Timeline of Liverpool

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Liverpool, England.

Prior to 18th century

• 1089. The West Derby Hundred is recorded in the Domesday Book^[1]
• 1207 Liverpool founded by King John.^[2]
  • Market active.^[3]
• 1292 – John De More becomes mayor.
• 1298 – Liverpool fair active.^[3]
• 1349 - The Black Death Plague hits Liverpool.^[4]
• 1424 - Riots between the rival Stanley and Molyneux families near Liverpool Castle.^[5]
• 1598 – Speke Hall (house) built.
• 1662 – Population: 775.^[6]
• 1644 – Town besieged by forces of Prince Rupert of the Rhine.^[7]
• 1674 – Town Hall rebuilt.^[6]

18th century

• 1700
  • Liverpool Merchant slave ship begins operating.^[8]
  • Population: 5,714.^[6]
• 1702 – Croxteth Hall (house) built.
• 1704 – Woolton Hall (house) built.
• 1708 – Blue Coat School founded.^[6]
• 1717 – Bluecoat Chambers built.
• 1718 – Blue Coat hospital opens.^[9]
• 1720 – Population: 10,446.^[10]
• 1722 – Ranelagh Gardens open.
• 1749 – Royal Infirmary opens.^[9]
• 1753 – Salthouse Dock opens.^[7]
• 1754 – Liverpool Town Hall built.^[9]
• 1756 – Liverpool Advertiser newspaper begins publication.^[11]
• 1758 – Circulating library established.^[12]
• 1766 - City directory published.^[13]
• 1771
  • Bidston lighthouse built.^[7]
  • George's Dock opens.
• 1772 – Theatre built.^[6]
• 1779 – Medical Library founded.^[6]
• 1784 - Liverpool Musical Festival begins.^[14]
• 1788 – St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church built.
• 1790
  • Lime Street laid out.
  • Consulate of the United States, Liverpool established.
• 1791 – School for the Blind founded.^[6]
• 1792 – Trinity Church consecrated.
• 1797 – Liverpool Athenaeum founded.

19th century

1800s-1840s

Map of Liverpool, 1836

• 1801 – Population: 77,653.^[10]
• 1802 – Liverpool Library founded.^[15]
• 1803 – Botanical Gardens open.^[16]
• 1805 - Extension to Liverpool Town Hall completed providing Main Ballroom and Council Chamber
• 1807 – Liverpool Cricket Club formed.
• 1809 – Exchange Buildings constructed.^[6]
• 1810 – Borough Gaol built.^[6]
• 1812 – Literary and Philosophical Society founded.
• 1815 – Manchester Dock built.
• 1816 – Leeds and Liverpool Canal constructed.^[6]
• 1817 – Liverpool Royal Institution established.^[9][17]
• 1822 – Apprentices' Library founded.^[6]
• 1823 – Marine Humane Society founded.^[16]
• 1825 – Liverpool Mechanics' School of Arts^[6] and Philomathic Society^[11] established.
• 1826 – St James Cemetery laid out.
• 1827 – Law Society established.^[11]
• 1828 – Borough Sessions House built.^[6]
• 1829 – Canning Dock opens.^[18]
• 1830
  • Liverpool and Manchester Railway begins operating.^[6][19]
  • Liver Theatre active.^[20]
• 1831 – Population: 165,175.^[6]
• 1832
  • Church of St Luke built.
  • John Swire and Sons in business.^[17]
• 1833 – Zoological gardens open.^[11]
• 1835 – City boundaries expand.^[9]
• 1835 - First elected Town Council replaces Common Council.
• 1836
  • Liverpool Anti-Slavery Society active (approximate date).
  • Literary, Scientific and Commercial Institution^[6] and Liverpool Town Borough Police established.
  • Liverpool Lime Street railway station opens to the public.
• 1837 – Liverpool Chess Club formed.^[21]
• 1838 – Brougham Institute^[6] and Polytechnic Society established.^[11]
• 1839
  • Customs House built.^[6]
  • Northern Mechanics' Institution and Tradesmen's Institution founded.^[6]
• 1840
  • Liverpool College^[22] and Liverpool Philharmonic Society^[14] founded.
  • Cunard's steamship Britannia sails from Liverpool to Boston.^[23]
• 1842
  • St. Francis Xavier's College established.^[22]
  • Robertson Gladstone becomes mayor.
• 1843 – Princes Park laid out.^[9]
• 1844 – Canning Half Tide Dock opens.^[18]
• 1845 – Liverpool Observatory built.^[11]
• 1846 – Albert Dock opens.^[24]
• 1848
  • Liverpool Financial Reform Association; Architectural and Archaeological Society;^[11][25] and Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire formed.^[11]
  • Cope Bros & Co in business.
  • Church of Saint Francis Xavier consecrated.
• 1849 – Philharmonic Hall opens.

