Dayananda Saraswati

This article is about the founder of the Arya Samaj. For other uses, see Swami Dayananda (disambiguation).
Dayananda Saraswati
Born Mul Shankar Tiwari or Mulshankar Karasandas Tiwari /Shuddha Chaitanya as Brahmachari
(1824-02-12)12 February 1824
Tankara, Gujarat
Died 30 October 1883(1883-10-30) (aged 59)
Ajmer, Rajasthan
Nationality Indian
Titles/honours Sindhi Marhu
Founder of Arya Samaj
Guru Virjananda Dandi
Philosophy Traitvad vedic philosophy based on Samhita of four Vedas and its theory derived on Nighantu and Nirukta with six Darshanas supported by Paniniya Vyakaran.
Literary works Satyarth Prakash (1875)
Quotation "Om vishwani dev savitar duritani parasuv yad bhadram tanna aasuva."

Dayanand Saraswati  pronunciation  born (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883) was a Hindu religious leader who founded the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movements of the Vedic tradition. He was also a renowned scholar of the Vedic lore and Sanskrit language. He was the first to give the call for Swaraj as "India for Indians" – in 1876, later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak.[1][2] Denouncing the idolatry and ritualistic worship prevalent in Hinduism at the time, he worked towards reviving Vedic ideologies. Subsequently, the philosopher and President of India, S. Radhakrishnan, called him one of the "makers of Modern India," as did Sri Aurobindo.[3][4][5]

Those who were influenced by and followed Dayananda included Madam Cama, Pandit Lekh Ram, Swami Shradhanand, Pandit Guru Dutt Vidyarthi,[6] Shyamji Krishna Varma (who established India House in England for Freedom fighters) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Lala Hardayal, Madan Lal Dhingra, Ram Prasad Bismil, Mahadev Govind Ranade[7] Swami Shraddhanand, Mahatma Hansraj and Lala Lajpat Rai[8][9] among others. One of his most influential works is the book Satyarth Prakash, which contributed to the Indian independence movement. He was a sanyasi (ascetic) from boyhood, and a scholar, who believed in the infallible authority of the Vedas.

Maharshi Dayananda advocated the doctrine of Karma (Karmasiddhanta in Hinduism) and Reincarnation (Punarjanma in Hinduism). He emphasized the Vedic ideals of brahmacharya (celibacy) and devotion to God. The Theosophical Society and the Arya Samaj were united from 1878 to 1882, becoming the Theosophical Society of the Arya Samaj.[10] Among Maharshi Dayananda's contributions are his promoting of the equal rights for women, such as the right to education and reading of Indian scriptures, and his intuitive commentary on the Vedas from Vedic Sanskrit in Sanskrit as well as in Hindi.

Early life

Dayananda Saraswati was born on 12 February 1824 in a Hindu family[11] in Tankara, near Morbi in the Kathiawad region (now Rajkot district of Gujarat). His original name was Mool Shankar because he was born in Dhanu Rashi and Mool Nakshatra. His birthday is celebrated in Falguna Krishna Dashami tithi (the 10th day of waning moon in the month of Purnimanta Falguna).According to astrological calculations from the Nakshatra and tithi of his birth, his birthdate would have been Tuesday, 24 February 1824. His father was Karshanji Lalji Tiwari and mother Yashodabai. A tax collector, his father was a rich, prosperous and influential person. He was the head of an eminent Hindu family of the village. As such Dayanand led a comfortable early life, studying Sanskrit, the Vedas and other religious texts.[12][13] When he was eight years old, his Yajnopavita Sanskara ceremony was performed, marking his entry into formal education. His father was a follower of Shiva and taught him the ways to impress the Lord. He was also told the importance of keeping fasts. On the occasion of Shivratri, Dayananda had to sit awake the whole night in obedience to Lord Shiva. One such night, he saw a mouse eating the offerings to the God and running over the idol's body. After seeing this, he questioned himself, if the God could not defend himself against a little mouse then how could he be the savior of the massive world.

