Field marshal (United Kingdom)

Shoulder insignia consisting of crossed golden batons surrounded by golden oak leaf embellishment, topped with a crown.
The insignia of a field marshal as worn on epaulettes

Field marshal has been the highest rank in the British Army since 1736. A five-star rank with NATO code OF-10, it is equivalent to an admiral of the fleet in the Royal Navy or a marshal of the Royal Air Force in the RAF. A field marshal's insignia consists of two crossed batons surrounded by yellow leaves below St Edward's Crown. As with marshals of the Royal Air Force and admirals of the fleet in their respective services, field marshals remain officers of the British Army for life, though on half-pay when not in an appointment.[1][2] The rank has been used sporadically throughout its history and was vacant through parts of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (when all holders of the rank were deceased). After the Second World War, it became standard practice to appoint the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (later renamed Chief of the General Staff) to the rank on his last day in the post. Army officers occupying the post of Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of all the British Armed Forces, were usually promoted to the rank upon their appointment.[3]

In total, 141 men have held the rank of field marshal. The majority led careers in the British Army or the British Indian Army, rising through the ranks to eventually become a field marshal. Some members of the British Royal Family—most recently Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Charles, Prince of Wales—were promoted to the rank after shorter periods of service. Three British monarchs—George V, Edward VIII, and George VI— assumed the rank on their accessions to the throne, while Edward VII was already a field marshal, and two British consorts—Albert, Prince Consort and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh—were appointed by their respective queens. Other ceremonial appointments were made as diplomatic gestures. Twelve foreign monarchs held the honour, though three (Wilhelm II, German Emperor; Franz Joseph I, Austrian Emperor; and Hirohito, Emperor of Japan) were stripped of it when their countries became enemies of Britain and her allies in the two world wars. Also awarded the rank were two distinguished foreign military officers, honoured for their contributions to World War I and World War II respectively, and one foreign statesman.[3]

A report commissioned by the Ministry of Defence in 1995 made a number of recommendations for financial savings in the armed forces' budget, one of which was the abolition of the five-star ranks. Part of the rationale behind the recommendation was that the ranks of field marshal, admiral of the fleet and marshal of the Royal Air Force were disproportionate to the size of the forces commanded by these officers and that none of the United Kingdom's close allies, such as the United States (which reserves the rank of general of the army for officers who have commanded large armies in major wars), used such ranks. The recommendation was not taken up in full, but the convention of promoting service chiefs to five-star ranks was stopped and the ranks are now reserved for special circumstances. Sir Peter Inge was, in 1994, the last active officer to be promoted to the rank. Inge relinquished the post of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) in 1997 and his successor, Sir Charles Guthrie, was the first officer not to be promoted upon appointment as CDS.[3]

The most recent promotions to field marshal came in 2012, eighteen years after the moratorium on routine promotions to the rank, when Queen Elizabeth II promoted Prince Charles, her son and heir-apparent to the throne, to the five-star ranks in all three services, in recognition of support provided for her in her capacity as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces.[4] At the same time, Guthrie, who relinquished the post of CDS and retired from active service in 2001, was promoted to honorary field marshal.[5] In June 2014 former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Walker of Aldringham was also promoted to honorary field marshal.[6]

Insignia of rank

The rank insignia of a field marshal in the British Army comprises two crossed batons in a wreath of oak leaves, with a crown above. In some other countries, historically under the sphere of British influence, an adapted version of the insignia is used for field marshals, often with the crown being replaced with an alternative cultural or national emblem.

On appointment, British field marshals are awarded a gold-tipped baton which they may carry on formal occasions.

List of field marshals

A bronze cross pattée bearing the crown of Saint Edward surmounted by a lion with the inscription "FOR VALOUR". A crimson ribbon is attached.
Four Field Marshals were also recipients of the Victoria Cross, the UK's highest award for gallantry.