1850s-1890s

• 1850 – Catholic Institute established.^[22]
• 1851
  • Derby Museum opens.
  • Balfour Williamson in business.
• 1852
  • African Steamship Company in business.
  • Liverpool Free Public Library^[26] and sailors' home^[9] open.
  • Hebrews' Educational Institution founded.^[11]
• 1854 – St George's Hall built.^[9]
• 1855 – February: Economic unrest.^[16]
• 1856 – Lewis's shop in business.
• 1857 – Mersey Docks & Harbour Board established.^[27]
• 1859 – Thomas Royden & Sons in business.
• 1860 – William Brown Library and Museum building opens.^[26]
• 1862 – Grand Olympic Festival begins.
• 1863 – Liverpool Amateur Photographic Association founded.^[28]
• 1864 – Oriel Chambers built.
• 1866 – Star Music Hall opens.
• 1867 – Alliance Israélite Universelle branch founded.^[29]
• 1868
  • Elder Dempster and Company in business.
  • Newsham Park opens.
• 1869 – Fowler's Buildings constructed.
• 1870
  • Stanley Park opens.
  • Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas built.
  • Incorporated Society of Liverpool Accountants formed.
• 1871 – North Western Hotel built.
• 1872
  • Sefton Park opens.^[9]
  • Midland Railway Goods Warehouse built.
• 1874
  • Liverpool Central railway station opens.
  • Liverpool Institute High School for Girls established.
  • Princes Road Synagogue consecrated.
• 1877 – Walker Art Gallery opens.
• 1878 Everton football club founded
• 1879
  • Picton Reading Room built.^[26]
  • Liverpool Echo newspaper begins publication.^[30]
  • Salvation Army active.^[31]
• 1880
  • Liverpool attains city status.
  • Aigburth Cricket Ground built.
• 1881 – University College Liverpool chartered.^[9]
• 1884
  • Anfield (athletic space) opens.^[32]
  • County Sessions House, Gustav Adolf Church, and Picton Clock Tower built.
• 1886
  • Mersey Railway Tunnel opens;^[9] Mersey Railway (Birkenhead-Liverpool) begins operating.
  • Liverpool and Birkenhead Women's Peace and Arbitration Association organized.^[33]
• 1887 – Liverpool Muslim Institute founded.
• 1888 – Shakespeare Theatre opens.^[20]
• 1890
  • Liverpool Union of Girls' Clubs formed.^[34]
  • Bowes Museum of Japanese Art Work opens.^[35]
• 1892
  • Goodison Park (athletic field) inaugurated.
  • Victoria Building, University of Liverpool constructed.
  • Robert Durning Holt becomes mayor.
  • Liverpool Football Club formed.
• 1893 – Liverpool Overhead Railway begins operating.
• 1895 – City boundaries expand.^[9]
• 1897 – Gregson Memorial Institute built.^[17]
• 1898
  • Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine founded.^[17]
  • White Star Building constructed.
• 1899 – Liverpool University Press founded.

