Philippine Commission

Philippines

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The Philippine Commission was the name of two bodies, both appointed by the President of the United States to assist with governing the Philippines.

The first Philippine Commission was appointed by President William McKinley on January 20, 1899 to make recommendations.

The second Philippine Commission, also known as the Taft Commission, was a body appointed by the President to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. It was first appointed by President McKinley in 1900 under his executive authority. In 1902, the Philippine Organic Act was passed by the United States Congress which enshrined into law the Commission legislative and executive authority. Beginning in 1907, as stipulated in the Philippine Organic Act, the bicameral Philippine Legislature was established with the Commission as the upper house and the elected Philippine Assembly acting as lower house. The Jones Act of 1916 ended the Commission replacing it an elected Philippine Senate as the Legislature's upper house.

First Philippine Commission

Main article: Schurman Commission

On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission (the Schurman Commission),^[1] a five-person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman, president of Cornell University, to investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations. In the report that they issued to the president the following year, the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence; they declared, however, that the Philippines was not ready for it. Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor), including establishment of a bicameral legislature, autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools.^[2]

Second Philippine Commission

Philippine Commission (or the Second Philippine Commission)
Type
Type	unicameral (1900-07) upper house (1907-16) of the Philippine Legislature
History
Founded	March 16, 1900 (1900-03-16)^[3]
Disbanded	October 3, 1916 (1916-10-03)
Preceded by	none
Succeeded by	Philippine Senate
Leadership
Governor-General of the Philippines	William Howard Taft

Main article: Taft Commission

From Philippines: A Country Study by Ronald E. Dolan:^[4]

"The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900,^[3] and headed by William Howard Taft, was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers. Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws. A judicial system was established, including a Supreme Court, and a legal code was drawn up to replace antiquated Spanish ordinances. A civil service was organized. The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects; they also elected provincial governors."^[2] On 4 July 1901, Taft became governor of a civil administration for the Philippines.^[5] This regime, called the Insular Government, administered the country until 1935.

Marker, Session Road

"The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 stipulated that a Philippine Legislature would be established composed of a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, which would be popularly elected, and an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission. The two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos and sending two Filipino resident commissioners to Washington to attend sessions of the United States Congress. In July 1907, the first elections for the assembly were held, and the legislature opened its first session on October 16, 1907."^[2]^[6]

Membership

Leader

The Governor-General of the Philippines led the body:

William Howard Taft (1901-1904)

Luke Edward Wright (1904-1905)

Henry Clay Ide (1905-1906)

James Francis Smith (1906-1909)

William Cameron Forbes (1909-1913)

Francis Burton Harrison (1913-1916)

Other members

Secretary of Finance and Justice:

Name	Month started	Month finished
Secretaries of Finance and Justice
Henry Clay Ide	September 1, 1901	September 24, 1906
James Francis Smith	September 25, 1906	June 30, 1908
Gregorio S. Araneta	July 1, 1908	October 30, 1913
Victorino Mapa	November 1, 1913	January 14, 1917

Secretary of the Interior:

Name	Month started	Month finished
Secretaries of the Interior
Dean C. Worcester	September 1, 1901	1913
Winfred Denson	1913	1916

Secretary of Commerce and Police:

Name	Month started	Month finished
Secretaries of Commerce and Police
Luke Edward Wright	September 1, 1901	February 1, 1904
William Cameron Forbes	February 1, 1904	1909
Charles Elliott	1910	1913
Clinton L. Riggs	1913	1915
Eugene Reed	1915	1916

Secretary of Public Instruction:

Name	Term started	Term finished
Secretaries of Public Instruction
Bernard Moses	September 1, 1901	1902
James Francis Smith	1902	September 28, 1906
W. Morgan Shuster	September 28, 1906	1909
Newton W. Gilbert	1909	1915
Henderson Martin	1915	1916

Philippine Members (1901–1909):

Name	Term started	Term finished
Philippine Members of the Philippine Commission
Benito Legarda	September 1, 1901	December 21, 1907
Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera	September 1, 1901	March 1, 1909
Jose Ruiz de Luzuriaga	September 1, 1901	1913

Philippine Members (1909–1913):

Name	Term started	Term finished
Philippine Members of the Philippine Commission
Rafael Palma	December 21, 1907	1913
Juan Sumulong	March 1, 1909	1913
Jose Ruiz de Luzuriaga	September 1, 1901	1913
Gregorio Araneta	1909	1913

References and notes

↑ Halili 2004, p. 174
1 2 3 "Philippines: United States Rule". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
1 2 Halili 2004, p. 179
↑ "Ronald E. Dolan, ed. Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.". Retrieved 10 December 2010.
↑ Taft, William (1908). "Inaugural Address as civil Governor of the Philippines". Present Day Problems. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8369-0922-7.
↑ "The Philippine Bill of July 1902". Filipiniana.net online digital library. July 1, 1902. Retrieved 2008-01-07.