The vast majority of officers to hold the rank of field marshal were professional soldiers in the British Army, though eleven served as officers in the British Indian Army. At least fifty-seven field marshals were wounded in battle earlier in their careers, of whom 24 were wounded more than once, and eight had been prisoners of war. Fifteen future field marshals were present at the Battle of Vitoria, where the Duke of Wellington earned the rank, and ten others served under Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. However, only thirty-eight held independent commands in the field, and just twelve served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces (the pre-1904 professional head of the army) or Chief of the Imperial General Staff during a major war.[3]

Four field marshals—Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir George White, Earl Roberts, and Lord Gort—had previously received the Victoria Cross (VC), the United Kingdom's highest and most prestigious award for gallantry "in the face of the enemy". Wood, a famously injury-prone officer, was awarded the VC for two actions in 1858 in which he first attacked a group of rebels in India and later rescued an informant from another group of rebels. White, a cavalry officer, led two charges on enemy guns in Afghanistan in 1879, while Gort, of the Grenadier Guards, commanded a series of attacks while severely wounded during the First World War in 1918. Roberts received his VC for actions during the Indian Mutiny.[7][8][9][10][11]

Wellington, 44 at the time of his promotion, was the youngest non-royal officer to earn the rank of field marshal. Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda was the oldest, promoted at the age of 91, while a further twenty-three officers were promoted to field marshal in their eighties. Wellington was also the only field marshal to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,[3] though several others served as cabinet ministers.

No officer whose career was spent in the British Army has ever reached the rank of field marshal without having served in the cavalry, infantry, Royal Armoured Corps, Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers.[3] Two non-British officers have been appointed field marshals in the British Army—Ferdinand Foch of France and Sir Thomas Blamey of Australia, in recognition of their contributions in the First and Second World Wars respectively—while only one, Sir William Robertson, held every rank in the British Army, from private soldier to field marshal.[3][12][13][14]