20th century

1900s-1940s

• 1901 – Population: 684,958.^[9]
• 1902
  • City boundaries expand.^[9]
  • Sefton Park Gazette begins publication.^[36]
• 1904 Foundation stone of the Anglican Cathedral is laid by King Edward VII.
• 1906 – Liverpool Cotton Exchange Building constructed.
• 1907
  • August: 700th anniversary of city founding.^[37]
  • Dock Office built.^[38]
• 1908 – Meccano Ltd in business.
• 1909 – June: Catholic-Protestant conflict.^[39]
• 1911
  • 1911 Liverpool general transport strike.
  • Royal Liver Building constructed.
  • Rodewald Concert Society founded.
• 1912 – Lime Street Picture House opens.^[40]
• 1913 – Crane's Music Hall opens.
• 1914 – Adelphi Hotel opens.
• 1917
  • Cunard Building constructed.^[17]
  • Liverpool Commercial Reference Library opens.^[41]
• 1919 – Racial conflict.^[42]
• 1922 – African Churches Mission, and African and West Indian Mission organized.^[43]
• 1925 – Empire Theatre opens.
• 1930 – Speke Airport begins operating.
• 1931 – Population 855,688.^[44] This would be the peak size of Liverpool's population.
• 1934 – Queensway Tunnel, Walton Hall Park, and Paramount Theatre^[40] open.
• 1940 – August: Aerial bombing by German forces begins.
• 1942 – January: Aerial bombing by German forces ends.
• 1944 – Merseyside Unity Theatre active.

1950s-1990s

• 1952 – City twinned with Cologne, Germany.
• 1953 – Liverpool Muslim Society founded.
• 1957
  • The Cavern Club opens as a jazz club.
  • The Quarrymen, a skiffle group which is the predecessor of The Beatles, play their first gigs and Paul McCartney joins them.
• 1960 – The Beatles pop group first performs under this name, initially as The Beatals.
• 1961 – Mersey Beat begins publication.
• 1964 – Everyman Theatre founded.
• 1967
  • The Mersey Sound (book) anthology of Liverpool poets published.^[45]
  • Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral built.
• 1968 – Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive established.
• 1969
  • Radio City Tower built.
  • St. John's Shopping Centre and Clayton Square Shopping Centre in business.
• 1970 – Harrison Barnard & Co. headquartered in city.
• 1971 – Kingsway Tunnel opens.
• 1972 – Seaforth Dock opens near city in the area of Seaforth, Lancashire.
• 1974
  • City becomes a metropolitan borough within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside; Merseyside County Council established.
  • Post & Echo Building and New Hall Place constructed.
  • Al-Rahma Mosque established.
• 1978 – Construction of the Anglican Cathedral is completed.
• 1980 – Merseyside Maritime Museum opens.^[46]
• 1981 – July: Toxteth riots.^[47]
• 1984 – International Garden Festival held.
• 1988 – Tate Liverpool (museum) opens.
• 1989- Hillsborough Disaster
• 1991 – Population: 452,450 residents.^[48]
• 1992
  • Africa Oyé music festival begins.
  • Liverpool Community College established.
• 1993
  • Museum of Liverpool Life opens.
  • Liverpool Mathew Street Music Festival begins.^[49]
• 1995 – Liverpool dockers' strike begins.^[50]
• 1996 – National Conservation Centre opens.
• 1998 – Mike Storey becomes Liverpool City Council leader.
• 1999 – Liverpool Biennial begins.

