Eastern Nagari script

Eastern Nagari
Type
Languages Assamese
Bengali
Bishnupriya Manipuri
Meitei
and others.
Time period
 c. 1100–present
Parent systems
Child systems
 Tirhuta
Sister systems
 Bengali and Assamese
Direction Left-to-right
ISO 15924 Beng, 325
Unicode alias
 Bengali
U+0980–U+09FF
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.

Eastern Nagari script or Bengali-Assamese script defines the unified usage of the Bengali script and the Assamese script through minor variations within them, in various languages. Its usage is associated with the two main languages; Bengali and Assamese. Beside these two, this system has, throughout history, been used for other languages, such as Bishnupriya Manipuri, Meitei Manipuri, Kokborok and the Maithili language. Many other languages like Khasi, Bodo, Karbi, Mising etc. were also written in this system in the past.[1]

Description

The text says: "শ্রীশ্রীমত্‌শিৱসিংহমহাৰাজা""Sri Sri Môt Xiwô Xinghô Môharaza"(in Assamese)(see also Siva Singha). Here a dotted "র" (wô) is used instead of the modern "ৱ" ("wô/vô" in Assamese during Ahom rules) in this 18th-century manuscript, with the same phonetic value.

Eastern Nagari is less blocky and present a more sinuous shaping. Eastern Nagari is derived from the precursor script Siddham. The modern Eastern Nagari script was formalized in 1778 when it was first typeset by Charles Wilkins. In addition to differences in how the letters are pronounced in the different languages, there are some minor typographical differences between the version of the script used for Assamese and Bengali languages.

The Eastern Nagari script was originally not associated with any particular regional language, but was prevalent as the main script in the eastern regions of Medieval India. The script was also used to write Sanskrit. Epics of Hindu scripture, including the Mahabharata or Ramayana, were written in older versions of the Eastern Nagari script in this region. After the medieval period, the use of Sanskrit as the sole written language gave way to Pali, and the vernacular dialects of Pali eventually evolved into Bengali, Assamese and other related languages. Sankardev used the script in the 15th and 16th centuries to compose his oeuvre in Assamese and Brajavali the language of the Bhakti poets; and before him, Madhava Kandali used it to write the Assamese Ramayana in the 14th century. It was also used by the later Ahom kings to write the Buranjis, the Ahom chronicles, in the Assamese language. There is a rich legacy of East sub-continental literature written in this script, which is still occasionally used to write Sanskrit today.

Clusters of consonants are represented by different and sometimes quite irregular characters; thus, learning to read the script is complicated by the sheer size of the full set of characters and character combinations, numbering about 500. While efforts at standardizing the script for the Bengali language continue in such notable centers as the Bangla Academy at Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi at Kolkata (West Bengal, India). It is still not quite uniform as yet, as many people continue to use various archaic forms of letters, resulting in concurrent forms for the same sounds. Among the various regional variations within this script, only the Bengali and Assamese variations exist today in the formalized system.

It seems likely that the standardization of the script will be greatly influenced by the need to typeset it on computers. Work has been underway since around 2001 to develop Unicode fonts, and it seems likely that it will split into two variants, traditional and modern.

Script

Main article: Bengali script
Main article: Assamese script

In this and other articles on Wikipedia dealing with the Assamese and Bengali languages, a Romanization scheme used by linguists specializing in Assamese and Bengali phonology is included along with IPA transcription.

Vowels

The script presently has a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the seven vowel sounds of Bengali and eight vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these vowel letters are used in both Assamese and Bengali. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on the word, and a number of vowel distinctions preserved in the writing system are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Bengali or Assamese. For example, the script has two symbols for the vowel sound [i] and two symbols for the vowel sound [u]. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short [i] and a long [iː], and a short [u] and a long [uː]. These letters are preserved in the script with their traditional names of "short i" and "long i", etc., despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech.

Two additional modified Vowels, অ' and অ্যা, are not considered letters of the Eastern Nagari script, but are often used in Assamese and Bengali (respectively) to represent certain vowels when the intended pronunciation would otherwise be ambiguous.

