β-Methylphenethylamine
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| Clinical data | |
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| ATC code | none |
| Legal status | |
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| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number |
582-22-9  [PubChem] |
| PubChem (CID) | 11398 |
| ChemSpider |
10920 |
| UNII |
6XL7O3V13L |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL158578 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.008.619 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C9H13N |
| Molar mass | 135.21 g/mol |
| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image |
| Density | 0.93 g/cm3 |
| Boiling point | 80 °C (176 °F) (at 10 mm Hg) |
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β-Methylphenethylamine (β-Me-PEA, BMPEA), or 1-amino-2-phenylpropane, is an organic compound of the phenethylamine class, and a positional isomer of the drug amphetamine, with which it shares some properties. In particular, both amphetamine and β-methylphenethylamine are human TAAR1 agonists.[1] In appearance, it is a colorless or yellowish liquid.
Relatively little information has been published about this substance. Hartung and Munch reported that it had good antihypotensive (pressor) activity in experimental animals, and that it was orally active. The MLD (minimum lethal dose) for the HCl salt was given as 500 mg/kg (rat, s.c.) and 50 mg/kg (rabbit, i.v.).[2]
A study by Graham and co-workers at the Upjohn Co., comparing a large number of β-methylphenethylamines substituted on the benzene ring showed that β-methylphenethylamine itself had 1/700 x the pressor activity of epinephrine, corresponding to ~ 1/3 the potency of amphetamine. The β-methyl compound also had ~ 2 x the broncho-dilating power of amphetamine (as measured using the isolated rabbit lung), and an LD50 of 50 mg/kg (rat, i.v.).[3]
Chemistry
β-Methylphenethylamine has been synthesized by the catalytic hydrogenation of 2-phenylpropionitrile with Pd on charcoal, in absolute ethanol containing 3 equivalents of HCl; the base was isolated in the form of its HCl salt, m.p. 123-124°.[2]
Presence
In 2015, 52% of supplements labeled as containing Acacia rigidula were found to contain BMPEA.[4][5] Consumers following recommended maximum daily servings would consume a maximum of 94 mg of BMPEA per day.[4] In 2012, however, the FDA determined that BMPEA was not naturally present in Acacia rigidula leaves.[6] This is currently in dispute by Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals, who claim to have a process of extracting BMPEA from acacia rigidula and have submitted expert witness testimony to the FDA for review.[7]
Safety
β-Methylphenethylamine was associated with a case of cerebral hemorrhage in a Swedish athlete and first time user. The female victim with no medical history had taken a Swedish food supplement with 290 mg β-methylphenethylamine per serving before commencing her usual exercises. After about 30 minutes the first symptoms appeared. The presence of the active ingredient was not declared on the label.[8]
See also
References
- ↑ Wainscott DB, Little SP, Yin T, Tu Y, Rocco VP, He JX, Nelson DL (2007). "Pharmacologic characterization of the cloned human trace amine-associated receptor1 (TAAR1) and evidence for species differences with the rat TAAR1". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 320 (1): 475–85. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.112532. PMID 17038507.
The effect of β-carbon substitution on the phenylethylamine side chain was also investigated (Table 3). A β-methyl substituent was well tolerated compared with β-PEA. In fact, S-(–)-β-methyl-β-PEA was as potent as β-PEA at human TAAR1.
- 1 2 Hartung WH, Munch JC (1931). "Amino alcohols. VI. The preparation and pharmacodynamic activity of four isomeric phenylpropylamines". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 53 (5): 1875–9. doi:10.1021/ja01356a036.
- ↑ Graham BE, Cartland GF, Woodruff EH (1945). "Phenyl propyl and phenyl isopropyl amines. Changes in pharmacological action on substitution of phenyl nucleus and amino nitrogen". Ind. Eng. Chem. 37 (2): 149–51. doi:10.1021/ie50422a010.
- 1 2 "An amphetamine isomer whose efficacy and safety in humans has never been studied, β-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), is found in multiple dietary supplements – Cohen – 2015 – Drug Testing and Analysis – Wiley Online Library". Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- ↑ "Conflicts of Interest at the F.D.A.". New York Times. April 13, 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
they identified BMPEA in 11 of 21 brands of supplements with acacia rigidula listed as an ingredient.
- ↑ Brenda Goodman (7 April 2015). "Untested Stimulant Still in Dietary Supplements". WebMD.
- ↑ "BMPEA and Acacia Rigidula: Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals Fights Back". PricePlow. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ↑ Cohen PA, Zeijlon R, Nardin R, Keizers PH, Venhuis BJ (2015). "Hemorrhagic Stroke Probably Caused by Exercise Combined With a Sports Supplement Containing β-Methylphenyl-ethylamine (BMPEA): A Case Report". Ann. Intern. Med. 162 (16): 879–80. doi:10.7326/L15-5101.