21st century

• 2001 – Liverpool Wall of Fame unveiled.
• 2004
  • Liverpool Culture Company formed.
  • Homotopia (festival) begins.
• 2006 – Liverpool Science Park and Royal Standard art gallery established.^[51]
• 2007
  • International Slavery Museum opens.
  • West Tower built.
  • Liverpool Shakespeare Festival begins.
• 2008
  • City designated an European Capital of Culture.
  • Echo Arena Liverpool, BT Convention Centre, and Liverpool One open.
  • One Park West and Alexandra Tower built.
• 2010 – National Oceanography Centre established.
• 2011 – Museum of Liverpool opens.
• 2012 – Joe Anderson becomes mayor.^[52]

See also

• History of Liverpool
• List of Lord Mayors of Liverpool

References

1. http://historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-domesday-book-text/
2. http://historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-king-john-charter-1207-text/
3. Samantha Letters (2005), "Lancashire", Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516, Institute of Historical Research, Centre for Metropolitan History
4. http://historyofliverpool.com/liverpool-black-death-plague/
5. Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby
6. Edwin Butterworth (1841). "Liverpool". Statistical Sketch of the County Palatine of Lancaster. London: Longman & Co.
7. "Annals of Liverpool", The Stranger in Liverpool: or, An historical and descriptive view of the town of Liverpool and its environs (10th ed.), Liverpool: Thomas Kaye, 1833
8. "Liverpool Slave Trade." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 468-469. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Oct. 2013
9. "Liverpool", The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
10. David Brewster, ed. (1832). "Liverpool". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Philadelphia: Joseph and Edward Parker.
11. Edward Baines (1870). John Harland, ed. History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster. 2. London: Routledge.
12. "Circulating Libraries", All the Year Round (282), 26 May 1894
13. A. V. Williams (1913). Development and Growth of City Directories. Cincinnati, USA.
14. Claude Egerton Lowe (1896). "Chronological Summary of the Chief Events in the History of Music". Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. London: Weekes & Co.
15. Catalogue of the Liverpool Library, at the Lyceum. 1814.
16. George Henry Townsend (1867), "Liverpool", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
17. University Library. "Collection Descriptions". Special Collections & Archives. University of Liverpool. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
18. William Farrer, J. Brownbill, ed. (1911), "Liverpool: the Docks", A History of the County of Lancaster, 4, retrieved 2 September 2013
19. William Toone (1835). Chronological Historian. 2 (2nd ed.). London: J. Dowding.
20. R.J. Broadbent (1908), Annals of the Liverpool Stage, Liverpool: E. Howell
21. Liverpool Chess Club: a Short Sketch of the Club, 1893
22. Michael E. Sadler (1904), Report on Secondary Education in Liverpool, London
23. "Cunard Steam-Ship Company", New York Times, 25 July 1880
24. Edward Baines (1893). "Liverpool Parish". In John Harland. History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster. 5.
25. "About the LAS". Liverpool Architectural Society. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
26. Peter Cowell (1903), Liverpool Public Libraries: a History of Fifty years, Liverpool: Free Public Library, OCLC 4319003
