List of multilingual countries and regions

This is an incomplete list of areas with either multilingualism at the community level or at the personal level.

There is a distinction between social and personal bilingualism. Many countries, such as Belarus, Belgium, Canada, India, Ireland, South Africa and Switzerland, which are officially multilingual, may have many monolinguals in their population. Officially monolingual countries, on the other hand, such as France, can have sizable multilingual populations. Some countries have official languages but also have regional and local official languages, notably Brazil, China, Mexico, Russia, Spain.

Africa

Central Africa

East Africa

Horn of Africa

North Africa

Southern Africa

West Africa

Americas

A trash can in Seattle labeled in four languages: English, Chinese (垃圾), Vietnamese (should be rác), and Spanish. Tagalog also uses the Spanish word.

Asia

Europe

Oceania

Notes

  1. ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has received recognition as an independent state from 110 out of 193 United Nations member states.

References

  1. Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon Article 1
  2. Central African Republic's Constitution of 2004 with Amendments through 2010 Article 18
  3. Chad's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2005 Article 9
  4. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, 2005 Article 1
  5. Fundamental Law of Equatorial Guinea, as amended in 2012 (French) (Spanish)
  6. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Equatorial Guinea: Overview". UNHCR. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  7. Dickovick, James Tyler (2012). Africa 2012. Stryker Post. p. 180. ISBN 1610488822. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  8. 2002 Constitution of the Republic of the Congo Article 6(French)
  9. Burundi's Constitution of 2005 Article 5
  10. English is now official language of Burundi 2014
  11. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 Article 7
  12. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda Article 5
  13. Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles Article 4
  14. Kiswahili tanzania.go.tz
  15. Constitution of the Republic of Uganda Article 6
  16. Constitution of Djibouti Art. 1
  17. Provisional Constitution (2012) Article 5
  18. Tamazight official in Algeria
  19. Constitution of People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria. Art. 3, Art. 3 (a)
  20. Mauritania's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2012 Article 6
  21. Constitution of Morocco Article 5
  22. Constitution of Sudan Article 8
  23. "Angola". Ethnologue.
  24. Botswana
  25. Constitution of the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros Article 2
  26. Constitution of Lesotho Art. 3
  27. Constitution of Madagascar Article 4
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  32. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Swaziland Act 2005 Art. 3
  33. Article 6 Constitution of Zimbabwe
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  40. Bolivian Constitution, Article 5-I: "Son idiomas oficiales del Estado el castellano y todos los idiomas de las naciones y pueblos indígena originario campesinos, que son el aymara, araona, baure, bésiro, canichana, cavineño, cayubaba, chácobo, chimán, ese ejja, guaraní, guarasu'we, guarayu, itonama, leco, machajuyai-kallawaya, machineri, maropa, mojeño-trinitario, mojeño-ignaciano, moré, mosetén, movima, pacawara, puquina, quechua, sirionó, tacana, tapieté, toromona, uru-chipaya, weenhayek, yawanawa, yuki, yuracaré y zamuco."
  41. Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil Art. 13, 210, 231
  42. Constituição do estado do Espírito Santo Art. 182.
  43. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Sections 16-20
  44. Charter of the French Language Sections 7, 9, 73, 81, 87
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  47. Official Languages Act Art. 3
  48. Official Languages Act Art. 4
  49. Languages Act Art. 3-6
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  57. Amerindian Act, 2006 Art. 41
  58. Constitution of Haiti Art. 5
  59. Ley general de derechos lingüísticos de los pueblos indígenas Art. 4 (Spanish)
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  61. Constitution of Oaxaca Art. 12, 16, 126(Spanish)
  62. The Political Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua Article 11
  63. Political Constitution of 1992 Art. 140(Spanish)
  64. Constitution of Peru Article 48
  65. Nancy Morris (1995). Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 62. ISBN 0275952282. + Crawford J. Puerto Rico and Official English 1997
  66. Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Article III
  67. Voting Rights Act Amendments of 2006, Determinations Under Section 203 by Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce
  68. Dymally-Alatorre Bilingual Services Act
  69. Summary of language access laws in California
