Gilbert Stuart

For other uses, see Gilbert Stuart (disambiguation).
Gilbert Stuart

old man with gray hair combed back and black coat

Portrait of Gilbert Stuart by Sarah Goodridge, 1825
Born Gilbert Charles Stewart[1]
(1755-12-03)December 3, 1755
Saunderstown, Rhode Island Colony, British America
Died July 9, 1828(1828-07-09) (aged 72)
Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Nationality American
Known for Painting
Notable work George Washington (The Athenaeum Portrait) (1796)
George Washington (Lansdowne portrait) (1796)
George Washington (Vaughan Portrait) (1795)
The Skater (1782)
Self-Portrait (1778)
Catherine Brass Yates (1794)
John Jay (1794)
John Adams (1824)

Gilbert Charles Stuart (born Stewart; December 3, 1755 – July 9, 1828) was an American painter from Rhode Island.

Gilbert Stuart is widely considered one of America's foremost portraitists.[2] His best known work is the unfinished portrait of George Washington that is sometimes referred to as The Athenaeum, begun in 1796 and never finished. Stuart retained the portrait and used it to paint 130 copies which he sold for $100 each. The image of George Washington featured in the painting has appeared on the United States one-dollar bill for over a century,[2] and on various U.S. Postage stamps of the 19th century and early 20th century.[3]

Throughout his career, Gilbert Stuart produced portraits of over 1,000 people, including the first six Presidents of the United States.[4] His work can be found today at art museums throughout the United States and the United Kingdom, most notably the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Frick Collection in New York City, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the National Portrait Gallery, London, Worcester Art Museum in Massachusetts, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.[5]

Biography

Early life

Simple, two-story wooden house. The two doors open directly on to the front lawn.
The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace in Saunderstown, Rhode Island

Gilbert Stuart was born on December 3, 1755 in Saunderstown, Rhode Island, a village of North Kingstown, and baptized at Old Narragansett Church on April 11, 1756.[6][7] He was the third child of Gilbert Stewart,[8] a Scottish immigrant employed in the snuff-making industry, and Elizabeth Anthony Stewart, a member of a prominent land-owning family from Middletown, Rhode Island.[4] Stuart's father worked in the first colonial snuff mill in America, which was located in the basement of the family homestead.[9]

Gilbert Stuart moved to Newport, Rhode Island at the age of six, where his father pursued work in the merchant field. In Newport, Stuart first began to show great promise as a painter.[10] In 1770, Stuart made the acquaintance of Scottish artist Cosmo Alexander, a visitor of the colonies who made portraits of local patrons and who became a tutor to Stuart.[11][12] Under the guidance of Alexander, Stuart painted the famous portrait Dr. Hunter's Spaniels when he was fourteen years old; it hangs today in the Hunter House Mansion in Newport. The painting is also referred to as Dr. Hunter's Dogs by some accounts.[7]

In 1771, Stuart moved to Scotland with Alexander to finish his studies; however, Alexander died in Edinburgh one year later. Stuart tried to maintain a living and pursue his painting career, but to no avail, so he returned to Newport in 1773.[13]

England and Ireland

Highlighted face of a solemn young man, surrounded by a dark background.
Self-Portrait, painted in 1778
A well dressed young man taking graceful steps, arms folded.
The Skater, 1782, a portrait of William Grant

Stuart's prospects as a portraitist were jeopardized by the onset of the American Revolution and its social disruptions. Stuart departed for England in 1775 following the example set by John Singleton Copley.[14] He was unsuccessful at first in pursuit of his vocation, but he then became a protégé of Benjamin West with whom he studied for the next six years. The relationship was beneficial, with Stuart exhibiting at the Royal Academy as early as 1777.[14]

By 1782, Stuart had met with success, largely due to acclaim for The Skater, a portrait of William Grant. It was Stuart's first full-length portrait and, according to art historian Margaret C. S. Christman, it "belied the prevailing opinion that Stuart 'made a tolerable likeness of a face, but as to the figure, he could not get below the fifth button'".[15] Stuart said that he was "suddenly lifted into fame by a single picture".[16]

At one point, the prices for his pictures were exceeded only by those of renowned English artists Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough. Despite his many commissions, however, Stuart was habitually neglectful of finances and was in danger of being sent to debtors' prison. During this period, he married Charlotte Coates. In 1787, he fled to Dublin, Ireland where he painted and accumulated debt with equal vigor.[17]

New York and Philadelphia

Stuart ended his 18-year stay in Britain and Ireland in 1793, leaving behind numerous unfinished paintings. He returned to the United States and settled briefly in New York City.[15] In 1795, he moved to Germantown, Pennsylvania, near (and now part of) Philadelphia, where he opened a studio.[18][19] It was here that he gained a foothold in the art world and lasting fame with pictures of many important Americans of the day.