27. Adrian Jarvis (1994). "The Port of Liverpool and the shipowners in the late 19th century". The Great Circle. Australian Association for Maritime History. 16. JSTOR 41562879.
28. "Photographic Societies of the British Isles and Colonies", International Annual of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin, New York: E. & H. T. Anthony & Company, 1891
29. "History of the Liverpool Jewish Community", Jewish World], London, August 1877
30. "Liverpool", Willing's Press Guide, London: James Willing, Jr., 1904
31. Norman H. Murdoch (1992). "Salvation Army Disturbances in Liverpool, England, 1879–1887". Journal of Social History. 25. JSTOR 3789029.
32. "Anfield: Timeline of Liverpool's famous home". The Independent. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
33. Sandi E. Cooper (1991). "Peace Societies". Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815-1914. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536343-2.
34. Emma Latham (2000). "The Liverpool Boys' Association and the Liverpool Union of Youth Clubs: Youth Organizations and Gender, 1940-70". Journal of Contemporary History. 35. JSTOR 261029.
35. James Lord Bowes (1894), Handbook to the Bowes Museum of Japanese Art-Work, Streatlam Towers, Liverpool, OCLC 27521645
36. "Liverpool (England) Newspapers". Main Catalogue. British Library. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
37. Liverpool's 700th Anniversary Celebrations: Words and Music, 1907
38. Peter De Figueiredo (2003), "Symbols of Empire: The Buildings of the Liverpool Waterfront", Architectural History, 46, JSTOR 1568808
39. Paul Coslett (2009). "The Belfast of England". Liverpool: History. BBC. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
40. "Movie Theaters in Liverpool". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
41. Handbook to the Commercial Reference Library, Liverpool, 1920
42. Alfred B. Zack-Williams (1997). "African Diaspora Conditioning: The Case of Liverpool". Journal of Black Studies. 27: 528–542. doi:10.1177/002193479702700405. JSTOR 2784729.
43. Carlton E. Wilson (1992). "Racism and Private Assistance: The Support of West Indian and African Missions in Liverpool, England, during the Interwar Years". African Studies Review. 35. JSTOR 524870. line feed character in |title= at position 93 (help)
44. The Population of Liverpool Exemplified (1st http://www.liv.ac.uk/mcs/lfs/docs/lplcityregpopsummary1004.pdf ed.), Liverpool: Liverpool John Moores University, 2010
45. Gascoigne, Bamber. "Timelines: Liverpool". History World. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
46. Couch, Chris; Farr, Sarah-Jane (2000). "Museums, Galleries, Tourism and Regeneration: Some Experiences from Liverpool". Built Environment. 26. JSTOR 23288855.
47. "1945 to present". British History Timeline. BBC. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
48. "Census Information Index". City of Liverpool Internet. City of Liverpool. Archived from the original on 11 February 1998. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
49. "Mathew Street Festival axed and replaced by new Liverpool International Music Festival", Liverpool Echo, 19 February 2013
50. Mukul (1998), "Liverpool Dockers; Making and Un-Making of a Struggle", Economic and Political Weekly, 33, JSTOR 4406925
51. "United Kingdom". Art Spaces Directory. New York: New Museum. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
52. "British Mayors". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 1 September 2013.