The deaths of his younger sister and his uncle from cholera caused Dayananda to ponder the meaning of life and death and he started asking questions which worried his parents. He was to be married in his early teens, as was common in nineteenth-century India, but he decided marriage was not for him and in 1846 ran away from home.[14][15] Dayananda Saraswati spent nearly twenty-five years, from 1845 to 1869, as a wandering ascetic, searching for religious truth. He gave up material goods and lived a life of self-denial, devoted to spiritual matters in forests, retreats in the Himalayan Mountains, and at a number of pilgrimage sites in northern India. During these years he practiced various forms of yoga and became a disciple of a well-known religious teacher, Virajanand Dandeesha (sometimes spelled Birajananda). Virajanand believed that Hinduism had strayed from its historical roots and that many of its practices had become impure. Dayananda Sarasvati promised Virajanand that he would devote his life to restoring the rightful place of the Vedas in the Hindu faith.[16]

Dayanand's mission

Aum or Om is considered by the Arya Samaj to be the highest and most proper name of God

Dayanand's mission was not to start or set up any new religion but to ask humankind for Universal Brotherhood through nobility as spelt out in Vedas. For that mission he founded Arya Samaj enunciating the Ten Universal Principles as a code for Universalism Krinvanto Vishwaryam meaning the whole world be an abode for Nobles (Aryas). His next step was to take up the difficult task of reforming Hinduism with dedication despite multiple repeated attempts on his personal life. He traveled the country challenging religious scholars and priests to discussions and won repeatedly on the strength of his arguments based on his knowledge of Sanskrit and Vedas.[17] He believed that Hinduism had been corrupted by divergence from the founding principles of the Vedas and that Hindus had been misled by the priesthood for the priests' self-aggrandizement. Hindu priests discouraged the laity from reading Vedic scriptures and encouraged rituals, such as bathing in the Ganges River and feeding of priests on anniversaries, which Dayananda pronounced as superstitions or self-serving practices. By exhorting the nation to reject such superstitious notions, his aim was to educate the nation to Go back to the Vedas. He wanted the people who followed Hinduism to go back to its roots and to follow the Vedic life, which he pointed out. He exhorted the Hindu nation to accept social reforms, including the importance of Cows for national prosperity as well as the adoption of Hindi as the national language for national integration. Through his daily life and practice of yoga and asanas, teachings, preaching, sermons and writings, he inspired the Hindu nation to aspire to Swarajya (self governance), nationalism, and spiritualism. He advocated the equal rights and respects to women and advocated the education of a girl child like the males.

Swami Dayanand did logical, scientific and critical analyses of faiths i.e. Christianity & Islam as well as of other Indian faiths like Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. In addition to discouraging idolatry in Hinduism, as may be seen in his book Satyarth Prakash.[18] He was against what he considered to be the corruption of the true and pure faith in his own country. Unlike many other reform movements of his times within Hinduism, the Arya Samaj's appeal was addressed not only to the educated few in India, but to the world as a whole as evidenced in the sixth principle of the Arya Samaj. In fact his teachings professed universalism for all the living beings and not for any particular sect, faith, community or nation.

Arya Samaj allows and encourages converts to Hinduism. Dayananda's concept of dharma is stated in the "Beliefs and Disbeliefs" section of Satyartha Prakash. He said:

"I accept as Dharma whatever is in full conformity with impartial justice, truthfulness and the like; that which is not opposed to the teachings of God as embodied in the Vedas. Whatever is not free from partiality and is unjust, partaking of untruth and the like, and opposed to the teachings of God as embodied in the Vedas—that I hold as adharma."

"He, who after careful thinking, is ever ready to accept truth and reject falsehood; who counts the happiness of others as he does that of his own self, him I call just."

