Niš

Niš
Ниш
City and municipality
City of Niš

Niš and the Nišava River in August 2011

Flag
Coat of arms
Niš
Coordinates: 43°19′09″N 21°53′46″E / 43.31917°N 21.89611°E / 43.31917; 21.89611
Country Serbia
District Nišava
Municipalities 5
First mention 2nd century AD
Liberation from Ottomans 11 January 1878
Government
 • Mayor of Niš Darko Bulatović (SNS)
 • Ruling parties SNS
Area
 • City 597 km2 (231 sq mi)
Elevation 195 m (640 ft)
Population (2011)
 • City Increase 183,164[1]
 • Density 435.9/km2 (1,129/sq mi)
 • Urban Increase 260,237[1]
 • Metro Increase 373,404[1]
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 18000
Area code(s) (+381) 18
Car plates NI
Website www.ni.rs

Niš (Serbian Cyrillic: Ниш, pronounced [nîːʃ]) is the largest city of southern Serbia and the third-largest city in Serbia (after Belgrade and Novi Sad). It is the administrative center of the Nišava District. According to the 2011 census, the city has population of 183,164, while urban area of Niš (with adjacent urban settlement of Niška Banja included) has 187,544 inhabitants; the administrative area has a population of 260,237.

It is one of the oldest cities in the Balkans and Europe, and has from ancient times been considered a gateway between the East and the West.[2] It was founded by the Scordisci in 279 BC, after an invasion of the Balkans. The city was among several taken in the Roman conquest in 75 BC; the Romans built the Via Militaris in the 1st century, with Naissus being one of its key towns; it is also the birthplace of Constantine the Great, the first Christian Emperor and the founder of Constantinople, and Constantius III and Justin I. It is home to one of the oldest churches in Serbia, dating to the 4th century, located in the suburb of Mediana. The Balkans came under the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. In the 6th century, Slavs started settling the Balkans, while the town was held by the Byzantines until the 9th century, when it came under Bulgar rule. The town switched hands between the two, before being given by the Byzantines to the Serbs in the 12th century. Niš served as Stefan Nemanja's capital. It was conquered by the Ottomans in the 15th century, becoming the seat of a sanjak initially in Rumelia Eyalet (1385-1443, 1448-1846), laterly in Niš Eyalet (1846-1864) and finally in Danube Vilayet (1864-1878). It was liberated by the Serbian Army in 1878 during the Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78).

Niš is one of the most important industrial centers in Serbia, a center of electronics industry (see Elektronska Industrija Niš), industry of mechanical engineering, textile and tobacco industry. Constantine the Great Airport is its international airport. In 2013 the city was host to the celebration of 1700 years of Constantine's Edict of Milan.[3]

Name

Niš from space.

The town was named after the Nišava River, which flows through the city and which was named Navissos by the Celtic in the 3rd century BC; it was then known as Roman Naissus, Byzantine Nysos and Slavic Niš. Legend has it that Niš was founded by a Prince Nisa, who built it using the nearby Humska Čuka stone. It has been called The Emperor's City.[4] The name is sometimes rendered Nish or Nissa in English.

History

Main article: History of Niš
Frescoes from Tombs of Naissus.
Constantine the Great Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD was born in Niš (Naissus).

Archaeological evidence shows neolithic settlements in the city and area dating from 5,000 to 2,000 BCE.[5] A notable archeological site is Humska Čuka. The ethnogenesis of the Thracians started in the Iron Age, and one of their chief towns was Aiadava, the Roman Remesiana; specifically, the Triballi dwelled in this region, mentioned as early as 424 BC. In 279 BC, during the Gallic invasion of the Balkans, the Scordisci tribe defeated the Triballi and settled the lands, at which time the city was known as Navissos.[6] At the time of the conquest of the Balkans by Rome in 168-75 BC, Naissos (Latin: Naissus) was used as a base for operations. Naissus was first mentioned in Roman documents near the beginning of 2nd century CE, and was considered a place worthy of note in the Geography of Ptolemy of Alexandria.

