Voiced labial–velar stop

Voiced labial–velar stop
ɡ͡b
IPA number	110 (102)
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɡ​͡​b
Unicode (hex)	U+0261 U+0361 U+0062
Sound
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The voiced labial–velar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is a [ɡ] and [b] pronounced simultaneously. To make this sound, one can say go but with the lips closed as if one were saying Bo; the lips are to be released at the same time as or a fraction of a second after the g of go is pronounced. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ͡b⟩.

The voiced labial–velar stop is commonly found in Western and Central Africa, as in Laurent Gbagbo, former president of Ivory Coast.

Its voiceless counterpart is voiceless labial–velar stop, [k͡p].

Features

Features of the voiced labial–velar stop:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.

• Its place of articulation is labial–velar, which means it is simultaneously articulated with the lips and with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum). The dorsal closure is made and released slightly before the labial closure, but they overlap for most of their duration.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dangme[1]
Dyula		gba	[ɡ͡bɑ]	'bench'
Ega[2]		[ɡ͡bá]		'finish'
Ewe		Ewegbe	[èβeɡ͡be]	'Ewe language'
Igbo		Igbo	[iɡ͡boː]	'Igbo'
Kalabari[3]		ágbá	[áɡ͡bá]	'paint'
Mono[4]		gba	[ɡ͡ba]	'moisten'
Temne[5]		kʌ gbara	[kʌ ɡ͡bara]	'coconut'
Yoruba		gbogbo	[ɡ͡boɡ͡bo]	'all'

See also

• List of phonetics topics

References

1. Kropp Dakubu (1987:13)
2. Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
3. Harry (2003:113)
4. Olson (2004:233)
5. Ladefoged (1964)

Bibliography

• Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
• Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 113–120, doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X
• Kropp Dakubu, M. E. (1987), The Dangme Language: An Introductory Survey, London: Macmillan
• Ladefoged, Peter (1964), A phonetic study of West African languages, Cambridge University Press
• Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (02): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744