Vowel Table
Vowels Vowel Diacritic
symbol 		Assamese Bengali Bishnupriya
Manipuri 		Meitei
Manipuri
অ - ô ô ô ô/a
অ' ' o - - -
আ া a a a a:
ই ি i i i i
ঈ ী i i i -
উ ু u u u u
ঊ ূ u u u -
ঋ ৃ ri ri ri -
ৠ ৄ rii rii - -
ঌ ৢ li li - -
ৡ ৣ lii lii - -
এ ে ê e/ê e e
এ' ে' e - - -
ঐ ৈ ôi ôi ôi ei
ও ো û u/o u o/ô
ঔ ৌ ôu ôu ôu ou

Vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the pronunciation of the consonant (here exemplified by ক, kô). When no vowel Diacritic symbol is written, then the vowel "অ" (ô) is the default inherited vowel for the consonant. To specifically denote the absence of a vowel, a hôsôntô (্) may be written underneath the consonant.

Consonants

The names of the consonant letters in Eastern Nagari are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel "অ" ô. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (e.g. the name of the letter "ঘ" is itself ঘ ghô, not gh). Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Assamese and Bengali are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written ন, ণ, or ঞ (depending on the spelling of the particular word), these letters are not simply called nô; instead, they are called "dental nô", "cerebral nô" and niô. Similarly, the phoneme /ʃ/ in Bengali and /x/ in Assamese can be written as "palatal shô/xhô" শ , "cerebral shô/xhô" ষ, or "dental sô/xô" স, depending on the word.

Consonant Table
Consonant Assamese Bengali Bishnupriya
Manipuri 		Meitei
Manipuri
ক kô kô kô kô
খ khô khô khô khô
গ gô gô gô gô
ঘ ghô ghô ghô ghô
ঙ ngô ngô ngô ngô
চ sô chô/sô chô chô
ছ ssô chhô/ssô chhô -
জ zô jô jô jô
ঝ zhô jhô jhô jhô
ঞ nô nô nô -
ট tô ţô ţô -
ঠ thô ţhô ţhô -
ড dô đô đô -
ড় ŗô ŗô ŗô -
ঢ dhô đhô đhô -
ঢ় ŗhô ŗhô ŗhô -
ণ nô nô nô -
ত tô tô tô tô
থ thô thô thô thô
দ dô dô dô dô
ধ dhô dhô dhô dhô
ন nô nô nô nô
প pô pô pô pô
ফ fô fô fô fô
ব bô bô bô bô
ভ bhô bhô bhô bhô
ম mô mô mô mô
য zô zô jô -
য় yô yô yô yô
র - rô rô rô
ৰ rô - - -
ল lô lô lô lô
ৱ wô - wô wô
শ xhô shô shô -
ষ xhô shô shô -
স xô sô sô sô
হ hô hô hô hô

Digits

 Digits
Western Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Eastern Nagari numerals ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯
Assamese names xhuinyô ek dui tini sari pas sôy xat ath nô
শূন্য এক দুই তিনি চাৰি পাচ ছয় সাত আঠ ন
Bengali names shunyô æk dui tin char pãch chhôy sat aţ nôy
শূন্য এক দুই তিন চার পাঁচ ছয় সাত আট নয়
Meitei names ama ani ahum mari manga taruk taret nipa:l ma:pal tara:
অমা অনি অহুম মরি মঙা তরুক তরেৎ নিপাল মাপল তরা

Eastern Nagari in Unicode

The Unicode block for Eastern Nagari script, called Bengali, is U+0980–U+09FF:

Bengali[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+098x ঀ ঁ ং ঃ অ আ ই ঈ উ ঊ ঋ ঌ এ
U+099x ঐ ও ঔ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট
U+09Ax ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন প ফ ব ভ ম য
U+09Bx র ল শ ষ স হ ় ঽ া ি
U+09Cx ী ু ূ ৃ ৄ ে ৈ ো ৌ ্ ৎ
U+09Dx ৗ ড় ঢ় য়
U+09Ex ৠ ৡ ৢ ৣ ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯
U+09Fx ৰ ৱ ৲ ৳ ৴ ৵ ৶ ৷ ৸ ৹ ৺ ৻
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 9.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Notes

  1. ↑ Prabhakara, M S Scripting a solution, The Hindu, 19 May 2005.

References

  • Bora, Mahendra (1981). The Evolution of Assamese Script. Jorhat, Assam: Assam Sahitya Sabha. 
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/11/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.