The Romans occupied the town in the period of the "Dardanian War" (75-73 BC), and set up a legionary camp.[7] The city (called refugia and vici in pre-Roman relation), because of its strategic position (the Thracians were based to the south[7]) developed as an important garrison and market town of the province of Moesia Superior.[8] In 272 AD, the future Emperor Constantine the Great was born in Naissus. Constantine created the Dacia Mediterranea province of which Naissus was the capital and also included Remesiana of the Via Militaris and the towns of Pautalia and Germania. He lived at Naissus in short periods from 316-322.[9] In 364 AD, Imperial Villa Mediana, 3 km (2 mi) from Naissus was the site where emperors Valentinian and Valens met and divided the Roman Empire and ruled as co-emperors[10]

Remains of the luxurious residence palace of Mediana, erected by Constantine I near his birth town of Naissus.

It was besieged by the Huns in 441, devastated again in 448, and again in 480, when the partly rebuilt town was demolished by the Barbarians. Byzantine Emperor Justinian I restored the town but it was destroyed by the Avars once again. The Slavs, in their campaign against Byzantium, conquered Niš and settled here in 540. About 987, the town was taken by the Bulgarian Emperor Simeon I. In the 11th century Byzantium took control over Niš and the surrounding area again.

Siege of Niš , Crusaders attacking Niš on 4 July 1096.

During the People's Crusade, on 3 July 1096, Peter the Hermit clashed with Byzantine forces at Niš. Manuel I fortified the town, but his successor, Andronikos I, could not hold it, so Niš was seized by the Hungarian king Béla III. The town was in Greek hands for some time again, then, in 1185, it came under Serbian control. By 1188, Niš became Nemanja's capital.[11] On 27 July 1189, Nemanja received German emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his 100,000 crusaders at Niš.[12] When describing Serbia during the rule of Vukan in 1202, the mentioning of Niš shows its special status.[13] In 1203, Kaloyan of Bulgaria annexed Niš.[14] Stefan Nemanjić later regained the region. The fall of the Serbian state, conquered by Sultan Murad I in 1385, decided the fate of Niš as well. After a 25-day-long siege the city fell to the Turks. It was returned to Serbian rule in 1443. Niš succumbed to Ottomans rule again in 1448. and remained thus for the following 241 years. In the period of Ottomans rule, Niš was one of the seats of Turkish military and civil administration. In 1689, Niš was seized by Austrian army during Great Turkish War, but Turks regained it in 1690. In 1737, Niš was seized again, but this time by the Austrian army, in their campaign against the Turks. The Turks retreated and the Austrians reconstructed the Fortress. However, in that same year, the Turks advanced again, and Niš fell to the Turks without resistance.

Serbian Uprising

Battle of Čegar monument.

During the First Serbian Uprising, Serbian revolutionaries attempted to liberate Niš in 1809 when the famous Battle of Čegar took place. After the defeat of the Serbian forces, the Ottoman commander of Niš ordered that the heads of the killed Serbs were to be mounted on a tower to serve as a warning. The tower is known as the Skull Tower (Ćele Kula). In 1821, the Ottomans arrested the Bishop of Niš Milentija and 200 Serbian patriots on charges of preparing an uprising in the Niš area, in support of the Greek War of Independence. On 13 June of that year, Bishop Milentija and other Serbian leaders were hanged in public. In the 19th century the area was one of the centres of Bulgarian National Revival. The French Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, when traveling across Balkans in 1841, describes the population of the Sanjak of Niš as Bulgarians.[15] In 1870, Niš was included in the Bulgarian Exarchate.[16] The city was also stipulated the area to be ceded to Bulgaria according to the Constantinople Conference in 1876.[17]

Serbian author Milan Savić in his book "History of the Bulgarian people until the end of its state" issued in Novi Sad wrote, that at his time (1878) Nis and environs were Bulgarian populated.[18] Niš was finally liberated during the Serbo-Turkish War. The battle for the liberation of Niš started on 29 December 1877 and the Serbian Army entered in Niš on 11 January 1878 and Niš became a part of the Serbian state.

