List of Prime Ministers of Canada

Canada's Prime Ministers during its first century.

The Prime Minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But, if that leader lacks support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.^[1]

The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on his or her behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in Britain at the time. Sir John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on May 24, 1867 to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On July 1, 1867, the first ministry assumed office.^[2]

The date for which a prime minister begins his or her term has been determined by the date that he or she is sworn into his or her portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required.^[3] However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister.^[3] Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.^[3] Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.^[3] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day."^[3] Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.^[4]

Prime ministers

Abbreviation key:	No.: Incumbent No., Min.: Ministry
Colour key:	Liberal Party of Canada   Historical Conservative Party (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative, Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive)   Conservative Party of Canada
Provinces key:	AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia, ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death) District	Term of office	Electoral mandates (Parliaments)	Political party	Min.	Refs
1		Sir John A. Macdonald (1815–1891) MP for Kingston, ON	July 1, 1867 – November 5, 1873	Title created (no parl't) 1867 election (1st Parl't) 1872 election (2nd Parl't)	Liberal-Conservative Party	1st	[2] [5]
			Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal
2		Alexander Mackenzie (1822–1892) MP for Lambton, ON	November 7, 1873 – October 8, 1878	Appointment (2nd Parl't)^[Min.] 1874 election (3rd Parl't)	Liberal Party Named leader in 1873	2nd	[6] [7]
			Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General
(1)		Sir John A. Macdonald (1815–1891) MP for Victoria, BC until 1882 MP for Carleton, ON until 1887 MP for Kingston, ON	October 17, 1878 – June 6, 1891	1878 election (4th Parl't) 1882 election (5th Parl't) 1887 election (6th Parl't) 1891 election (7th Parl't)	Liberal-Conservative Party	3rd	[8] [9]
			National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke).
3		Sir John Abbott (1821–1893) Senator for Quebec	June 16, 1891 – November 24, 1892	Appointment (7th Parl't)	Liberal-Conservative Party	4th	[10] [11]
			Minister without Portfolio; Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired. First of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate.
4		Sir John Thompson (1845–1894) MP for Antigonish, NS	December 5, 1892 – December 12, 1894	Appointment (7th Parl't)	Liberal-Conservative Party	5th	[12] [13]
			Minister of Justice; First Catholic Prime Minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack).
5		Sir Mackenzie Bowell (1823–1917) Senator for Ontario	December 21, 1894 – April 27, 1896	Appointment (7th Parl't)	Conservative Party (historical)	6th	[14] [15]
			Minister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question. Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate.
6		Sir Charles Tupper (1821–1915) Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister	May 1, 1896 – July 8, 1896	Appointment (no parl't)	Conservative Party (historical)	7th	[16] [17]
			Minister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
7		Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1841–1919) MP for Quebec East, QC	July 11, 1896 – October 6, 1911	1896 election (8th Parl't) 1900 election (9th Parl't) 1904 election (10th Parl't) 1908 election (11th Parl't)	Liberal Party Named leader in 1887	8th	[18] [19]
			Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; First French Canadian Prime Minister, removed the right of status Indians to vote.
8		Sir Robert Borden (1854–1937) MP for Halifax, NS until 1917 MP for Kings, NS	October 10, 1911 – October 11, 1917	1911 election (12th Parl't)	Conservative Party (historical) Named leader in 1901	9th	[19] [20] [21]
			October 12,1917 – July 10, 1920	1917 election (13th Parl't)	Unionist Party	10th
			First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations.
9		Arthur Meighen (1874–1960) MP for Portage la Prairie, MB	July 10, 1920 – December 29, 1921	Appointment (13th Parl't)	National Liberal and Conservative Party Named leader in 1920	11th	[22] [23]
			Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendant Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways.
10		William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950) MP for York North, ON until 1925 MP for Prince Albert, SK	December 29, 1921 – June 28, 1926	1921 election (14th Parl't) 1925 election (15th Parl't)^[LS] ^[Min.]	Liberal Party Named leader in 1919	12th	[24] [25]
			Minister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng.
(9)		Arthur Meighen (1874–1960) MP for Portage la Prairie, MB	June 29, 1926 – September 25, 1926	Appointment (15th Parl't)^[Min.]	Conservative Party (historical)	13th	[22] [26]
			Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair.
(10)		William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950) MP for Prince Albert, SK	September 25, 1926 – August 7, 1930	1926 election (16th Parl't)^[Min.]	Liberal Party	14th	[24] [27]
			Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression.
11		R. B. Bennett (1870–1947) MP for Calgary West, AB	August 7, 1930 – October 23, 1935	1930 election (17th Parl't)	Conservative Party (historical) Named leader in 1927	15th	[28] [29]
			Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.
(10)		William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950) MP for Prince Albert, SK until 1945 MP for Glengarry, ON	October 23, 1935 – November 15, 1948	1935 election (18th Parl't) 1940 election (19th Parl't) 1945 election (20th Parl't)	Liberal Party	16th	[24] [30]
			Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair.
12		Louis St. Laurent (1882–1973) MP for Quebec East, QC	November 15, 1948 – June 21, 1957	Appointment (20th Parl't) 1949 election (21st Parl't) 1953 election (22nd Parl't)	Liberal Party Named leader in 1948	17th	[31] [32]
			Minister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.
13		John Diefenbaker (1895–1979) MP for Prince Albert, SK	June 21, 1957 – April 22, 1963	1957 election (23rd Parl't)^[Min.] 1958 election (24th Parl't) 1962 election (25th Parl't)^[Min.]	Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1956	18th	[33] [34]
			Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme.
14		Lester B. Pearson (1897–1972) MP for Algoma East, ON	April 22, 1963 – April 20, 1968	1963 election (26th Parl't)^[Min.] 1965 election (27th Parl't)^[Min.]	Liberal Party Named leader in 1958	19th	[35] [36]
			Secretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Federal involvement in universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations.
15		Pierre Trudeau (1919–2000) MP for Mount Royal, QC	April 20, 1968 – June 3/4,^[*] 1979	Appointment (27th Parl't) 1968 election (28th Parl't) 1972 election (29th Parl't)^[Min.] 1974 election (30th Parl't)	Liberal Party Named leader in 1968	20th	[37]
			Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metric Commission, Creation of Via Rail.
16		Joe Clark (b. 1939) MP for Yellowhead, AB	June 4, 1979 – March 2/3,^[*] 1980	1979 election (31st Parl't)^[Min.]	Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1976	21st	[38]
			Youngest Canadian PM. Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget.
(15)		Pierre Trudeau (1919–2000) MP for Mount Royal, QC	March 3, 1980 – June 29/30,^[*] 1984	1980 election (32nd Parl't)	Liberal Party	22nd	[37]
			Quebec referendum, 1980; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.
17		John Turner (b. 1929) Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister	June 30, 1984 – September 16/17,^[*] 1984	Appointment (32nd Parl't)	Liberal Party Named leader in 1984	23rd	[39]
			Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
18		Brian Mulroney (b. 1939) MP for Manicouagan, QC until 1988 MP for Charlevoix, QC	September 17, 1984 – June 24/25,^[*] 1993	1984 election (33rd Parl't) 1988 election (34th Parl't)	Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1983	24th	[40]
			Cancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Airbus affair.
19		Kim Campbell (b. 1947) MP for Vancouver Centre, BC	June 25, 1993 – November 3/4,^[*] 1993	Appointment (34th Parl't)	Progressive Conservative Party Named leader in 1993	25th	[41]
			Minister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; First female Prime Minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.
20		Jean Chrétien (b. 1934) MP for Saint-Maurice, QC	November 4, 1993 – December 11/12,^[*] 2003	1993 election (35th Parl't) 1997 election (36th Parl't) 2000 election (37th Parl't)	Liberal Party Named leader in 1990	26th	[42]
			Minister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; Quebec referendum, 1995; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River Flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.
21		Paul Martin (b. 1938) MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC	December 12, 2003 – February 5/6,^[*] 2006	Appointment (37th Parl't) 2004 election (38th Parl't)^[Min.]	Liberal Party Named leader in 2003	27th	[40]
			Minister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord; Martin and his father Paul Martin Sr have the honorific title of Right Honourable
22		Stephen Harper (b. 1959) MP for Calgary Southwest, AB	February 6, 2006 – November 3/4,^[*] 2015	2006 election (39th Parl't)^[Min.] 2008 election (40th Parl't)^[Min.] 2011 election (41st Parl't)	Conservative Party Named leader in 2004	28th	[43]
			Accountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; Québécois nation motion; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax; 2008 Financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal.
23		Justin Trudeau (b. 1971) MP for Papineau, QC	November 4, 2015 – Incumbent	2015 election (42nd Parl't)	Liberal Party Named leader in 2013	29th	[44]
			Son of 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau; simultaneously Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; second father and son pair with honorific title of Right Honourable, Paris Agreement
^Min. Minority government ^LS Party won the election, but prime minister lost own seat ^* The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, Prime Ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office (the earlier date given), although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day. This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979[45] and 1984,[46] Clark,[47] Turner,[48] Mulroney,[49] Campbell,[50] Chrétien,[51] Martin,[51] and Harper.[51]