George Washington, 1796. Oil on canvas. One of several copies that Stuart painted of this full-length portrait. Brooklyn Museum
Detailed painting of head and shoulders of Washington. Over half of the canvas is blank.
Gilbert Stuart's unfinished 1796 painting of George Washington is also known as The Athenaeum, his most celebrated and famous work.

Stuart painted George Washington in a series of iconic portraits, each of them leading in turn to a demand for copies, and keeping Stuart busy and highly paid for years.[20] The most famous and celebrated of these likenesses is known as The Athenaeum and is currently portrayed on the United States one dollar bill. Stuart, along with his daughters, painted a total of 130 reproductions of The Athenaeum. However, he never completed the original version; after finishing Washington's face, he kept the original version to make the copies.[21] He sold up to 70 of his reproductions for a price of US$100 each, but the original portrait was left unfinished at the time of Stuart's death in 1828.[21] The painting was jointly purchased by the National Portrait Gallery and Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1980, and was on display in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. in late 2014.[22][23]

Another celebrated image of Washington is the Lansdowne portrait, a large portrait with one version hanging in the East Room of the White House. This painting was saved during the burning of Washington by British troops in the War of 1812 through the intervention of First Lady Dolley Madison and Paul Jennings, one of President James Madison's slaves. Four versions of the portrait are attributed to Stuart,[24] and additional copies were painted by other artists for display in U.S. government buildings.[25] In 1803, Stuart opened a studio in Washington, D. C.[26]

Boston, 1805–1828

Stuart moved to Devonshire Street in Boston in 1805, continuing in both critical acclaim and financial troubles.[27] He exhibited works locally at Doggett's Repository[28] and Julien Hall.[29] He was sought out for advice by other artists, such as John Trumbull, Thomas Sully, Washington Allston, and John Vanderlyn.[15] In 1824, he suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralyzed; but nevertheless, he continued to paint for two years until his death in Boston on July 9, 1828 at the age of 72.[30] He was buried in the Old South Burial Ground of the Boston Common. Stuart left his family deeply in debt, and his wife and daughters were unable to purchase a grave site. He was, therefore, buried in an unmarked grave which was purchased cheaply from Benjamin Howland, a local carpenter.[31]

The Boston Athenæum held a benefit exhibition of his works in August 1828 in an effort to provide financial aid for Stuart's family. Over 250 portraits were lent for this critically acclaimed and well-subscribed exhibition. This also marked the first public showing of Stuart's unfinished 1796 Athenæum Head portrait of Washington.[32]

Stuart's family recovered from their financial troubles roughly ten years later, and they planned to move his body to a family cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island. However, they could not remember the exact location of his body, and it was never moved.[33]

Legacy

By the end of his career, Gilbert Stuart had taken the likenesses of more than one thousand American political and social figures.[34] He was praised for the vitality and naturalness of his portraits, and his subjects found his company agreeable. John Adams, for example, said:

Speaking generally, no penance is like having one's picture done. You must sit in a constrained and unnatural position, which is a trial to the temper. But I should like to sit to Stuart from the first of January to the last of December, for he lets me do just what I please, and keeps me constantly amused by his conversation.[35]

Stuart was known for working without the aid of sketches, beginning directly upon the canvas. This was very unusual for the time period. His approach is suggested by the advice which he gave to his pupil Matthew Harris Jouett: "Never be sparing of colour, load your pictures, but keep your colours as separate as you can. No blending, tis destruction to clear & bea[u]tiful effect."[15]

Stuart's works can be found today at art museums and private collections throughout the United States and Great Britain, including the University Club in New York City, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the National Portrait Gallery in London, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston.[5]

His daughter Jane Stuart (1812–1888) was also a painter. She sold many of his paintings and her replicas of them from her studios in Boston and Newport, Rhode Island.[36]

A life mask of Stuart was created by John Henri Isaac Browere around 1825.[37]

In 1940, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of Postage stamps called the "Famous Americans Series" commemorating famous artists, authors, inventors, scientists, poets, educators, and musicians. Gilbert Stuart is found on the 1 cent issue in the artists category, along with James McNeil Whistler, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Daniel Chester French, and Frederic Remington.

Today, Stuart's birthplace in Saunderstown, Rhode Island is open to the public as the Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum. The museum consists of the original house which Stuart was born in, with copies of paintings from throughout his career hanging throughout the house. The museum opened in 1930.[38]

Marble plaque with an outlay of a feather linked to a piece of chain, and the name "Gilbert Stuart" carved on it.
Memorial tablet located in the Boston Common
John H. I. Browere's life mask portrait of Stuart, c. 1825
Gilbert Stuart
Issue of 1940

Notable people painted

This is a partial list of portraits painted by Stuart.[39]

Stuart's art on postage stamps

Gilbert Stuart's paintings of Washington, Jefferson and others have been served as models for the engravings found on dozens of U.S. Postage stamps released over the years. Washington's image from the famous Washington portrait, The Athenaeum, is probably the most noted example of Stuart's work on U.S. Postage.