  70. Constitution of the State of New Mexico Article VII, Sec. 3; Article XII, Sec. 8.; Article XX, Sec. 12; Excerpts relating to Spanish
  71. Deborah Baker Spanish not ‘enshrined’ as official N.M. language Albuquerque Journal 2013
  72. Bilingual Multicultural Education Act; Technical Assistance Manual for implementing Bilingual Multicultural Education and Title III programs pp. IX-X; Ginger C. Stull Language, Borders and Education: Language Policy and The Making of New Mexico and Arizona Working Papers in Educational Linguistics Volume 27, Number 1 p. 24 (p. 6 — as numbered in the file)
  73. GOVERNMENT CODE. TITLE 10. GENERAL GOVERNMENT. SUBTITLE B. INFORMATION AND PLANNING. CHAPTER 2054. INFORMATION RESOURCES. Section 2054.116
  74. Louisiana Revised Statutes. Title 25 Libraries, museums, and other scientific See RS 25:671 to RS 25:674
  75. Louisiana Revised Statutes. Title 43 §204. Advertisements to be in English; duplication in French permitted
  76. Long-Scorned in Maine, French Has Renaissance The New York Times
  77. French language University of Maine
  78. Parlez-vous français? For Maine's Acadian youth, the answer is often 'non' Al Jazeera
  79. In Maine, a little French goes a long way Public Radio International
  80. The Bilingual U.S. – French Vermont Boston Language Institute
  81. Burlington votes to add French to its signs CBC
  82. Article XV The Constitution of the state of Hawaii
  83. "Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official". NPR.org. 21 April 2014.
  84. "Samoa now an official language of instruction in American Samoa". Radio New Zealand. 2 October 2008.
  85. Revised Constitution of American Samoa Article I, section 3
  86. Guam Code Annotated, Title 17. Education: CHAPTER 4 CURRICULUM AND TEXTS § 4101. English Language Required. CHAPTER 8 CHAMORRO LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL EDUCATION
  87. Article XXII Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Constitution
  88. "Spanish road signs quite correct". Trinidad and Tobago's Newsday. October 10, 2008.
  89. Spanish Implementation Secretariat
  90. Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Art. 9
  91. The Constitution of Afghanistan Article 16
  92. [". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-12-13. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html.]
  93. Brunei Darussalam's Constitution Art. 82
  94. Victor Mair The languages on Chinese banknotes//Language Log. Institute for Research in Cognitive Science at the University of Pennsylvania
  95. New Progress in Human Rights in the Tibet Autonomous Region State Council Information Office 1998
  96. Language policy//Special Focus for 2005: China's Minorities and Government Implementation of the Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law. // Congressional-Executive Commission on China 2005 Annual Report
  97. V. Upholding Ethnic Equality and Unity White Paper on Development and Progress in Xinjiang 2009
  98. Chapter I Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
  99. Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People' s Republic of China Article 9
  100. Constitution of the Democratic Republic of East Timor Art. 13, 159
  101. Official Language Act
  102. Peluncuran Peta Bahasa Indonesia (not in English)
  103. "Constitute". constituteproject.org.
  104. Constitution of Lebanon Article 11
  105. "Portail d'actualités sur le Liban". iloubnan.info. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
  106. "Sarawak makes English official language along with BM". themalaymailonline.com.
  107. "Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia". BorneoPost Online - Borneo, Malaysia, Sarawak Daily News.
  108. "Sarawak adopts English as official language". thesundaily.my.
  109. Constitution of Malaysia Art. 161
  110. Art. 251 Constitution of Pakistan
  111. Constitution of the Republic of Philippines Article 14, Sections 6, 7
  112. Constitution of Buryatia Art. 67(Russian)
  113. Constitution of the Altai Republic Art. 13(Russian)
  114. Constitution of Tuva Art. 5(Russian)
  115. Constitution of Khakassia Art. 69(Russian)
  116. Constitution of the Sakha Republic Art. 46(Russian)
  117. Constitution of Singapore Art. 153A
  118. CIA - The World Factbook
  119. The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law Art. 9, 12, 30
  120. Constitution o Tajikistan Art. 2
  121. Constitution of Kazakhstan Article 7
  122. Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic Article 10
  123. "Adec reveals major changes to Abu Dhabi schools' curriculum | The National". www.thenational.ae. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  124. О внесении изменений и дополнений в закон «О государственном языке Республики Узбекистан» See Art. 12(Russian)
  125. Новые правила заполнения форм ЗАГС (Russian)
  126. Constitution of Karakalpakstan. Chapter 1 Art. 4(Russian)
  127. Constitution of Vietnam Article 5, 133
  128. State treaty for the re-establishment of an independent and democratic Austria Article 7 (see pages 229, 231)