Independent Serbia

Tram in Niš 1930.
Niš market, postcard.

In the following years, the city saw rapid development. The city library was founded in 1879, and its first clerk was Stevan Sremac. The first hotel, Europe, was built in 1879; shortly after a hospital and the first bank started operating in 1881. In 1878, the first Grammar School (Gimnazija), in 1882 the Teacher Training College, and in 1894, the Girls' College were founded in Niš. In 1895, Niš had one girls' and three boys' primary schools. The City Hall was built from 1882-87.

In 1883, Kosta Čendaš established the first printing house. In 1884, the first newspaper in the city Niški Vesnik was started. In 1884, Jovan Apel built a brewery. A railway line to Niš was built in 1884, as well as the city's railway station; on 8 August 1884, the first train arrived from Belgrade. Since 1885, Niš was the last station of the Orient Express, until the railroad was built between Niš and Sofia in 1888. In 1887 Mihailo Dimić founded the "Niš Theatre Sinđelić."

In 1897 Mita Ristić founded the textile factory Nitex. In 1905 female painter Nadežda Petrović established the Sićevo art colony. The first film was screened in 1897, and the first permanent movie theater started operating in 1906.[19] Hydroelectric dam in Sićevo Gorge on Nišava was built in 1908; at the time, it was the largest in Serbia. The airfield was built in 1912 on the Trupale field, and the first airplane arrived on 29 December 1912. City Museum was founded in 1913, hosting archaeological, ethnographic and art collections.

During the First Balkan War, Niš was the seat of The Main Headquarters of Serbian Army, who led the military operations against the Ottoman Empire. In World War I, Niš was the wartime capital of Serbia, hosting the Government and the National Assembly, until Central Powers conquered Serbia in November 1915, when the city was ceded to Bulgaria. After the breakthrough of the Thessaloniki Front, First Serbian Army commanded by general Petar Bojović liberated Niš on 12 October 1918.

Niš Fortress.

Yugoslavia and World War II

Monument to Alexander I Karađorđević in Niš
Niš main square.

In the first few years after the war, Niš was recovering from the damage. In 1921, Niš became the centre of the Region (oblast), governed by a grand-župan, appointed by royal decree. From 1929-41, Niš was the capital of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The tram system in Niš started to run in November 1930. The national airline Aeroput included Niš as a regular destination for the route Belgrade—Niš—Skopje—Thessaloniki on 1930. During the time of German occupation in World War II, the first Nazi concentration camp in Yugoslavia was located in Niš. About 30,000 people passed through this camp, of whom over 10,000 were shot on nearby Bubanj hill. On 12 February 1942, 147 prisoners staged a mass escape. In 1944, the city was heavily bombed by the Allies.[20]

On 14 October 1944, after a long and exhausting battle, the 7th German SS Division 'Prinz Eugen' was defeated and Niš was liberated by Bulgarian Army,[21][22][23] and Partisans. The University of Niš was founded on 15 June 1965. On 7 May 1999, the city was the site of the NATO cluster bombing of Niš which resulted in many civilian casualties.

Geography

The road running from the north down the Morava River valley forks into two major lines at Niš: the southern line, leading to Thessalonica and Athens, and the eastern one leading towards Sofia and Istanbul.

Location

Suva Planina (Dry Mountain) surrounds the city

Niš is situated at the 43°19' latitude north and 21°54' longitude east, in the Nišava valley, near the spot where it joins the South Morava. The main city square, the city's central part, is at 194 m (636 ft) above sea level. The highest point in the city area is "Sokolov kamen" (Falcon's rock) on the Suva Planina (Dry Mountain) (1,523 m (4,997 ft)) while the lowest spot is at Trupale, near the mouth of the Nišava (173 m (568 ft)). The city covers 596.71 square kilometres (230 sq mi) of five municipalities.

