Glutethimide

Glutethimide
Clinical data
Pregnancy
category
  • C: (United States)
Routes of
administration		 oral
ATC code N05CE01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Variable (Tmax = 1–6 hours)[1]
Protein binding ~50%
Metabolism Extensive hepatic
Biological half-life 8–12 hours
Excretion Renal
Identifiers
CAS Number 77-21-4 YesY
PubChem (CID) 3487
IUPHAR/BPS 7192
DrugBank DB01437 YesY
ChemSpider 3367 YesY
UNII C8I4BVN78E YesY
KEGG D00532 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1102 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.921
Chemical and physical data
Formula C13H15NO2
Molar mass 217.264 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
Melting point 84 °C (183 °F)
Solubility in water 999 mg/L (30 °C/86 °F) mg/mL (20 °C)
  (verify)

Glutethimide is a hypnotic sedative that was introduced by Ciba[2] in 1954 as a safe alternative to barbiturates to treat insomnia. Before long, however, it had become clear that glutethimide was just as likely to cause addiction and caused similarly severe withdrawal symptoms. Doriden was the brand-name version of the drug; it was also available under the brand names Elrodorm, Noxyron, Glimid and others. Both the generic and brand-name forms are very rarely prescribed today. Current production levels in the United States (the annual quota for manufacturing imposed by the DEA has been three grams, enough for six Doriden tablets, for a number of years) point to it only being used in small scale research.

Long term use

Long-term use rebound effects, which resembled those seen in withdrawal, have anecdotally been described in patients who were still taking a stable dose of the drug. The symptoms included delirium, hallucinosis, convulsions and fever.[3]

Recreational use

Glutethimide is a CYP2D6 enzyme inducer. When taken with codeine,"hits", "cibas and codeine ", it enables the body to convert higher amounts of the codeine (higher than the average 5 - 10%) to morphine. The general sedative effect also adds to the effect of the combination. It produces an intense euphoria similar to IV heroin use. The effect was also used clinically, including some research in the 1970s in various countries of using it under carefully monitored circumstances as a form of oral opioid agonist substitution therapy, e.g. as a Substitutionmittel that may be a useful alternative to methadone.[4][5] The demand for this combination in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Newark, NYC, Boston, Baltimore, and surrounding areas of other states and perhaps elsewhere, has led to small-scale clandestine synthesis of glutethimide since 1984,[6] a process that is, like methaqualone (Quaalude) synthesis, somewhat difficult and fraught with potential bad outcomes when less-than-gifted chemists are doing the deed with industrial-grade precursors without adequate quality control. The fact that the simpler clandestine synthesis of other extinct pharmaceutical depressants like ethchlorvynol, methyprylon, or the oldest barbiturates is not reported would seem to point to a high level of motivation surrounding a unique drug, again much like methaqualone. Doriden was discontinued in the US by manufacturers in 1993. Analysis of confiscated glutethimide seems to invariably show the drug or the results of attempted synthesis, whereas purported methaqualone is in a significant minority of cases found to be inert, or contain diphenhydramine or benzodiazepines.[7]

Glutethimide is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[8] It was originally a Schedule III drug in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act, but in 1991 it was upgraded to Schedule II,[9] after it was discovered that misuse combined with codeine increased the effect of the codeine and deaths had resulted from the combination.[10][11] It has a DEA ACSCN of 2550 and a 2013 production quota of 3 g.

Chemistry

Glutethimide (2-ethyl-2-phenylgutarimide) is synthesized by addition of 2-phenylbutyronitrile to the methylacrylate (Michael reaction), and the subsequent alkaline hydrolysis of the nitrile group in the obtained compound into an amide group, and the subsequent acidic cyclization of the product into the desired glutethimide.[12] The (R) isomer has a faster onset and more potent anticonvulsant activity in animal models than the (S) isomer.[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Barceloux, Donald G. (2012). Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 492–493. ISBN 978-0-471-72760-6.
  2. ↑ US patent 2673205, Hoffmann, K.; Tagmann, E., "3-Disubstituted Dioxopiperidines and the Manufacture thereof", issued 1954-03-23, assigned to Ciba
  3. ↑ Cookson, J. C. (1995). "Rebound exacerbation of anxiety during prolonged tranquilizer ingestion". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 88 (9): 544. PMC 1295346Freely accessible. PMID 7562864.
  4. ↑ Popa, D.; Loghin, F.; Imre, S.; Curea, E. (2003). "The Study of Codeine-Gluthetimide Pharmacokinetic Interaction in Rats". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 32 (4–5): 867–877. doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00189-4. PMID 12899973.
  5. ↑ Khajawall, A. M.; Sramek, J. J. Jr.; Simpson, G. M. (1982). "'Loads' Alert". The Western Journal of Medicine. 137 (2): 166–168. PMC 1274052Freely accessible. PMID 7135952.
  6. ↑ Gahlinger, 2001, pp 203
  7. ↑ Gahlinger, 2001 Ch "Methaqualone & Glutethimide"
  8. ↑ "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (pdf). INCB.
  9. ↑ "Code of Federal Regulations Section 1308.12 Schedule II". DEA.
  10. ↑ Havier, R. G.; Lin, R. (1985). "Deaths as a Result of a Combination of Codeine and Glutethimide". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 30 (2): 563–566. PMID 3998703.
  11. ↑ Feuer, E.; French, J. (1984). "Descriptive Epidemiology of Mortality in New Jersey due to Combinations of Codeine and Glutethimide". American Journal of Epidemiology. 119 (2): 202–207. PMID 6695899.
  12. ↑ Tagmann, E.; Sury, E.; Hoffmann, K. (1952). "Über Alkylenimin-Derivate. 2. Mitteilung". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 35 (5): 1541–1548. doi:10.1002/hlca.19520350516.
    DE patent 950193, Hoffmann, K. & Tagmann, E., "Verfahren zur Herstellung neuer Dioxopiperidine"
    US patent 2673205, Hoffmann, K. & Tagmann, E., "3-disubstituted dioxopiperidines and the manufacture thereof"
    Salmon-Legagneur, F.; Neveu, C. (1952). Compt. Rend. 234: 1060. Missing or empty |title= (help)
    Salmon-Legagneur, F.; Neveu, C. (1953). Bull. Soc. Chim. France. 70. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ Annual Report in Medicinal Chemistry Volume 12 page 13
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