Field Marshals of the British Army
Name and style[lower-alpha 1] Regiment[lower-alpha 2] Image Born Died Date of promotion[15]
George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney Royal Regiment of Foot George Douglas-Hamilton 1666 1737 12 January 1736[16]
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot John Campbell 1680 1743 14 January 1736[17]
Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon Horse Guards Regiment Richard Boyle 1674 1740 2 July 1739[18]
François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre Crest of the De La Rochefoucauld family 1672 1739 2 July 1739[19]
John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot John Dalrymple 1673 1747 18 March 1742[20]
Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham 6th Regiment of Foot Richard Temple 1669 1749 14 December 1742[21]
George Wade Earl of Bath's Regiment George Wade 1673 1748 14 December 1742[22]
Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet Grenadier Guards (1st Foot Guards) 1685 1768 28 November 1757[23]
Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth Royal Scots Richard Molesworth 1680 1758 29 November 1757[24]
John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier 10th Regiment of Foot John Ligonier 1680 1770 30 November 1757[25]
James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley 39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot James O'Hara 1690 1773 1 June 1763[26]
Henry Seymour Conway 5th Royal Irish Lancers Henry Seymour Conway 1721 1794 12 October 1793[27]
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 13th Regiment of Foot Prince William Henry 1743 1805 12 October 1793[28]
Sir George Howard 24th Regiment of Foot George Howard 1720 1796 12 October 1793[29]
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany Grenadier Guards Prince Frederick 1763 1827 10 February 1795[30]
John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll Royal Scots Fusiliers John Campbell 1723 1806 30 July 1796[31]
Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst Grenadier Guards Jeffery Amherst 1717 1797 30 July 1796[32]
John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden Scots Guards John Griffin 1719 1797 30 July 1796[33]
Studholme Hodgson Grenadier Guards 1708 1798 30 July 1796[34]
George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend 7th Queen's Own Hussars George Townshend 1724 1807 30 July 1796[35]
Lord Frederick Cavendish Coldstream Guards 1729 1803 30 July 1796[36]
Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond Coldstream Guards Charles Lennox 1735 1806 30 July 1796[37]
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn Royal Fusiliers Prince Edward 1767 1820 5 September 1805[38]
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 33rd Regiment of Foot Arthur Wellesley 1769 1852 21 June 1813[39]
Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale — (Royal Family; afterwards King of Hanover) Ernest Augustus I 1771 1851 6 November 1813[40]
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge Hanoverian Guards Prince Adolphus 1774 1850 26 November 1813[41]
Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Scots Guards Prince William Frederick 1776 1834 24 May 1816[42]
Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha — (Royal Family; afterwards King of the Belgians) Leopold I 1790 1865 24 May 1816[43]
Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda 12th Dragoons Charles Moore 1730 1821 19 July 1821[44]
William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt Grenadier Guards William Harcourt 1743 1830 19 July 1821[16]
Sir Alured Clarke 50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot Alured Clarke 1745 1832 22 July 1830[45]
Sir Samuel Hulse Grenadier Guards Samuel Hulse 1747 or 1748 1837 22 July 1830[46]
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha — (Royal Family) Prince Albert 1819 1861 8 February 1840[47]
William II — (King of the Netherlands) William II 1792 1847 28 July 1845[48]
Sir George Nugent, 1st Baronet 39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot George Nugent 1757 1849 9 November 1846[49]
Thomas Grosvenor Grenadier Guards Thomas Grosvenor 1764 1851 9 November 1846[50]
Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey 80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers) Henry Paget 1768 1854 9 November 1846[51]
FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan 4th Light Dragoons FitzRoy Somerse 1788 1855 5 November 1854[52]
Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere 23rd Regiment of Foot Stapleton Cotton 1773 1865 2 October 1855[53]
John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford 33rd Regiment of Foot Stapleton Cotton 1772 1860 2 October 1855[54]
Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge Queen's Rangers Henry Hardinge 1785 1856 2 October 1855[55]
John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton East Devonshire Regiment John Colborne 1779 1863 1 April 1860[56]
Sir Edward Blakeney 99th Regiment of Foot Edward Blakeney 1778 1868 9 November 1862[57]
Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough Seaforth Highlanders Hugh Gough 1779 1869 9 November 1862[58]
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge 12th Royal Lancers Prince George 1819 1904 9 November 1862[59]
Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot Colin Campbell 1792 1863 9 November 1862[60]
Sir Alexander Woodford 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot Alexander Woodford 1782 1870 1 January 1868[61]
Sir William Gomm 9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot William Gomm 1784 1875 1 January 1868[62]
Sir Hew Ross Royal Artillery Hew Ross 1779 1868 1 January 1868[63]
Sir John Burgoyne Royal Engineers John Burgoyne 1782 1871 1 January 1868[64]
Sir George Pollock Bengal Artillery George Pollock 1786 1872 24 May 1870[65]
Sir John FitzGerald — (Retired) 1785 1877 29 May 1875[66]
George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale Grenadier Guards George Hay 1787 1876 29 May 1875[67]
Edward VII — (Royal Family) Edward VII 1841 1910 29 May 1875[68]
Sir William Rowan 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot William Rowan 1789 1879 2 June 1877[69]
Sir Charles Yorke 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot Charles Yorke 1790 1880 2 June 1877[70]
Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot Hugh Rose 1801 1885 2 June 1877[71]
Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala Bengal Engineer Group Robert Napier 1810 1890 1 January 1883[72]
Sir Patrick Grant 11th Bengal Native Infantry Patrick Grant 1804 1895 24 June 1883[73]
Sir John Michel 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot John Michel 1804 1886 27 March 1886[74]
Sir Richard Dacres Royal Artillery Richard Dacres 1799 1886 27 March 1886[75]
Lord William Paulet 85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers) William Paulet 1804 1893 10 July 1886[76]
George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan 6th Regiment of Foot George Bingham 1800 1888 21 June 1887[77]
Sir Lintorn Simmons Royal Engineers Lintorn Simmons 1821 1903 21 May 1890[78]
Sir Frederick Haines 4th Regiment of Foot Frederick Haines 1818 1909 21 May 1890[79]
Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet 9th Bengal Native Infantry Donald Stewart 1824 1900 26 May 1894[80]
Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley 12th Regiment of Foot Garnet Wolseley 1833 1913 26 May 1894[81]
Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, VC Bengal Artillery Frederick Roberts 1832 1914 25 May 1895[82]
Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar 67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of Foot Prince Edward 1823 1902 22 June 1897[83]
Sir Neville Bowles Chamberlain 55th Bengal Native Infantry Neville Chamberlain 1820 1902 25 April 1900[84]
Wilhelm II, German Emperor — (German Emperor) Wilhelm II 1859 1941 27 January 1901[85]
Sir Henry Norman 1st Bengal Native Infantry Henry Norman 1826 1904 26 June 1902[86]
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Royal Engineers Prince Arthur 1850 1942 26 June 1902[87]
Sir Evelyn Wood, VC 13th Light Dragoons Evelyn Wood 1838 1919 8 April 1903[88]
Sir George White, VC 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot George White 1835 1912 8 April 1903[89]
Franz Joseph I of Austria — (Emperor of Austria; King of Hungary) Franz Joseph I 1830 1916 1 September 1903[90]
Francis Grenfell, 1st Baron Grenfell King's Royal Rifle Corps Francis Grenfell 1841 1925 11 April 1908[91]
Sir Charles Brownlow 51st Sikhs (Frontier Force) Charles Brownlow 1831 1916 20 June 1908[92]
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener Royal Engineers Herbert Kitchener 1850 1916 10 September 1909[93]
George V — (Royal Family) George V 1865 1936 7 May 1910[94]
Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen Scots Guards Paul Methuen 1845 1932 19 June 1911[95]
William Nicholson, 1st Baron Nicholson Royal Engineers William Nicholson 1845 1918 19 June 1911[96]
John French, 1st Earl of Ypres 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars John French 1852 1925 3 June 1913[97]
Nicholas II of Russia — (Emperor of Russia) Nicholas II 1868 1918 1 January 1916[98]
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig 7th Queen's Own Hussars Douglas Haig 1861 1928 1 January 1917[99]
Sir Charles Egerton 31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot Sir Charles Egerton 1848 1921 16 March 1917[100]
Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) — (Emperor of Japan) Taishō 1879 1926 1 January 1918[101]
Ferdinand Foch — (French Army) Ferdinand Foch 1851 1929 19 July 1919[13]
Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer York and Lancaster Regiment Herbert Plumer 1857 1932 31 July 1919[102]
Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons Edmund Allenby 1861 1936 31 July 1919[103]
Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) Henry Wilson 1864 1922 31 July 1919[104]
Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet 3rd Dragoon Guards William Robertson 1860 1933 29 March 1920[105]
