lawrence MacAulay | Liberal | Cardigan | |
Sean Casey | Liberal | Charlottetown | |
Gail Shea | Conservative | Egmont | |
Wayne Easter | Liberal | Malpeque |
Quebec
- ^j Expelled from caucus September 12, 2013.
- ^k Resigned from Bloc Québécois caucus August 12, 2014. Sat as an independent until founding Strength in Democracy October 21, 2014.
- ^l NDP leader from July 28, 2011 to March 24, 2012.
- ^m Changed affiliation on February 27, 2013.
- ^n Suspended from caucus June 6, 2014.
- ^o NDP leader since March 24, 2012.
- ^p Liberal leader since April 14, 2013.
- ^q Changed affiliation on October 21, 2014.
- ^r Resigned from caucus August 25, 2014.
- ^s Suspended from caucus November 5, 2014.
- ^t Changed affiliation on January 10, 2012.
- ^u Changed affiliation on August 20, 2014.
Saskatchewan
Name | Party | Electoral district | |
---|---|---|---|
Gerry Ritz | Conservative | Battlefords—Lloydminster | |
Lynne Yelich | Conservative | Blackstrap | |
David L. Anderson | Conservative | Cypress Hills—Grasslands | |
Rob Clarke | Conservative | Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River | |
Ray Boughen | Conservative | Palliser | |
Randy Hoback | Conservative | Prince Albert | |
Tom Lukiwski | Conservative | Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre | |
Andrew Scheer | Conservative | Regina—Qu'Appelle | |
Brad Trost | Conservative | Saskatoon—Humboldt | |
Kelly Block | Conservative | Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar | |
Maurice Vellacott | Conservative | Saskatoon—Wanuskewin | |
Ed Komarnicki | Conservative | Souris—Moose Mountain | |
Ralph Goodale | Liberal | Wascana | |
Garry Breitkreuz | Conservative | Yorkton—Melville |
The North
Name | Party | Electoral district | |
---|---|---|---|
Leona Aglukkaq | Conservative | Nunavut | |
Dennis Bevington | NDP | Northwest Territories (Western Arctic until 2014) | |
Ryan Leef | Conservative | Yukon |
Changes since the 41st election
The party standings have changed as follows:
May 2, 2011 – January 17, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of members per party by date |
2011 | 2012 | 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
May 2 | Aug 22 | Dec 5 | Jan 10 | Mar 19 | Apr 23 | May 30 | Jul 31 | Aug 31 | Nov 26 | Feb 27 | Mar 14 | May 13 | Jun 2 | Jun 5 | Jun 6 | Jul 9 | Jul 31 | Aug 31 | Sep 12 | Sep 26 | Nov 6 | Nov 25 | Dec 13 | ||
Conservative | 166 | 165 | 164 | 163 | 165 | 164 | 163 | 164 | 163 | 162 | 161 | 160 | 162 | ||||||||||||
New Democratic | 103 | 102 | 101 | 102 | 101 | 100 | 101 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||
Liberal | 34 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 36 | |||||||||||||||||||
Bloc Québécois | 4 | 5 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Green | 1 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Independent | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Independent Conservative | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total members | 308 | 307 | 308 | 307 | 306 | 305 | 308 | 307 | 308 | 307 | 306 | 305 | 304 | 303 | 307 | ||||||||||
Vacant | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | ||||||||||
Government majority | 24 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 19 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 17 |
January 17, 2014 – present | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of members per party by date |
2014 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jan 17 | Mar 12 | Apr 1 | Apr 10 | Jun 6 | Jun 30 | Aug 12 | Aug 20 | Aug 25 | Sep 17 | Oct 21 | Nov 5 | Nov 17 | Jan 5 | Feb 9 | Mar 16 | Mar 31 | May 13 | |||||||||
Conservative | 161 | 160 | 162 | 161 | 163 | 162 | 161 | 160 | 159 | |||||||||||||||||
New Democratic | 100 | 99 | 98 | 97 | 96 | 95 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Liberal | 36 | 35 | 37 | 35 | 36 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Bloc Québécois | 4 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Green | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Strength in Democracy | 0 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Independent | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||