  129. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 Council of Europe Treaty Office
  130. Constitution of Belarus Article 17
  131. Constitution of Belgium Article 4
  132. Van Parijs, Philippe, Professor of economic and social ethics at the UCLouvain, Visiting Professor at Harvard University and the KULeuven. "Belgium's new linguistic challenges" (pdf 0.7 MB). KVS Express (supplement to newspaper De Morgen) March–April 2007: Article from original source (pdf 4.9 MB) pages 34–36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy – Directorate–general Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 2007-05-05. — The linguistic situation in Belgium (and in particular various estimations of the population speaking French and Dutch in Brussels) is discussed in detail.
  133. Constitution of Cyprus Article 3
  134. "Statistical database". Pub.stat.ee. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
  135. § 11, "Lov om Færøernes Hjemmestyre"
  136. Håller språket ihop Norden? - EN forskningsrapport om ungdomars föståelse av danska, svenska och norska
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  138. "La politique linguistique de la Région - Développer les langues de Bretagne". Regional Government of Brittany Region. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  139. Charte en faveur du Catalan (French)
  140. The Corsican language in education in France. 2nd Edition Regional dossiers series / Mercator-Education ISSN 1570-1239 — р. 8
  141. Act CLXXIX of 2011 on the Rights of Nationalities § 5, 6(English)
  142. Constitution of Ireland Article 8
  143. Statute of South Tyrol Articles 19, 99-102 etc.(German)
  144. Statute of Aosta Valley Article 38(French)
  145. Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche(Italian)
  146. Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo Article 5
  147. Official Language Law Sections 3-5, 18
  148. Select database "Population and Housing Census 2011", then "Final results of the Population and Housing Census 2011" Table TSG11-08
  149. Loi du 24 février 1984 sur le régime des langues(French)
  150. Constitution of Malta Article 5
  151. Oб особом правовом статусе Гагаузии (Гагауз Ери) ст. 3(Russian)
  152. об основных положениях особого правового статуса населенных пунктов левобережья Днестра (Приднестровья) ст. 6(Russian)
  153. "Amsterdam wordt 'Emsterdem'". telegraaf.nl.
  154. Act on national and ethnic minorities and on regional language(Polish)
  155. Constitution of Adygea Art. 5(Russian)
  156. Constitution of Bashkortostan Art. 1(Russian)
  157. Constitution of Ingushetia Art. 14(Russian)
  158. Constitution of Kabardino-Balkaria Art. 76(Russian)
  159. Constitution of Tatarstan Art. 8(Russian)
  160. Constitution of Kalmykia Article 17(Russian)
  161. Constitution of Karachay-Cherkessia Article 11(Russian)
  162. Constitution of Mari El Article 15(Russian)
  163. Constitution of Mordovia Article 12(Russian)
  164. Constitution of Komi Republic Article 67(Russian)
  165. Constitution of North Ossetia–Alania Article 15(Russian)
  166. Constitution of Udmurtia Article 8(Russian)
  167. Constitution of the Chechen Republic Article 10(Russian)
  168. Constitution of Chuvashia Article 8(Russian)
  169. The Constitution of Georgia Article 8
  170. Constitution of the Republic of Abkhazia Article 6(Russian)
  171. Gojkovic N. System of minorities’ protection in Serbia. Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
  172. Constitution of Slovenia Art. 64
  173. El Estatuto de Autonomía Art. 6(Spanish)
  174. Law on the Reintegration and Improvement of Fueros of Navarre Art. 9
  175. Ley organica de reforma del estatuto de autonomia de las illes Balears Articulo 4.
  176. Ley Orgánica 5/1982, de 1 de julio, de Estatuto de Autonomía de la ComunidadValenciana Artículo sexto
  177. Act on linguistic policy
  178. O Estatuto de Autonomía de Galicia Art. 5
  179. LEY 3/2013, de 9 de mayo, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas y modalidades lingüísticas propias de Aragón Art. 2(Spanish)
  180. Ley 1/1998, de 23 de marzo, de uso y promoción del bable/asturiano Art. 1-2(Spanish)
  181. Ley Orgánica 14/2007, Estatuto de Autonomía de Castilla y León Art. 5(Spanish)
  182. Swiss Constitution/Part 1, article 4, states: The national languages are German, French, Italian, and Romansh.
  183. Map of percentage able to speak Welsh, 2001
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  185. Economic, Social and Cultural Issues // Belfast Agreement
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  189. Constitution of Kiribati Article 127
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  191. Noumea Accord para. 1.3.3
  192. Section 3 Māori Language Act 1987
  193. Constitution of the Republic of Palau Article XIII
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  195. Constitution of Samoa Art. 54
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  198. Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu Article 3
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