Mid back rounded vowel

Mid back rounded vowel
o̞
ɔ̝
IPA number 307 430
Encoding
Entity (decimal) o​̞
Unicode (hex) U+006F U+031E
Braille ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)
Sound
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The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ], it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common. A non-IPA letter ⟨ⱺ⟩ is also found.

Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel. Sulawesi, Indonesia, has a language, Tukang Besi with a close-mid [o], and another language in Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, Taba, has an open-mid [ɔ]; in both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.

Kensiu in Malaysia and Thailand is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
i • y
ɨ • ʉ
ɯ • u
ɪ • ʏ
ɪ̈ • ʊ̈
ɯ̽ • ʊ
e • ø
ɘ • ɵ
ɤ • o
e̞ • ø̞
ə • ɵ̞
ɤ̞ • o̞
ɛ • œ
ɜ • ɞ
ʌ • ɔ
æ • 
ɐ • ɞ̞
a • ɶ
ä • ɒ̈
ɑ • ɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Hejazi[1] فوق [fo̞ːg] 'up' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨oː⟩.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic hoga [ho̞ːɡa] 'steam'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2]
Catalan Modern Algherese[3] soc [ˈso̞k] 'clog' /ɔ/ and /o/ merge into [o̞] in these dialects. See Catalan phonology
Northern[3]
Valencian[4] cançó [kanˈso̞] 'song' Allophone of final stressed /o/. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨o⟩.
Chinese Mandarin 我/wǒ [wo̞˨˩˦] 'I' See Mandarin phonology
Shanghainese[5] 高 [kö̞¹] 'tall' Near-back. Realization of /ɔ/ in open syllables and /ʊ/ in closed syllables.[5]
Czech[6][7] oko [ˈo̞ko̞] 'eye' In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid [o̞] and close-mid [o].[6] See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[8][9] ost [ˈɔ̝sd̥] 'cheese' Described variously as near-back[8] and back[9] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ(ː)⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Amsterdam[10] och [o̞χ] 'alas' Corresponds to open-mid [ɔˁ] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology
Hasselt [o̞x]
Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[11] mot [mo̞t] 'well' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology
English Cultivated
South African[12] 		thought [θo̞ːt] 'thought' Close-mid [oː] for other speakers.
Geordie[13] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
Scouse[14]
Some Cardiff speakers[15] Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel [ʌ̈ː].[15]
Received Pronunciation[16] May be as open as [ɔː] for older speakers, and is most often transcribed as such. See English phonology
Estuary[17] coat [kʰo̟ːʔ] 'coat' Rare; commonly a diphthong.[17] It corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology
Yorkshire[18] [kʰo̟t] Corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology
Estonian[19] tool [to̞ːlʲ] 'chair' See Estonian phonology
Finnish[20][21] kello [ˈke̞llo̞] 'clock' See Finnish phonology
German Standard[22] Pavillon [ˈpʰävɪljõ̞] 'pavilion' Nasalized.[22] Present only in loanwords. See German phonology
Bernese dialect[23] Òve [ˈo̞v̥ə] 'oven' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Bernese German phonology
Zurich dialect[24] do [d̥o̞] 'so' Allophone of /o/; reported to occur only in this word.[24]
Greek ωκεανός okeanós [o̞ˌce̞ɐˈno̞s] 'ocean' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew[25] שלום [ʃäˈlo̞m] 'peace' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. See Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Ibibio[26] [dó̞] 'there'
Inuit West Greenlandic[27] Allophone of /u/ before and especially between uvulars.[27] See Inuit phonology
Italian Piedmont parola [päˈro̞ːlä] 'word' Corresponds to /ɔ/ and /o/ in standard Italian. See Italian phonology
Japanese[28] 子/ko [ko̞] 'child' See Japanese phonology
Korean[29] 보리/bori [po̞ˈɾi] 'barley' See Korean phonology
Limburgish Hasselt dialect[30] mok [mo̞k] 'mug' Typically transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.[30]
Norwegian Standard Eastern[31][32][33] lov [lo̞ːʋ] 'law' May be diphthongized to [o̞ə̯]. See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Brazilian pororoca [po̞ɾo̞ˈɾɔ̞kɐ] 'pororoca' Unstressed vowel.[34] See Portuguese phonology
Romanian copil [ko̞ˈpil] 'child' See Romanian phonology
Russian[35] сухой  [s̪ʊˈxo̞j]  'dry' Some speakers realize it as open-mid [ɔ].[35] See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[36] čvȏr / чво̑р [t͡ʃʋô̞ːr] 'knot' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shipibo[37] ? [ˈkö̞ni̞] 'eel' Near-back.[37]
Slovak Standard[38][39][40] ohúriť [ˈo̞ɦʊːrɪc̟] 'to stun' Backness varies between back and near-back.[40] See Slovak phonology
Slovene[41] oglas [o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪] 'advertisement' Unstressed vowel,[41] as well as an allophone of /o/ before /ʋ/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.[42] See Slovene phonology
Spanish[43] todo [ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞] 'all' See Spanish phonology
Tera[44] zo [zo̞ː] 'rope'
Turkish[45][46] kol [kʰo̞ɫ] 'arm' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian поїзд [ˈpo̞jiz̪d̪] 'train' See Ukrainian phonology
Võro Võro [ˈvɤ̞ro̞] 'Võro'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[47] do [d̪o̞] 'corn tassel'

Notes

  1. ↑ Jarrah, Mohamed Ali Saleh (1993)
  2. ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. 1 2 Recasens (1996:59-60)
  4. ↑ Saborit (2009:11)
  5. 1 2 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328)
  6. 1 2 Dankovičová (1999:72)
  7. ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228–230)
  8. 1 2 Grønnum (1998:100)
  9. 1 2 Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
  10. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
  11. ↑ Peters (2010:241)
  12. ↑ Lass (2002:116)
  13. ↑ Watt & Allen (2003:268)
  14. ↑ Watson (2007:357)
  15. 1 2 Collins & Mees (1990:95)
  16. ↑ Roach (2004:242)
  17. 1 2 Przedlacka (2001:44)
  18. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999:180)
  19. ↑ Asu & Teras (2009:368)
  20. ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
  21. ↑ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008:21)
  22. 1 2 Mangold (2005:37)
  23. ↑ Marti (1985:?)
  24. 1 2 Fleischer & Schmid (2006:251)
  25. ↑ Laufer (1999:98)
  26. ↑ Urua (2004:106)
  27. 1 2 Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
  28. ↑ Okada (1991:94)
  29. ↑ Lee (1999:121)
  30. 1 2 Peters (2006), p. 119.
  31. ↑ Strandskogen (1979:15,19)
  32. ↑ Vanvik (1979:13, 17)
  33. ↑ Popperwell (2010:16, 25)
  34. ↑ Corresponds to /ɔ/, or /u/ (where Brazilian dialects have [u ~ ʊ ~ o̞]), in other national variants. May be lowered to [ɔ̝ ~ ɔ] in amazofonia, nordestino, mineiro (MG) and fluminense (RJ) if not nasalized ([õ̞] does not corresponds to phoneme /õ/), or be raised and merged to /o/ in sulista, paulistano, caipira and sertanejo.
  35. 1 2 Jones & Ward (1969:56)
  36. ↑ Landau et al. (1999:67)
  37. 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
  38. ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
  39. ↑ Kráľ (1988:92)
  40. 1 2 Pavlík (2004:94–95)
  41. 1 2 Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
  42. ↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:138)
  43. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
  44. ↑ Tench (2007:230)
  45. ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
  46. ↑ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:11)
  47. ↑ Merrill (2008:109)

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