Bibliography

Halili, Christine N. (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philippine Commission.

"List of Senators". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
"The LAWPHiL Project - Philippine Laws and Jurisprudence Databank". Arellano Law Foundation. Retrieved 2006-09-16. NB: very little material (if any) actually online
"Acts of the Philippine Commission". LawPH.com. Retrieved 2010-09-13. NB: very little material (if any) actually online

National legislatures of the Philippines

Congress Senate House of Representatives

Historical	Malolos Congress (1898–99) Philippine Commission (1900–07) Philippine Legislature (1907–35) National Assembly of the Commonwealth (1935–41) National Assembly of the Second Republic (1943–44) Commonwealth Congress (1945–46) Congress (1946–72; 1987–present) Batasang Pambansa (1978–84)

Legislative periods of the Philippines

List Congress Senate House of Representatives

Revolutionary Period	Malolos Congress (1898–99)

American Period	1st Philippine Commission (1899–1900) 2nd Philippine Commission (1900–07) 1st Philippine Legislature (1907–09) 2nd Philippine Legislature (1909–12) 3rd Philippine Legislature (1912–16) 4th Philippine Legislature (1916–19) 5th Philippine Legislature (1919–22) 6th Philippine Legislature (1922–25) 7th Philippine Legislature (1925–28) 8th Philippine Legislature (1928–31) 9th Philippine Legislature (1931–34) 10th Philippine Legislature (1934–35)

Commonwealth	1st National Assembly (1935–1938) 2nd National Assembly (1938–1941)

Second Philippine Republic	National Assembly (1943–44)

Commonwealth	1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1945) 2nd Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1946)

Third Philippine Republic	1st Congress (1946–49) 2nd Congress (1949–53) 3rd Congress (1954–57) 4th Congress (1958–61) 5th Congress (1962–65) 6th Congress (1966–69) 7th Congress (1970–72)

Fourth Philippine Republic	Interim Batasang Pambansa (1978–84) Regular Batasang Pambansa (1984–86)

Fifth Philippine Republic	8th Congress (1987–92) 9th Congress (1992–95) 10th Congress (1995–98) 11th Congress (1998–2001) 12th Congress (2001–04) 13th Congress (2004–07) 14th Congress (2007–10) 15th Congress (2010–13) 16th Congress (2013–16) 17th Congress (2016–19) 18th Congress (2019–20)

Malolos Congress Philippine Commission Philippine Legislature Commonwealth National Assembly Second Republic National Assembly Commonwealth Congress Batasang Pambansa

Legislatures of the United States

United States Congress	United States House of Representatives United States Senate

State legislatures	Alabama (H, S) Alaska (H, S) Arizona (H, S) Arkansas (H, S) California (A, S) Colorado (H, S) Connecticut (H, S) Delaware (H, S) Florida (H, S) Georgia (H, S) Hawaii (H, S) Idaho (H, S) Illinois (H, S) Indiana (H, S) Iowa (H, S) Kansas (H, S) Kentucky (H, S) Louisiana (H, S) Maine (H, S) Maryland (H, S) Massachusetts (H, S) Michigan (H, S) Minnesota (H, S) Mississippi (H, S) Missouri (H, S) Montana (H, S) Nebraska Nevada (A, S) New Hampshire (H, S) New Jersey (GA, S) New Mexico (H, S) New York (A, S) North Carolina (H, S) North Dakota (H, S) Ohio (H, S) Oklahoma (H, S) Oregon (H, S) Pennsylvania (H, S) Rhode Island (H, S) South Carolina (H, S) South Dakota (H, S) Tennessee (H, S) Texas (H, S) Utah (H, S) Vermont (H, S) Virginia (H, S) Washington (H, S) West Virginia (H, S) Wisconsin (A, S) Wyoming (H, S)

Other legislatures	District of Columbia American Samoa (H, S) Guam Northern Mariana Islands (H, S) Puerto Rico (H, S) U.S. Virgin Islands

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