Independent Conservative | 1 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total members | 306 | 305 | 304 | 303 | 307 | 306 | 305 | 307 | 306 | 305 | 304 | |||||||||||||||
Vacant | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||||||||||||
Government majority | 16 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 14 |
Membership changes
Membership changes in the 41st Parliament | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Name | District | Party | Reason | |
May 2, 2011 | See List of Members | Election day of the 41st federal election | |||
August 22, 2011 | Jack Layton | Toronto—Danforth | NDP | Died of cancer. | |
December 5, 2011 | Peter Goldring | Edmonton East | Independent Conservative | Voluntarily left the Conservative caucus, but retained affiliation.[2][3] | |
January 10, 2012 | Lise St-Denis | Saint-Maurice—Champlain | Liberal | Changed affiliation from NDP to Liberal.[4] | |
March 19, 2012 | Craig Scott | Toronto—Danforth | NDP | Elected in a by-election.[5] | |
April 23, 2012 | Bruce Hyer | Thunder Bay—Superior North | Independent | Voluntarily left the NDP caucus, but retained party membership.[6][7] | |
May 30, 2012 | Lee Richardson | Calgary Centre | Conservative | Resigned from the House to accept a job working for Alberta Premier Alison Redford.[8] | |
July 31, 2012 | Bev Oda | Durham | Conservative | Voluntarily resigned from the Cabinet and the House following a series of personal expense scandals.[9] | |
August 31, 2012 | Denise Savoie | Victoria | NDP | Voluntarily resigned from Parliament for health reasons.[10] | |
November 26, 2012 | Joan Crockatt | Calgary Centre | Conservative | Elected in a by-election.[11] | |
November 26, 2012 | Erin O'Toole | Durham | Conservative | Elected in a by-election[11] | |
November 26, 2012 | Murray Rankin | Victoria | NDP | Elected in a by-election.[11] | |
February 27, 2013 | Claude Patry | Jonquière—Alma | Bloc Québécois | Changed affiliation from NDP to Bloc Québécois.[12] | |
March 14, 2013 | Peter Penashue | Labrador | Conservative | Resigned to run in a by-election.[13] | |
May 13, 2013 | Yvonne Jones | Labrador | Liberal | Elected in a by-election.[14] | |
June 2, 2013 | Denis Coderre | Bourassa | Liberal | Resigned to run for mayor of Montreal.[15] | |
June 5, 2013 | Brent Rathgeber | Edmonton—St. Albert | Independent | Voluntarily left the Conservative caucus, citing the Conservative party's "lack of commitment to transparency and open government".[16] | |
June 6, 2013 | Peter Goldring | Edmonton East | Conservative | Rejoined Conservative caucus.[17] | |
July 9, 2013 | Vic Toews | Provencher | Conservative | Resigned citing a desire to spend more time with his family.[18] | |
July 31, 2013 | Bob Rae | Toronto Centre | Liberal | Resigned to become First Nations negotiator in Ontario.[19][20] | |
August 31, 2013 | Merv Tweed | Brandon—Souris | Conservative | Resigned to become President of OmniTRAX Canada.[21] | |
September 12, 2013 | Maria Mourani | Ahuntsic | Independent | Expelled from Bloc Québécois caucus due to comments against the provincial Parti Québécois government's proposed Quebec Charter of Values.[22] | |
September 26, 2013 | Dean Del Mastro | Peterborough | Independent Conservative | Left caucus after being charged with breaking campaign rules during the 2008 election, but retained affiliation.[23][24] | |
November 6, 2013 | Ted Menzies | Macleod | Conservative | Resigned to become President and CEO of CropLife Canada.[25] | |
November 25, 2013 | Emmanuel Dubourg | Bourassa | Liberal | Elected in a by-election.[26] | |
November 25, 2013 | Ted Falk | Provencher | Conservative | Elected in a by-election.[26] | |
November 25, 2013 | Chrystia Freeland | Toronto Centre | Liberal | Elected in a by-election.[26] | |
November 25, 2013 | Larry Maguire | Brandon—Souris | Conservative | Elected in a by-election.[26] | |
December 13, 2013 | Bruce Hyer | Thunder Bay—Superior North | Green | Joined Green caucus.[27] | |
January 17, 2014 | Brian Jean | Fort McMurray—Athabasca | Conservative | Resigned to return to private life.[28][29] | |
March 12, 2014 | Olivia Chow | Trinity—Spadina | NDP | Resigned to run for mayor of Toronto.[30] | |
April 1, 2014 | Jim Karygiannis | Scarborough—Agincourt | Liberal | Resigned to enter Toronto municipal politics.[31] | |