Climate

Average annual temperature in the area of Niš is 11.9 °C (53.4 °F). July is the warmest month of the year, with an average of 22.5 °C (72.5 °F). The coldest month is January, averaging at 0.6 °C (33.1 °F). The average of the annual rainfall is 580.3 mm (22.85 in). The average barometer value is 992.74 mb. On average, there are 134 days with rain and snow cover lasts for 41 days.

Climate data for Niš (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1)		 25.0
(77)		 28.6
(83.5)		 33.0
(91.4)		 34.7
(94.5)		 40.3
(104.5)		 44.2
(111.6)		 42.2
(108)		 38.6
(101.5)		 35.0
(95)		 29.0
(84.2)		 22.2
(72)		 44.2
(111.6)
Average high °C (°F) 5.0
(41)		 7.5
(45.5)		 13.0
(55.4)		 18.4
(65.1)		 23.8
(74.8)		 27.1
(80.8)		 29.8
(85.6)		 30.1
(86.2)		 25.0
(77)		 19.3
(66.7)		 11.9
(53.4)		 6.1
(43)		 18.1
(64.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1)		 2.4
(36.3)		 7.0
(44.6)		 12.2
(54)		 17.1
(62.8)		 20.4
(68.7)		 22.5
(72.5)		 22.3
(72.1)		 17.4
(63.3)		 12.3
(54.1)		 6.4
(43.5)		 2.1
(35.8)		 11.9
(53.4)
Average low °C (°F) −2.2
(28)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 2.3
(36.1)		 6.4
(43.5)		 11.0
(51.8)		 13.8
(56.8)		 15.4
(59.7)		 15.4
(59.7)		 11.5
(52.7)		 7.4
(45.3)		 2.6
(36.7)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 6.8
(44.2)
Record low °C (°F) −23.7
(−10.7)		 −19.3
(−2.7)		 −13.2
(8.2)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 4.2
(39.6)		 4.1
(39.4)		 4.6
(40.3)		 −2.2
(28)		 −6.8
(19.8)		 −14.0
(6.8)		 −15.8
(3.6)		 −23.7
(−10.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 38.8
(1.528)		 36.8
(1.449)		 42.5
(1.673)		 56.6
(2.228)		 58.0
(2.283)		 57.3
(2.256)		 44.0
(1.732)		 46.7
(1.839)		 48.0
(1.89)		 45.5
(1.791)		 54.8
(2.157)		 51.5
(2.028)		 580.3
(22.846)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 13 13 12 13 12 11 9 8 9 9 11 14 134
Average relative humidity (%) 80 74 66 63 65 65 61 61 69 73 77 81 70
Mean monthly sunshine hours 64.5 93.3 147.8 171.5 220.9 251.2 286.7 274.3 201.9 150.5 85.9 49.4 1,997.7
Source: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[24]

Government

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
187812,801—    
188416,178+26.4%
189019,877+22.9%
189521,524+8.3%
190024,573+14.2%
190521,946−10.7%
191024,949+13.7%
192128,625+14.7%
193135,465+23.9%
194144,800+26.3%
194849,332+10.1%
195358,656+18.9%
196181,250+38.5%
1971127,654+57.1%
1981161,376+26.4%
1991173,250+7.4%
2002173,724+0.3%
2011183,544+5.7%
Cathedral of Holy Trinity.
The Catholic church of the Sacred Heart.

According to the final results from the 2011 census, the population of urban Niš was 187,544,[25] while its administrative area has a population of 260,237.[25]

There is still much dispute about the true population of the city, since there are tens of thousands of Kosovo Serb refugees who officially don't live in the city, but are living there with their local family members.