Artworks

Year Title Image Collection Comments
1806Elizabeth Bowdoin, Lady Temple, oil on wood panel view Subject: lived 1750–1809; wife of Sir John Temple (first British consul general to United States, 1785).

References

  1. ↑ "Gilbert Stuart (1775–1828)". Worcester Art Museum. Retrieved 4 February 2008.
  2. 1 2 Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum. Gilbert Stuart Biography. Accessed July 24, 2007.
  3. ↑ "10-cent Washington". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  4. 1 2 Gilbert Stuart Birthplace at the Wayback Machine (archived November 16, 2005), The Story of Gilbert Stuart. Woonsocket Connection. Retrieved on July 25, 2007.
  5. 1 2 ArtCyclopedia. Gilbert Stuart. Paintings in Museums and Public Art Galleries. Accessed July 24, 2007.
  6. ↑ The Old Narragansett Church (St. Paul's): Built A.D. 1707. A Constant Witness to Christ and His Church. Committee of Management. 1915. p. 15. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  7. 1 2 "Gilbert Stuart". The Gilbert Stuart Museum. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  8. ↑ "Gilbert Stuart". NNDB. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
  9. ↑ McLanathan 1986, p. 13.
  10. ↑ Gilbert Stuart Birthplace. Gilbert Stuart. Accessed: July 28, 2007.
  11. ↑ "Gilbert Stuart, Newport and Edinburgh (1755–1775)". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  12. ↑ "Gilbert Stuart". Redwood Library and Athenæum, Newport Rhode Island. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  13. ↑ "Gilbert Stuart". Germantown, Portrait Artist. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  14. 1 2 National Gallery of Art. Gilbert Stuart. London (1775–1787). Accessed: July 31, 2007.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Christman, Margaret C. S. "Stuart, Gilbert." In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online, retrieved October 1, 2012
  16. ↑ National Gallery of Art.The Skater (Portrait of William Grant), 1782. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  17. ↑ National Gallery of Art. Gilbert Stuart. Dublin (1787–1793). Accessed: July 31, 2007.
  18. ↑ "Gilbert Stuart — Washington". americanrevolution.org. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  19. ↑ "George Washington". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  20. ↑ National Gallery of Art. Gilbert Stuart. Philadelphia (1794–1803). Accessed: July 31, 2007.
  21. 1 2 Wallechinsky, David and Irving Wallace. "Unfinished Art: Gilbert Stuart's Portrait of George Washington". The People's Almanac. Trivia-Library.com. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  22. ↑ Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, George Washington Accessed December 12, 2014.
  23. ↑ National Portrait Gallery Collections Search, NPGAmerica's Presidents, page 9. Accessed December 12, 2014.
  24. ↑ Stretch, Bonnie Barrett, "The White House Washington", Artnews, October 1, 2004. Accessed: May 11, 2012.
  25. ↑ Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, Artist Gilbert Stuart's portraits of George Washington. Accessed: May 11, 2012.
  26. ↑ National Gallery of Art. Gilbert Stuart. Washington, D.C. (1803–1805). Accessed: July 31, 2007.
  27. ↑ The Boston Directory. Boston: E. Cotton. 1813. p. 237.
  28. ↑ Daily Advertiser, March 2, 1822
  29. ↑ Boston Commercial Gazette Dec. 1, 1825
  30. ↑ McLanathan 1986, p. 148.
  31. ↑ McLanathan 1986, p. 150.
  32. ↑ Swan, Mabel Munson The Athenæum Gallery 1827–1873: The Boston Athenæum as an Early Patron of Art (Boston: The Boston Athenæum, 1940) pp. 62-73
  33. ↑ Wolpaw, Jim. Gilbert Stuart: A Portrait from Life (9-Minute Trailer). Documentary.
  34. ↑ "Gilbert Stuart". Gilbert Stuart Museum. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  35. ↑ McLanathan 1986, p. 147.
  36. ↑ "History Bytes: Jane Stuart". Newport Historical Society. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  37. ↑ Charles Henry Hart. Browere's life masks of great Americans. Printed at the De Vinne Press for Doubleday and McClure Company, 1899. Google books
  38. ↑ "Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum". Gilbert Stuart Museum. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  39. ↑ Mason 1879, pp. 125–283.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Mantle 1929.
  41. ↑ Carter, Harvey Lewis (1987). The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01318-2.

Bibliography

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