April 10, 2014 | Jim Flaherty | Whitby—Oshawa | Conservative | Died of a heart attack.[32] | |
June 6, 2014 | Manon Perreault | Montcalm | Independent | Suspended from NDP caucus after being charged with public mischief.[33][34] | |
June 30, 2014 | John Barlow | Macleod | Conservative | Elected in a by-election.[35] | |
June 30, 2014 | David Yurdiga | Fort McMurray—Athabasca | Conservative | Elected in a by-election.[35] | |
June 30, 2014 | Adam Vaughan | Trinity—Spadina | Liberal | Elected in a by-election.[35] | |
June 30, 2014 | Arnold Chan | Scarborough—Agincourt | Liberal | Elected in a by-election.[35] | |
August 12, 2014 | Jean-François Fortin | Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia | Independent | Resigned from Bloc Québécois caucus due to differences with newly elected Party Leader Mario Beaulieu.[36] | |
August 20, 2014 | Sana Hassainia | Verchères—Les Patriotes | Independent | Resigned from NDP caucus due to a conflict with the party over its stance on the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.[37] | |
August 25, 2014 | André Bellavance | Richmond—Arthabaska | Independent | Resigned from Bloc Québécois caucus due to differences with newly elected Party Leader Mario Beaulieu.[38] | |
September 17, 2014 | Rob Merrifield | Yellowhead | Conservative | Resigned to accept an appointment from Alberta Premier Jim Prentice as the province's envoy to the United States.[39][40] | |
October 21, 2014 | Jean-François Fortin | Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia | Strength in Democracy | Co-created Strength in Democracy.[41] | |
October 21, 2014 | Jean-François Larose | Repentigny | Strength in Democracy | Resigned from NDP caucus upon co-creating Strength in Democracy.[41] | |
November 5, 2014 | Scott Andrews | Avalon | Independent | Suspended from Liberal caucus following allegations of sexual harassment.[42] | |
November 5, 2014 | Massimo Pacetti | Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel | Independent | Suspended from Liberal caucus following allegations of sexual harassment.[42] | |
November 5, 2014 | Dean Del Mastro | Peterborough | Independent Conservative | Resigned his seat after being found guilty on three counts of violating election spending limits.[43][44] | |
November 17, 2014 | Pat Perkins | Whitby—Oshawa | Conservative | Elected in a by-election.[45] | |
November 17, 2014 | Jim Eglinski | Yellowhead | Conservative | Elected in a by-election.[45] | |
January 5, 2015 | Glenn Thibeault | Sudbury | NDP | Resigned to run in a provincial by-election.[46][47] | |
February 9, 2015 | Eve Adams | Mississauga—Brampton South | Liberal | Changed affiliation from Conservative to Liberal.[48] | |
March 16, 2015 | John Baird | Ottawa West—Nepean | Conservative | Resigned from cabinet, and subsequently from parliament, to enter private life.[49] | |
March 31, 2015 | James Lunney | Nanaimo—Alberni | Independent | Left caucus due to concerns about religious freedom.[50] | |
May 13, 2015 | Patrick Brown | Barrie | Conservative | Resigned after being elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario.[51] |
See also
- List of senators in the 41st Parliament of Canada
- Women in the 41st Canadian Parliament
- By-elections to the 41st Canadian Parliament
References
- ↑ Members of Parliament.
- ↑ "Edmonton MP charged with refusing to give breath sample". CBC News. December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
- ↑ "Member of Parliament Profile: Peter Goldring". House of Commons — Members. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ↑ Payton, Laura (January 10, 2012). "NDP MP Lise St-Denis jumps to Liberals". CBC News. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
- ↑ "NDP wins in Jack Layton's former riding". CBC News. March 19, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
- ↑ "Bruce Hyer ditches NDP to sit as an Independent MP". CBC News. April 23, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ↑ "Member of Parliament Profile: Bruce Hyer". House of Commons — Members. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ↑ "MP Lee Richardson resigns; will work with Alberta Premier Alison Redford". Vancouver Sun, May 30, 2012.