Demographics of Niš (2011 Census)
Ethnic group Municipal Urban
Serbs243,381174,225
Roma6,9965,490
Montenegrins659579
Bulgarians927741
Yugoslavs202202
Croats398344
Others7,6741,963
TOTAL260,237183,544

Economy

The city of Niš is the administrative, industrial, commercial, financial and cultural center of the south-eastern part of Republic of Serbia. The position of Niš is strategically important, located at the intersection of European highway and railway networks connecting Europe with Asia. Niš is easily accessible, having an airport – Niš Constantine the Great Airport and being a point of intersection of numerous railroad and highway lines.

Panorama picture of the Square of the King Milan I.

It is in Niš that the trunk road running from the north down the Morava River valley forks into two major lines:

These roads have been widely known from ancient times, because they represented the beaten tracks along which peoples, goods and armies moved. Known as 'Via Militaris' in Roman and Byzantine periods, or 'Constantinople road' in Middle Ages, these roads still represent major European traffic arteries. Niš thus stands at a point of intersection of the roads connecting Asia Minor to Europe, and the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Nis had been a relatively developed city in the former Yugoslavia. In 1981, its GDP per capita was 110% of the Yugoslav average.[26]

Industry

Niš is one of the most important industrial centers in Serbia, well known for its tobacco, electronics, construction, mechanical-engineering, textile, nonferrous-metal, food-processing and rubber-goods industries.

Court house in Niš

Niš Tobacco Factory was built and opened in 1930 at the present location at Crveni Krst. Its basic production is that of tobacco, cigarettes, filters, the elements of tobacco machinery and equipment, adhesives, etc.

In 1995 a scientific-research institute was built. The Institute selects, produces and protects tobacco, and creates and designs new products. During Operation Allied Force the company was destroyed, allowing Philip Morris to purchase it for a low price. In August 2003, The Philip Morris Corporation purchased the Niš Tobacco Factory (DIN) through the privatization process. Philip Morris' total investment of EUR 580 million makes it the single largest foreign investor in Serbia of the Year 2003.

Construction industry

Niš Forum shopping centre
Business center Kalča
Nišava river.

Electronics Industry

Old Fountain

Rubber-goods Industry

Nonferrous-metal industry

Machinery industry

University of Niš

Textile Industry

Food-processing industry

Culture

National Theatre in Niš.

Theatre

The Film Festival – a Festival of Serbian Actors held since 1966.

Niš is a home of National Theatre in Niš, that was founded as "Sinđelić" Theatre in 1889.

Music

From 1981 Niš is the host of Nišville International Jazz music festival which begins in mid-August and lasts for 4 days. Galija and Kerber are considered the most notable rock bands to have originated from Niš and most popular young European jazz band EYOT.[27] Other notable Niš rock acts include Daltoni, Dobri Isak, Lutajuća Srca, Mama Rock, Hazari, Novembar, Trivalia and others.

Tourism

Tourist sites

Tinkers Alley , old urban downtown built in the first half of 18th century.
Skull Tower.
Bubanj Memorial Park.

Architecture and monuments

Buildings in Niš are constantly being built. Niš is the second largest city after Belgrade for number of high-rises. The Ambassador Hotel is one of the tallest buildings in Niš, but there are also other buildings like TV5 Tower.

Administrative divisions

Niška Banja - Spa, is one of the five urban municipalities of the City.

The city of Niš consists of five municipalities. The first four municipalities are located in the urban area of Niš, while Niška Banja is a suburban municipality. Before 2002, the city of Niš had only two municipalities, one of them named "Niš" and another named "Niška Banja".

Municipalities of Niš include further neighborhoods:

Medijana    Palilula, Niš    Pantelej    Crveni Krst    Niška Banja   
Center Palilula Pantelej Crveni Krst Niška Banja
Marger Staro Groblje Jagodin Mala (partly) Beograd Mala nas. Nikola Tesla (broj 6)
Trg Kralja Aleksandra Crni put Durlan Jagodin Mala (partly) Jelašnica
Kičevo Bubanj Komren (partly) Komren (mostly) Sićevo
Čair Ledena Stena Čalije Šljaka Ostrovica
Bulevar Nemanjića Suvi Do Somborska Medosevac Prva Kutina
Bulevar Djindjica Apelovac Vrežina   Radikina Bara
Medijana Kovanluk     Prosek
Trošarina Tutunović Podrum     Čukljenik
Duvanište Kalač Brdo Kurča Greda   Donja i gornja Studena
Brzi Brod Gabrovačka reka     Kurča Greda

Sport

Čair Sports Center hosted the group stage of 2012 European Men's Handball Championship.
Čair Stadium under construction 2012.