Sir Arthur Barrett 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot Arthur Barrett 1857 1926 12 April 1921[106]
Albert I of Belgium — (King of Belgium) Albert I 1875 1934 4 July 1921[107]
William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood Royal Scots Fusiliers William Birdwood 1865 1951 20 March 1925[108]
Sir Claud Jacob Worcestershire Regiment Claud Jacob 1863 1948 30 November 1926[109]
George Milne, 1st Baron Milne Royal Artillery George Milne 1866 1948 30 January 1928[110]
Alfonso XIII of Spain — (King of Spain) Alfonso XIII 1886 1941 3 June 1928[111]
Hirohito (Emperor Shōwa) — (Emperor of Japan) Hirohito 1901 1989 26 June 1928[112]
Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy King's Royal Rifle Corps Julian Byng 1861 1935 17 July 1932[113]
Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan Grenadier Guards Rudolph Lambart 1865 1946 31 October 1932[114]
Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Philip Chetwode 1869 1950 13 February 1933[115]
Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd Royal Artillery Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd 1871 1947 7 June 1935[116]
Edward VIII — (Royal Family) Edward VIII 1894 1972 21 January 1936[117]
Sir Cyril Deverell West Yorkshire Regiment Cyril Deverell 1874 1947 15 May 1936[118]
George VI — (Royal Family) George VI 1895 1952 12 December 1936[119]
Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside Royal Artillery Edmund Ironside 1880 1959 20 July 1940[120]
Smuts, JanJan Smuts — (South African Army) Jan Smuts 1870 1950 24 May 1941[121]
Sir John Dill Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment John Dill 1881 1944 18 November 1941[122]
John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, VC Grenadier Guards John Vereker 1886 1946 1 January 1943[123]
Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell Black Watch Archibald Wavell 1883 1950 1 January 1943[124]
Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke Royal Artillery Alan Brooke 1883 1963 1 January 1944[125]
Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis Irish Guards Harold Alexander 1891 1969 4 June 1944[126]
Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Royal Warwickshire Regiment Bernard Montgomery 1887 1976 1 September 1944[127]
Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) Henry Maitland Wilson 1881 1964 29 December 1944[128]
Sir Claude Auchinleck 62nd Punjabis (Indian Army) Claude Auchinleck 1884 1981 1 June 1946[129]
William "Bill" Slim, 1st Viscount Slim Royal Warwickshire Regiment William Slim 1891 1970 4 January 1948[130]
Sir Thomas Blamey — (Australian Army) Thomas Blamey 1884 1951 8 June 1950[131]
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Royal Navy — (Royal Family) Prince Philip 1921 Living 15 January 1953[132]
John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton Somerset Light Infantry John Harding 1896 1989 21 July 1953[133]
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester King's Royal Rifle Corps Prince Henry 1900 1974 31 March 1955[134]
Sir Gerald Templer Royal Irish Fusiliers Gerald Templer 1898 1979 27 November 1956[135]
Sir Francis Festing Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) Francis Festing 1902 1976 1 September 1960[136]
Mahendra of Nepal — (King of Nepal) Mahendra of Nepal 1921 1974 17 October 1962[137]
Haile Selassie I — (Emperor of Ethiopia) Haile Selassie I 1892 1975 20 January 1965[138]
Sir Richard Hull 17th/21st Lancers Sir Richard Hull 1907 1989 8 February 1965[139]
Sir James Cassels Seaforth Highlanders Sir James Cassels 1907 1996 29 February 1968[140]
Sir Geoffrey Baker Royal Artillery Sir Geoffrey Baker 1912 1980 31 January 1971[141]
Michael Carver, Baron Carver Royal Tank Corps Sir Michael Carver 1915 2001[142] 18 July 1973[143]
Sir Roland Gibbs King's Royal Rifle Corps Sir Roland Gibbs 1921 2004[144] 13 July 1979[145]
Birendra of Nepal — (King of Nepal) Birendra of Nepal 1945 2001[146] 18 November 1980[147]
Edwin Bramall, Baron Bramall King's Royal Rifle Corps Edwin Bramall 1923 Living 1 January 1982[148]
Sir John Stanier 7th Queen's Own Hussars SSir John Stanier 1925 2007[149] 10 July 1985[150]
Sir Nigel Bagnall Green Howards Sir Nigel Bagnall 1927 2002[151] 9 September 1988[152]
Richard Vincent, Baron Vincent of Coleshill Royal Artillery 1931 Living 2 April 1991[153]
Sir John Chapple 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles) 1931 Living 14 February 1992[154]
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Royal Scots Greys — (Royal Family) Prince Edward 1935 Living 11 June 1993[155]
Peter Inge, Baron Inge Green Howards Peter Inge 1935 Living 15 March 1994[156]
Charles, Prince of Wales Royal Navy and Royal Air Force — (Royal Family) Charles, Prince of Wales 1948 Living 16 June 2012[5]
Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank Welsh Guards Charles Guthrie 1938 Living 16 June 2012[5]
Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham Royal Anglian Regiment Michael Walker 1944 Living 13 June 2014[6]