Timeline

Living former prime ministers

As of December 2016, there are seven living former Prime Ministers of Canada, the oldest being John Turner (born 1929). The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau (1968–1979, 1980–1984), on 28 September 2000. John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891) and John Thompson (1892–1894) are the only serving Prime Ministers to have died in office.

Name	Term of office	Date of birth
Joe Clark	1979–1980	June 5, 1939
John Turner	1984	June 7, 1929
Brian Mulroney	1984–1993	March 20, 1939
Kim Campbell	1993	March 10, 1947
Jean Chrétien	1993–2003	January 11, 1934
Paul Martin	2003–2006	August 28, 1938
Stephen Harper	2006–2015	April 30, 1959

See also

• Fathers of Confederation
• List of Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada
• List of Canadian Leaders of the Opposition
• List of Canadian federal parliaments
• List of Canadian monarchs

References

1. Forsey, Eugene (2005), How Canadians Govern Themselves (PDF) (6 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 38, ISBN 0-662-39689-8, retrieved March 24, 2011
2. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
3. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation: Life of a Ministry". Government of Canada Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
4. "Prime Ministers of Canada: Gallery". Parliament of Canada. January 15, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
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8. "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACDONALD, The Right Hon. Sir John Alexander, P.C., G.C.B., Q.C., D.C.L., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
9. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
10. "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ABBOTT, The Hon. Sir John Joseph Caldwell, P.C., Q.C., K.C.M.G., B.C.L., D.C.L.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
11. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
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16. "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TUPPER, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.M.G., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D.". Parliament of Canada. October 30, 1915. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
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18. "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – LAURIER, The Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., B.C.L., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
19. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
20. "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BORDEN, The Right Hon. Sir Robert Laird, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., D.C.L., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
21. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
22. "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MEIGHEN, The Right Hon. Arthur, P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
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24. "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – KING, The Right Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie, P.C., O.M., C.M.G., B.A., M.A., A.M., LL.B., Ph.D.". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2011.
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34. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
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46. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
47. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
48. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
49. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
50. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
51. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. October 14, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2011.

Further reading

• Coucill, Irma (2005). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Pembroke Publishers. ISBN 1-55138-185-0.
• Lotz, Jim (1986), Prime Ministers of Canada, Bison Books, ISBN 0-86124-377-3

External links

• Prime Minister's Official Site - Government of Canada
• The Prime Ministers of Canada – The Historica Dominion Institute
• Prime Ministers of Canada – Library of Parliament
• Prime Ministers – Canada History