The city of Niš is home to numerous sport clubs including Železničar Niš, Mašinac, OFK Niš, Jastrebac Proleter, Palilulac, Sinđelić Niš and Radnički Niš.

The biggest stadium in Niš is the Stadion Čair, which is currently undergoing renovations and will have a total seating-capacity of 18,151 when renovations are completed.[28] The stadium is part of the Čair Sports Complex that also includes an indoor swimming pool and an indoor arena. Niš was one of four towns which hosting the 2012 European Men's Handball Championship.

Notable natives/residents

The people listed below were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with the city of Niš, and its surrounding metropolitan area.

Statue of Stevan Sremac, hunter Kalča and Kalča's dog Čapa.
Nikola Uzunović (1873–1954) Prime Minister of Yugoslavia from April 1926 to April 1927.
Ivan Miljković, 2011 European Championship MVP
Nikola Karabatić, French handball player.

Local media

Online newspaper
  • Narodne novine "Народне новине"[29] (Serbian)
  • Južne vesti] (Southern news)[30] (Serbian)
Online radio stations
  • Internet.Radio.Magazin Super radio[31] (Serbian)
Radio stations
  • Baltazar radio (90.5) (renamed to Radio Jat (90.5))
  • Banker radio (98.3)[32]
  • City radio (99.9)[33]
  • Radio Nišava (104.0)[34] (in Romany)
  • Radio Belle Amie (95.6)[35]
  • Radio Belle Amie Folk Kanal (98.7/100.7) (closed)
  • Radio Seven (88.8)
TV stations
  • Banker TV[36]
  • TV 5[37] (closed)
  • BelleAmie TV[35]
  • TV Nais
  • RTV Nišava[34] (in Romany)
  • Čair (in Romany) (closed)
  • NTV Media Niš[38]
  • Art TV
  • Puls TV (closed)
  • Kopernikus Televizija[39]

Transportation

Railway station in Niš.
Niš Constantine the Great Airport.
Niš Bus Station in the evening.

Niš is strategically located between the Morava river valley in North and the Vardar river valley in the south, on the main route between Greece and Central Europe. In the Niš area, this major transportation and communication route is linked with the natural corridor formed by the Nišava river valley, which runs towards East in the direction of Sofia and Istanbul.

Historically, because of its location, the city had always great importance in the region. The first to take advantage of it was the Roman Empire that built the important road Via Militaris, linking the city with Singidunum (current Belgrade) to the North and Constantinople (current Istanbul) to the southeast. Nowadays, the city is connected by the highway E75 with Belgrade and Central Europe in north, and Skopje, Thessaloniki and Athens in the south. The road E80 connects Niš with Sofia, Istanbul towards the Middle East, and Pristina, Montenegro and the Adriatic Sea to the West. The road E771 connects the city with Zaječar, Kladovo and Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania.

The city is also a major regional railway junction linking Serbia to Sofia and Istanbul. The Niš Constantine the Great airport is the second most important airport in Serbia. The first airfield was built in 1910. The city public transportation consists nowadays by 13 bus lines. A tram system existed in Niš between 1930 and 1958.[40] Niš Bus Station is the city's largest and main bus station which offers both local urban and intercity transport to international destinations. The largest intercity bus carrier based in the city is Niš-Ekspres, which operates to various cities and villages in Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Niš is twinned with the following cities, according to their City Hall website:[41]