— Satyarth Prakash

Dayananda's Vedic message was to emphasize respect and reverence for other human beings, supported by the Vedic notion of the divine nature of the individual–divine because the body was the temple where the human essence (soul or "atma") had the possibility to interface with the creator ("Paramatma"). In the ten principles of the Arya Samaj, he enshrined the idea that "All actions should be performed with the prime objective of benefiting mankind", as opposed to following dogmatic rituals or revering idols and symbols. The first five principles speak of Truth and the other five of a society with nobility, civics, co-living and disciplined life. In his own life, he interpreted moksha to be a lower calling (due to its benefit to one individual) than the calling to emancipate others.

Dayananda's "back to the Vedas" message influenced many thinkers and philosophers the world over.[19]

Activities

Dayanand is noted to have been active since he was 14, by this time he was able to recite religious verses and teach about them. He is highly applauded for taking parts in religious debates. His debates were attended by relatively high amount of public.

One of the remarkable debate occurred on 22 October 1869 in Varanasi, where he had won a debate against 27 scholars and about 12 expert pandits. The debate was attended by over 50,000 people. The main topic was "Do the Vedas uphold deity worship?"[20][21]

Arya Samaj

Main article: Arya Samaj

Swami Dayananda Saraswati's creations, the Arya Samaj, unequivocally condemns practices of different religions and communities that are noted to be prevalent, such as idol worship, animal sacrifice, pilgrimages, priest craft, offerings made in temples, the castes, child marriages, meat eating and discrimination against women on the grounds that all these lacked Hinduism of that time. The Arya Samaj discourages dogma and symbolism and encourages skepticism in beliefs that run contrary to common sense and logic.

Views on Superstitions

He severely criticized the practice of superstitions like sorcery, astrology which are prevalent in India. here are some quotes from his famous book Sathyarth Prakash,

"They should also counsel then against all things that lead to superstition, and are opposed to true religion and science, so that they may never give credence to such imaginary things as ghosts(Bhuts) and spirits (Preta)."
— Satyarth Prakash
"All alchemists, magicians, sorcerers, wizards, spiritists, etc. are cheats and all their practices should be looked upon as nothing but downright fraud. Young people should be well counseled against all these frauds, in their very childhood, so that they may not suffer through being duped by any unprincipled person."
— Satyarth Prakash

On Astrology, he wrote,

when these ignorant people go to an astrologer and say " O Sir! What is wrong with this person'? He replies "The sun and other stars are maleficent to him. If you were to perform a propitiatory ceremony, or have magic formulas chanted, or prayers said, or specific acts of charity done, he will recover. Otherwise I should not be surprised, even if he were to lose his life after a long period of suffering."

Inquirer - Well, Mr. Astrologer, you know, the sun and other stars are but inanimate things like this earth of ours. They can do nothing but give light, heat, etc. Do you take them for conscious being possessed of human passions, of pleasure and anger, that when offended, bring on pain and misery, and when propitiated, bestow happiness on human beings?

Astrologer - Is it not through the influence of stars, then, that some people are rich and others poor, some are rulers, whilst other are their subjects?

Inq. - No, it is all the result of their deeds….good or bad.

Ast. - Is the Science of stars untrue then?

Inq. - No, that part of it which comprises Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, etc., and which goes by the name of Astronomy is true; but the other part that treats of the influence of stars on human beings and their actions and goes by the name of Astrology is all false.

— Chapter 2.2 Satyarth Prakash

He makes a clear distinction between jyotisha shaastra and astrology and calls astrology as fraud.

"Thereafter, they should thoroughly study the Jyotisha Shaastra - which includes Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Geography, Geology and astronomy in two years. They should also have practical training in these Sciences, learn the proper handling of instruments, master their mechanism, and know how to use them. But they should regard Astrology - which treats of the influence of stars and constellation on the destinies of man, of auspiciousness and nonauspiciousness of time, of horoscopes, etc. - as a fraud, and never learn or teach any books on this subject.
— Under "The scheme of studies" Page 73 of English Version Satyarth Prakash