Notes

  1. ↑ Titles and styles are those held by the field marshal when they died, or those currently held in the case of living field marshals; in most cases, these are not the same as the titles and styles held by an officer upon their promotion to the rank, nor (in the case of operational field marshals) those held when the officer retired from active service. All post-nominal letters, with the exception of "VC" (denoting the Victoria Cross) are omitted.
  2. ↑ The regiment given is the regiment into which the field marshal was commissioned. This is not necessarily the regiment the officer first joined, nor is it necessarily the regiment in which the officer spent most of his career. A "—" indicates either that the officer did not lead a career in the British Army or that the officer was not initially commissioned into a formal regiment.

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Brewer's Dictionary.
  2. ↑ The Daily Telegraph 12 April 2008.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Heathcote, Introduction.
  4. ↑ The Prince of Wales The Queen appoints The Prince of Wales to Honorary Five-Star rank 16 June 2012
  5. 1 2 3 BBC News 16 June 2012.
  6. 1 2 Ministry of Defence 13 June 2014.
  7. ↑ Ashcroft, pp. 79–81.
  8. ↑ London Gazette 4 September 1860.
  9. ↑ London Gazette 3 June 1881.
  10. ↑ London Gazette 26 November 1918.
  11. ↑ London Gazette 24 December 1858.
  12. ↑ Woodward, David R. (May 2006) [September 2004]. "Robertson, Sir William Robert, first baronet (1860–1933)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35786. Retrieved 2007-12-07. (subscription required (help)).
  13. 1 2 Heathcote, pp. 122–125.
  14. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 47–52.
  15. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 320–326, Table 1.
  16. 1 2 Heathcote, pp. 166–167.
  17. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 71–73.
  18. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 52–53.
  19. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 99–101.
  20. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 97–99.
  21. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 272–273.
  22. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 285–287.
  23. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 245–246.
  24. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 211–212.
  25. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 202–204.
  26. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 234–235.
  27. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 92–94.
  28. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 302–303.
  29. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 179–180.
  30. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 127–130.
  31. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 73–75.
  32. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 23–26.
  33. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 153–154.
  34. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 178–179.
  35. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 277–279.
  36. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 82–83.
  37. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 199–200.
  38. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 112–113.
  39. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 291–295.
  40. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 116–118.
  41. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 9–10.
  42. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 301–302.
  43. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 200–202.
  44. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 222–223.
  45. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 89–90.
  46. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 182–183.
  47. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 12–13.
  48. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 297–299.
  49. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 232–234.
  50. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 154–155.
  51. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 235–237.
  52. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 267–269.
  53. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 94–96.
  54. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 63–64.
  55. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 171–173.
  56. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 90–92.
  57. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 46–47.
  58. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 148–150.
  59. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 141–144.
  60. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 69–71.
  61. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 316–318.
  62. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 146–148.
  63. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 255–256.
  64. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 60–63.
  65. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 243–245.
  66. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 121–122.
  67. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 173–174.
  68. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 105–108.
  69. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 256–257.
  70. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 318–319.
  71. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 253–255.
  72. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 223–225.
  73. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 150–151.
  74. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 207–208.
  75. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 96–97.
  76. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 237–238.
  77. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 41–43.
  78. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 257–259.
  79. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 163–165.
  80. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 270–272.
  81. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 311–314.
  82. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 246–250.
  83. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 114–115.
  84. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 83–85.
  85. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 299–301.
  86. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 230–232.
  87. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 26–28.
  88. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 314–316.
  89. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 295–297.
  90. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 125–127.
  91. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 151–153.
  92. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 59–60.
  93. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 191–197.
  94. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 135–137.
  95. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 205–207.
  96. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 228–230.
  97. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 130–135.
  98. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 225–228.
  99. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 155–160.
  100. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 115–116.
  101. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 319–320.
  102. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 240–243.
  103. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 19–23.
  104. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 303–308.
  105. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 250–253.
  106. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 39–41.
  107. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 10–12.
  108. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 43–45.
  109. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 190–191.
  110. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 208–211.
  111. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 17–19.
  112. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 176–178.
  113. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 64–69.
  114. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 197–199.
  115. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 86–89.
  116. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 219–222.
  117. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 108–112.
  118. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 101–102.
  119. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 137–141.
  120. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 185–190.
  121. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 264–267.
  122. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 102–105.
  123. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 279–283.
  124. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 287–291.
  125. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 56–59.
  126. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 13–17.
  127. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 212–219.
  128. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 308–311.
  129. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 28–35.
  130. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 259–264.
  131. ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38930. p. 2811. 2 June 1950.
  132. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 238–240.
  133. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 167–171.
  134. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 174–176.
  135. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 273–277.
  136. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 118–121.
  137. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 204–205.
  138. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 160–163.
  139. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 180–182.
  140. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 79–82.
  141. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 37–39.
  142. ↑ The Guardian 12 December 2001.
  143. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 75–79.
  144. ↑ The Daily Telegraph 2 November 2004.
  145. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 144–146.
  146. ↑ BBC News 2 June 2001.
  147. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 45–46.
  148. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 53–56.
  149. ↑ The Times 13 November 2007.
  150. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 269–270.
  151. ↑ The Independent 11 April 2002.
  152. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 35–37.
  153. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 283–285.
  154. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 85–86.
  155. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 113–114.
  156. ↑ Heathcote, pp. 183–185.

General

Specific


Commissioned officer ranks of the British Armed Forces
NATO rank code Student officer OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6
*		 OF-7
**		 OF-8
***		 OF-9
****		 OF-10
*****
Royal Navy O Cdt Mid SLt Lt Lt Cdr Cdr Capt Cdre RAdm
(list)		 VAdm
(list)		 Adm
(list)		 Adm of the Fleet
Royal Marines 2Lt Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Maj-Gen Lt-Gen Gen
(list)
Army O Cdt 2Lt Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Maj-Gen
(list)		 Lt-Gen
(list)		 Gen
(list)		 FM
Royal Air Force Off Cdt / SO APO / Plt Off Fg Off Flt Lt Sqn Ldr Wg Cdr Gp Capt Air Cdre AVM Air Mshl Air Chf Mshl
(list)		 MRAF

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