Other forms of cooperation and city friendship

References

  1. 1 2 3 "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Comparative Overview of the Number of Population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011, Data by settlements" (PDF). Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. p. 84-87. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  2. ↑ "Latest news, Latest News Headlines, news articles, news video, news photos - UPI.com". Metimes.com. 2013-02-14. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  3. ↑ "Moderate Patriarch Sets New Course for Serb Church". IPS News. 2010-02-01.
  4. ↑ "City of Nis". Ni.rs. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  5. ↑ Stone Pages, 002763
  6. ↑ "Nis". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  7. 1 2 The provincial at Rome: and, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14, p. 207. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  8. ↑ http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/balcanica/Balcanica%20XXXVII%20(2006).pdf
  9. ↑ Pannonia and Upper Moesia: a history of the middle Danube provinces p.51
  10. ↑ "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 2: Chapter XXV: Reigns Of Jovian And Valentinian, Division Of The Empire. Part II". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  11. ↑ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 7
  12. ↑ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 24
  13. ↑ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 48
  14. ↑ The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 54
  15. ↑ Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, „Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l'année 1841“ (Жером-Адолф Бланки. Пътуване из България през 1841 година. Прев. от френски Ел. Райчева, предг. Ив. Илчев. София: Колибри, 2005, 219 с. ISBN 978-954-529-367-2.) The author describes the population of Sanjak of Niš as ethnic Bulgarians.
  16. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Facts on File library of world history, Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, Infobase Publishing, 2009 ISBN 1438110251, P. 104.
  17. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire; Gabor Agoston, Bruce Alan Masters; 2009, p. 104
  18. ↑ "Istorii︠a︡ na bŭlgarskii︠a︡ narod". google.bg.
  19. ↑ "Chronology". Ni.rs. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  20. ↑ http://www.danas.rs/20040417/vikend3.html
  21. ↑ Christopher Chant. The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II (Routledge Revivals; 2013); ISBN 1134647875, p. 209.
  22. ↑ Elisabeth Barker et al., British Political and Military Strategy in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe in 1944, Springer (1988); ISBN 1349193798, p. 249.
  23. ↑ Jozo Tomasevich. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941-1945, Volume 2, Stanford University Press (2001); ISBN 0804779244, p. 156.
  24. ↑ "Monthly and annual means, maximum and minimum values of meteorological elements for the period 1981-2010" (in Serbian). Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. Retrieved 2012-09-08.
  25. 1 2 "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Comparative Overview of the Number of Population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011, Data by settlements" (PDF). Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  26. ↑ Radovinović, Radovan; Bertić, Ivan, eds. (1984). Atlas svijeta: Novi pogled na Zemlju (in Croatian) (3rd ed.). Zagreb: Sveučilišna naklada Liber.
  27. ↑ "Serbian Post-Nirvana Fusion Jazz Quartet EYOT Releases "Live in Nish" DVD - Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  28. ↑ ""Radovi na stadionu idu po planu" : Sport : Južne vesti". Juznevesti.com. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
  29. ↑ "Narodne novine". narodne.com.
  30. ↑ "Južne vesti - Leskovac, Niš, Pirot, Prokuplje, Vranje - vesti iz južne Srbije". Južne vesti.
  31. ↑ "Super Radio". Super Radio Niš.
  32. ↑ Archived 10 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ "City". radiocity.rs.
  34. 1 2 http://www.nisava.org
  35. 1 2 "belami.rs - najnovije vesti, vesti iz Niša, vesti iz Srbije.". Belle Amie.
  36. ↑ Banker. "TV BANKER". bankerinter.net.
  37. ↑ "RTV5 - Nis -". rtv5.rs.
  38. ↑ "ck0M1". medianis.net.
  39. ↑ "Televizija Kopernikus TV K::CN". tvkcn.net.
  40. ↑ "Istorijski Arhiv Niš". Arhivnis.co.rs. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Niš Twinnings". Niš City Hall. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  42. ↑ "Twin cities of the City of Kosice". Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
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Coordinates: 43°18′N 21°54′E / 43.3°N 21.9°E / 43.3; 21.9

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