Views on Other Religions

Dayanand Saraswati is noted to have thoroughly studied about religions other than Hinduism, such as Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Sikhism, and others. He has described these religions in the chapters of his book Satyarth Prakash. However his analysis seemed critical.[22]

Islam

He viewed Islam to be waging wars and immorality. He doubted if Islam has to do anything with the God, as he questioned that why a God would be hating every non-believer, allowing slaughter of animals, non-merciful and command Muhammad to slaughter innocent people, animals.[23]

He further described Muhammad as "imposter", and one who held out "a bait to men and women, in the name of God, to compass his own selfish needs." He regarded Quran as "Not the Word of God. It is a human work. Hence it cannot be believed in."[24]

Christianity

He described Christianity as a "good religion".[25] His analysis of Bible is based on the comparison with scientific evidences, morality, and other properties. He included that Bible contains many stories and precepts that are immoral, praising cruelty, deceit and encouraging sin.[26]

He opposed the perpetual virginity of Mary, he added that such doctrines are simply against the nature of law, and that God will never break his own law because God is Omniscient and infallible.

Sikhism

He regarded Guru Nanak as "not much literate",[27] who was quite ignorant about the Vedas, Sanskrit, the Shashtras- otherwise, according to Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Guru Nanak wouldn't be mistaken with words. A Sikh wrote a response, to which Dayanand Saraswati answered that his opinion had undergone a change after having visited the Punjab, and the remarks about Sikhism would be deleted in the subsequent edition of his work. However, these remarks were never removed after the untimely death of Dayanand Saraswati, and later editions of Satyarth Prakash were even more critical of Sikhism.[28]

He further pointed that followers of Sikhism are to be blamed for making up stories that Guru Nanak possessed miraculous powers and met Gods. He slammed Guru Gobind Singh, and other Gurus to have been "invented fictitious stories", although he also recognized Guru Gobind Singh to be "indeed a very brave man."[29]

Jainism

He regarded Jainism as "a most dreadful religion", he writes that Jains were intolerant and hostile towards the non-Jains.[30]

Buddhism

Dayanand described Buddhism as "anti-vedic" and "atheistic."[31] He noted that the type of "salvation" Buddhism prescribes to, is attainable even to dogs and donkeys. He further criticized the Cosmogony of Buddhism, that earth was not created.

Assassination attempts

Dayananda was subjected to many unsuccessful attempts on his life.[20]

According to his supporters, he was poisoned on few occasions, but due to his regular practice of Hatha Yoga he would succeed to throw out the poison. One story tells that he was once attacked and the attackers tried to drown him to river. Although Dayanand would drag these attackers into river instead and release when they would be near to fully drowned.[32]

Death

In 1883,Swami Dayananda was invited by the Maharaja of Jodhpur to stay at his palace. The Maharaja was eager to become his disciple and learn his teachings. One day Dayananda went to the Maharaja's rest room and saw him with a dance-girl named Nanhi Jaan. Dayananda boldly asked the Maharaja to forsake the girl and all unethical acts and follow dharma like a true Aryan. Dayananda's suggestion offended the dance-girl and she decided to take revenge.[33] She bribed Dayananda's cook and asked him to mix pieces of glass in his milk and give it to Dayanand.[34] On 29 September 1883 while he still was the royal guest of Jaswant Singh II, the cook brought him a glass of milk containing pieces of glass at bedtime. Dayananda drank the milk and went to sleep and as he drank the milk he knew that it had been mixed with glass. He immediately realized that his nerves and veins were cut. Dayananda was bedridden and suffered excruciating pain. Maharaja quickly arranged doctor's services for him. However, by the time doctors arrived, his condition got worse and had bleeding sores. On seeing Dayananda's suffering the cook overcame with unbearable guilt and remorse. He confessed his crime to Dayananda. On his deathbed, Dayananda forgave him and gave him a bag of money and told him to flee the kingdom lest he be found out and executed by the Maharaja's men.[33] Later Maharaja arranged for Swamiji to be sent to Mount Abu upon advice of Residency, however, after staying some time in Abu, Swamji was sent to Ajmer for better medical care on 26 October 1883.[34] There was no improvement in his health and he died on the morning of 30 October 1883 at 6:00 am, chanting mantras. The day coincided with Hindu festival of Diwali.[34]