- ↑ "Bev Oda resigns as Conservative MP for Durham". Toronto Star. July 3, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
- ↑ "Denise Savoie resigns". Macleans.ca. August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
- 1 2 3 "Tories and NDP hold on to seats in tight byelections". CBC.ca. November 26, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
- ↑ "Quebec NDP MP Claude Patry jumps to Bloc". CBC News. February 27, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
- ↑ "Peter Penashue quits over campaign donations". CBC News. March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
- ↑ "Liberals take Labrador, as Jones wins big over Penashue". CBC News. May 13, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
- ↑ "Denis Coderre makes mayoralty bid official amid protests". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 16, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
- ↑ "MP Brent Rathgeber resigns from Conservative caucus". CTV News. June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
- ↑ "Edmonton MP Peter Goldring welcomed back to Conservative caucus after aquital". Edmonton Journal. June 6, 2013.
- ↑ Mas, Susana. "Vic Toews resigns ahead of cabinet shuffle". CBC News. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ↑ "Bob Rae quits politics to focus on Ring of Fire negotiations". APTN National News. June 19, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
- ↑ Wingrove, Josh (11 July 2013). "Bob Rae sets departure date as First Nations work picks up". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ↑ O'Malley, Kady (August 12, 2013). "UPDATED - Tory MP Merv Tweed leaves Commons for top job at rail company". CBC News. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ↑ Mas, Susana (September 12, 2013). "Bloc Québécois expels MP over secular charter comments". CBC News. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ↑ Payton, Laura (September 26, 2013). "Conservative MP Dean Del Mastro quits caucus". CBC News. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
- ↑ "Party Standings in the House of Commons (unofficial)". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ↑ Payton, Laura (November 6, 2013). "Ted Menzies, former cabinet minister, stepping down". CBC News. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 "Liberals take Toronto, Montreal races; Tories win 1 in Manitoba". CBC News. November 26, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
- ↑ "Thunder Bay MP Bruce Hyer joins Green Party, doubles caucus". CBC News. December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
- ↑ "Alberta Conservative MP Brian Jean stepping down". CBC News. January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
- ↑ "Conservative MP representing oil sands resigns". Globe and Mail. January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
- ↑ Peat, Don (March 12, 2014). "Olivia Chow resigns seat, registers to run for Toronto mayor". Toronto Sun. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
- ↑ "Liberal MP Jim Karygiannis resigns to run in Toronto politics". CBC News. April 1, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
- ↑ "Former finance minister Jim Flaherty is dead at 64". The Globe and Mail. April 10, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
- ↑ "Manon Perreault, NDP MP, faces criminal charges". CBC News. June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
- ↑ "NDP MP Perreault suspended from caucus over public mischief charge". CTV News. June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 "Liberals win Toronto ridings, Conservatives hold Macleod". CBC News. June 30, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
- ↑ Authier, Philip (August 12, 2014). "Bloc Québécois MP quits, cites issues with new party leader". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
- ↑ "Quebec NDP MP Sana Hassainia defects over Mideast position". CBC News. August 20, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/andr%C3%A9-bellavance-quits-the-bloc-to-sit-as-an-independent-1.2746057
- ↑ "Federal Conservative party losing another MP. Rob #Merrifield quitting to take job as Alberta gov't rep to United States. #cdnpoli #abpoli". Twitter. CBC News Alerts. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
- ↑ Wingrove, Josh (September 17, 2014). "Prentice to appoint Conservative MP as Alberta's envoy to U.S.". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
- 1 2 "Jean-François Fortin fonde un nouveau parti à Ottawa". Radio-Canada. October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
- 1 2 Raj, Althia (November 5, 2014). "2 Liberal MPs Suspended From Caucus After Sexual Harassment Allegations". The Huffington Post Canada. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- ↑ "Dean Del Mastro: MPs to vote on suspension on Wednesday". CBC News. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- ↑ "MP Del Mastro surrenders House of Commons seat". CP24 News. November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
- 1 2 Wingrove, Josh (November 17, 2014). "Tories hold both seats in federal by-elections". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
- ↑ "NDP's Glenn Thibeault 'proud' to defect to Ontario Liberals". CBC News. December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
- ↑ "Thibeault, Glenn". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- ↑ "Eve Adams, former Conservative MP, to join Liberal Party". CBC News. February 9, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
- ↑ "John Baird, former foreign affairs minister, resigning as MP March 16". CBC News. March 11, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
- ↑ "B.C. MP James Lunney leaving Conservative caucus". CTV News. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
- ↑ "Barrie MP Patrick Brown resigns seat as he shifts to lead provincial PCs". Ottawa Citizen. May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
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