Legacy

Notable for influencing the freedom movement of India, his views and writings have been used by different writers. Shyamji Krishna Varma, who founded India House in London and guided other revolutionaries was influenced by him. Others who were influenced by him included Subhas Chandra Bose, Lala Lajpat Rai, Madam Cama, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Lala Hardayal, Madan Lal Dhingra, Ram Prasad Bismil, Mahadev Govind Ranade,[7] Swami Shraddhanand, S. Satyamurti, Pandit Lekh Ram, Mahatma Hansraj, Rajiv Dixit and others.

He had notable influence on Bhagat Singh.[35] Singh, after finishing his primary schools, he had joined the Dayanand Anglo Vedic Middle school, of Mohan Lal road, in Lahore.[36] Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, on Shivratri day, on 24 February 1964, said about him:-

Swami Dayananda ranked highest among the makers of modern India. He had worked tirelessly for the political, religious and cultural emancipation of the country. He was guided by reason, taking Hinduism back to the Vedic foundations. He had tried to reform society with a clean sweep, which was again need today. Some of the reforms introduced in the Indian Constitution had been inspired by his teachings.[37]

Industrialist Nanji Kalidas Mehta built the Maharshi Dayanand Science College and donated it to the Education Society of Porbandar and named it after Swami Dayanand Saraswati, to keep people alive of memory of great saint of India.

It has been noted, that he had branches across the country within his period. The places Dayanand had visited in his life were remarked to have been culturally changed. Jodhpur had adopted Hindi as main language, and later the present day Rajasthan adopted the as same.[38] Other admirers included Swami Vivekananda,[39] Ramakrishna,[40] Bipin Chandra Pal,[41] Vallabhbhai Patel,[42] Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Romain Rolland, regarded him as one of the remarkable and unique figure.[43]

American Spiritualist Andrew Jackson Davis described Dayanand's influence on him, he called Dayanand a "Son of God", and applauded him for restoring the status of the Nation.[44] Sten Konow, a Swedish scholar noted that Dayanand Saraswati revived the historicity of India, and discovered the very less known about the Indian society.[45]

Others who were notably influenced by him, includes Ninian Smart, Benjamin Walker among others.[46]

Works

Dayananda Saraswati wrote more than 60 works in all, including a 16 volume explanation of the six Vedangas, an incomplete commentary on the Ashtadhyayi (Panini's grammar), several small tracts on ethics and morality, Vedic rituals and sacraments and on analysis of rival doctrines (such as Advaita Vedanta, Islam and Christianity). Some of his major works are Satyarth Prakash, Sanskarvidhi, RigvedadiBhashyaBhumika, Rigved Bhashyam (up to 7/61/2)and Yajurved Bhashyam. The Paropakarini Sabha located in the Indian city of Ajmer was founded by the Swami himself to publish and preach his works and Vedic texts.

Complete list of his works

  1. Sandhya (Unavailable) (1863)
  2. Bhagwat Khandnam OR Paakhand Khandan OR Vaishnavmat Khandan (1866)[47]
  3. Advaitmat Khandan (Unavailable) (1870)
  4. Panchmahayajya Vidhi (1874 & 1877)
  5. Satyarth Prakash (1875 & 1884)
  6. VedantiDhwant Nivaran (1875)
  7. Vedviruddh mat Khandan OR Vallabhacharya mat Khandan (1875)
  8. ShikshaPatri Dhwant Nivaran OR SwamiNarayan mat Khandan (1875)
  9. VedBhashyam Namune ka PRATHAM Ank (1875)
  10. VedBhashyam Namune ka DWITIYA Ank (1876)
  11. Aryabhivinaya (Incomplete) (1876)
  12. Sanskarvidhi (1877 & 1884)
  13. AaryoddeshyaRatnaMaala (1877)
  14. RigvedAadibBhasyaBhumika (1878)
  15. Rigved Bhashyam (7/61/1,2 only) (Incomplete) (1877 to 1899)
  16. Yajurved Bhashyam (Complete) (1878 to 1889)
  17. Asthadhyayi Bhashya (2 Parts) (Incomplete) (1878 to 1879)
  1. Vedang Prakash (Set of 16 Books)
    1. Varnoccharan Shiksha (1879)
    2. Sanskrit Vakyaprabodhini (1879)
    3. VyavaharBhanu (1879)
    4. Sandhi Vishay
    5. Naamik
    6. Kaarak
    7. Saamaasik
    8. Taddhit
    9. Avyayaarth
    10. Aakhyatik
    11. Sauvar
    12. PaariBhaasik
    13. Dhatupath
    14. Ganpaath
    15. Unaadikosh
    16. Nighantu
  1. Gautam Ahilya ki katha (Unavailable) (1879)
  2. Bhrantinivaran (1880)
  3. Bhrmocchedan (1880)
  4. AnuBhrmocchedan (1880)
  5. GokarunaNidhi (1880)
  6. Chaturved Vishay Suchi (1971)
  7. Gadarbh Taapni Upnishad (As per Babu Devendranath Mukhopadhyay) (Unavailable)
  8. Hugli Shastrarth tatha Pratima Pujan Vichar (1873)
  9. Jaalandhar Shastrarth (1877)
  10. Satyasatya Vivek (Bareily Shastrarth) (1879)
  11. Satyadharm Vichar (Mela Chandapur) (1880)
  12. Kashi Shastrarth (1880) Note:- For other miscellaneous Shastrarth please read 1.Dayanand Shastrarth Sangrah published by Arsh Sahitya Prachar Trust, Delhi and 2. Rishi Dayanand ke Shastrarth evam Pravachan published by Ramlal Kapoor Trust Sonipat (Haryana).
  13. Arya Samaj ke Niyam aur Upniyam (30 November 1874)
  14. Updesh Manjari (Puna Pravachan) (4 July 1875) (Please see point 2 of note for some more Pravachan)
  15. Swami Dayanand dwara swakathit Janm Charitra (During Puna pravachan) (4 August 1875)
  16. Swami Dayanand dwara swakathit Janm Charitra, for the Theosophist Society's monthly Journal: Nov & 1 Dec
  17. Rishi Dayanand ke Patra aur Vigyapan

References

  1. ↑ Aurobindo Ghosh, Bankim Tilak Dayanand (Calcutta 1947 p1)"Lokmanya Tilak also said that Swami Dayanand was the first who proclaimed Swarajya for Bharatpita i.e.India."
  2. ↑ Dayanand Saraswati Commentary on Yajurved (Lazarus Press Banaras 1876)
  3. ↑ Radhakrishnan, S. (2005). Living with a Purpose. Orient Paperbacks. p. 34. ISBN 81-222-0031-1.
  4. ↑ Kumar, Raj (2003). "5. Swami Dayananda Saraswati: Life and Works". Essays on modern Indian Abuse. Discovery Publishing House. p. 62. ISBN 81-7141-690-X.
  5. ↑ Salmond, Noel Anthony (2004). "3. Dayananda Saraswati". Hindu iconoclasts: Rammohun Roy, Dayananda Sarasvati and nineteenth-century polemics against idolatry. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-88920-419-5.
  6. ↑ "Gurudatta Vidyarthi". Aryasamaj. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  7. 1 2 "Mahadev Govind Ranade: Emancipation of women". Isrj.net. 17 May 1996. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  8. ↑ "Lala Lajpat Rai". culturalindia.net. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  9. ↑ Lala Lajpat Rai (Indian writer, politician and Escort) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  10. ↑ Johnson, K. Paul (1994). The masters revealed: Madam Blavatsky and the myth of the Great White Lodge. SUNY Press. p. 107. ISBN 0-7914-2063-9.
  11. ↑ "Contemporary Hinduism". google.co.in. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  12. ↑ Sinhal, Meenu (2009). Swami Dayanand Saraswati. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 3. ISBN 81-8430-017-4.
  13. ↑ Garg, Ganga Ram (1986). "1. Life and Teachings". World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati. Concept Publishing Company. p. 4.
  14. ↑ "Dayanand Saraswati". iloveindia.com. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  15. ↑ "Swami Dayanand Saraswati". culturalindia.net. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  16. ↑ "Sarasvati, Dayananda - World Religions Reference Library". World Religions Reference Library  – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . 1 January 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  17. ↑ "Swami Dayananda Sarasvati by V. Sundaram". Boloji. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  18. ↑ Light of Truth at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 October 2009)
  19. ↑ "Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism", p. 38, by P. L. John Panicker
  20. 1 2 "The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers", by Clifford Sawhney, p. 123
  21. ↑ "Swami Dayanand Saraswati", by Meenu Sinhal, p. 17
  22. ↑ "Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism", p.30-40
  23. ↑ Title = "Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research, Volume 19, Issue 1", publisher = ICPR, year = 2002, page = 73
  24. ↑ Saraswati, Dayanand (1875). "An Examination Of The Doctrine Of Islam". Satyarth Prakash (The Light of Truth). Varanasi, India: Star Press. pp. 672–683. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  25. ↑ "Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism", by P. L. John Panicker, p. 39, year = 2006
  26. ↑ "Dayānanda Sarasvatī, his life and ideas", p. 267, by J. T. F. Jordens
  27. ↑ Satyarth Prakash 2nd Edition Chapter 11>"Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab ..., Volume 1", p. 15, by Ram Narayan Kumar
  28. ↑ "Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh". sikhinstitute.org. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  29. ↑ "God save India", p. 9, by V. S. Godbole
  30. ↑ Panicker, P. L. John (2006). Gandhi on Pluralism and Communalism. ISPCK. p. 39.
  31. ↑ "Hindu Nationalists of Modern India", page. 14
  32. ↑ "Remembering Our Leaders: Dayanand Saraswati" by A.K. Srikumar", p. 60
  33. 1 2 Dr.Krant'M.L.Verma Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas (Volume-2) Page-347
  34. 1 2 3 World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati By Gaṅgā Rām Garg :pp 96-98
  35. ↑ "Swami Dayanand Saraswati", by Dhanpati Pandey, p. 8, year = 1985
  36. ↑ Encyclopaedia of eminent thinkers, Volume 7, by K. S. Bharath, p. 188
  37. ↑ "World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswati", p. 198
  38. ↑ "Perspectives on Ethnicity" by Regina E. Holloman, Serghei A. Arutiunov, p. 344-345
  39. ↑ "Contemporary Indian Philosophy" By Basant Kumar Lal p. 3
  40. ↑ "Ramakrishna and His Disciples", by Christopher Isherwood, p. 159
  41. ↑ "Indian religious historiography, Volume 1", by Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya, p. 58
  42. ↑ "Swami Dayananda Sarasvati: A Study of His Life and Work", p. 327, by Krishan Singh Arya, P. D. Shastri
  43. ↑ "Resurgent India", by Sisirkumar Mitra, Aurobindo Ghose, year = 1963, p. 166
  44. ↑ Beyond the Valley: A Sequel to "The Magic Staff", by Andrew Jackson, p. 383
  45. ↑ "Dayanand Commemoration Volume: A Homage to Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati, from India and the World, in Celebration of the Dayanand Nirvana Ardha Shatabdi", p. 164, year = 1933
  46. ↑ Ninian Smart & Benjamin Walker were influenced by Dayananda Saraswati
  47. ↑ "Bhagwat Khandan - Swami Dayanand Saraswati". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 January 2016.

Further reading

Footnotes

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/2/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.