Further reading

Published in the 18th century

• Liverpool Directory, for the Year 1766. Liverpool: Printed by W. Nevett and Co. for J. Gore.
• William Enfield (1774), An essay towards the history of Leverpool (2nd ed.), London: J. Johnson
• W. Bailey (1781). "Liverpool Directory". Bailey's Northern Directory. Warrington: Printed by William Ashton.
• William Moss (1796). Liverpool Guide. Liverpool: Crane and Jones.
• James Wallace (1796), A general and descriptive history of the ancient and present state, of the town of Liverpool, Liverpool: J. McCreery

Published in the 19th century

1800s-1840s

• "Liverpool", Kearsley's Traveller's Entertaining Guide through Great Britain, London: George Kearsley, 1803
• John Britton (1807), "Liverpool", Beauties of England and Wales, 9, London: Vernor, Hood & Sharpe
• Picture of Liverpool; or, Stranger's Guide (2nd ed.), Liverpool: Printed by Jones and Wright, and sold by Woodward and Alderson, 1808
• John Corry (1810), The history of Liverpool, from the earliest authenticated period down to the present time, Liverpool: William Robinson
• "Liverpool". Commercial Directory for 1818-19-20. Manchester: James Pigot. 1818.
• Robert Watt (1824). "Liverpool". Bibliotheca Britannica. 4. Edinburgh: A. Constable. OCLC 961753.
• Henry Smithers (1825), Liverpool, its Commerce, Statistics, and Institutions, Liverpool: Printed by T. Kaye, OCLC 4587553
• "Liverpool". Pigot & Co.'s National Commercial Directory for 1828-9. London: James Pigot.
• "Liverpool", Cities and Principal Towns of the World, Cabinet Cyclopaedia, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, 1830, OCLC 2665202
• Stephen Reynolds Clarke (1830), "Liverpool", New Lancashire Gazetteer, London: H. Teesdale and Co., OCLC 6704104
• Gore's Directory and View of Liverpool (PDF). Liverpool: J. and J. Mawdsley. 1834. External link in |publisher= (help)
• "Liverpool". Cornish's Grand Junction, and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Companion. Birmingham: J. Cornish. 1837. External link in |publisher= (help)
• Picture of Liverpool. Liverpool: T. Taylor. 1837.
• Francis Coghlan (1838). "Liverpool". Iron Road Book and Railway Companion from London to Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool. London: A.H. Baily & Co.
• Arthur Freeling (1838), "Liverpool Guide", Freeling's Grand Junction Railway Companion to Liverpool, Manchester, and Birmingham, H. Lacey
• "Liverpool", Osborne's Guide to the Grand Junction, Or Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester Railway, Birmingham: E.C. & W. Osborne, 1838
• "Liverpool", Leigh's New Pocket Road-Book of England and Wales (7th ed.), London: Leigh and Son, 1839
• Liverpool as It Is. 1840.
• Alexander Brown (1843), Smith's Strangers' Guide to Liverpool, Liverpool: Benjamin Smith
• John Thomson (1845), "Liverpool", New Universal Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary, London: H.G. Bohn
• "Liverpool". Slater's National Commercial Directory of Ireland; including ... English Towns of Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, West Bromwich, Leeds, Sheffield and Bristol, and in Scotland, those of Glasgow and Paisley. Manchester: I. Slater. 1846.
• Samuel Lewis (1848), "Liverpool", Topographical Dictionary of England (7th ed.), London: S. Lewis and Co.

1850s-1890s

• Thomas Baines (1852). History of the Commerce and Town of Liverpool. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
• "Liverpool", Black's Picturesque Tourist and Road-book of England and Wales (3rd ed.), Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1853
• Richard Brooke (1853), Liverpool as it was during the last quarter of the eighteenth century. 1775 to 1800, Liverpool: J. Mawdsley and Son, OCLC 4612147
• Thomas Baines (1859), Liverpool in 1859, London: Longman
• George Measom (1859), "Liverpool", Official Illustrated Guide to the North-Western Railway, London: W.H. Smith and Son
• Recollections of old Liverpool, Liverpool: J. F. Hughes, 1863
• A. Green & Co.'s Directory for Liverpool and Birkenhead, 1870
• James Stonehouse (c. 1870). Streets of Liverpool. Liverpool: E. Howell.
• Black's Guide to Liverpool, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1871
• "Liverpool Section". Commercial Directory and Shippers' Guide (3rd ed.). Liverpool: R.E. Fulton & Co. 1871.
• James Picton (1875), Memorials of Liverpool, London: Longmans, Green v.2
• "Liverpool", Official Guide and Album of the Cunard Steamship Company, S. Sharpe, 1877
• John Parker Anderson (1881), "Lancashire: Liverpool", Book of British Topography: a Classified Catalogue of the Topographical Works in the Library of the British Museum Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, London: W. Satchell
• Lewis's Handy Guide to Liverpool and Neighbourhood. Liverpool: Lewis's. 1884.
• Liverpool a few years since (3rd ed.), Liverpool: A. Holden, 1885
• City of Liverpool: Municipal archives and records, from A. D. 1700 to the passing of the municipal reform act, 1835, Liverpool: G. G. Walmsley, 1886
• Frederick Dolman (1895), "Liverpool", Municipalities at Work: the Municipal Policy of Six Great Towns and its Influence on their Social Welfare, London: Methuen & Co., OCLC 8429493

Published in the 20th century

1900s-1940s

• Ramsay Muir (1907), A History of Liverpool (2nd ed.), London: Pub. for the University Press of Liverpool by Williams & Norgate
• George T. Shaw; Isabella Shaw, eds. (1907). Liverpool's First Directory. A Reprint of the Names and Addresses from Gore's Directory for 1766. Liverpool: Henry Young & Sons.
• Robert Donald, ed. (1907). "Liverpool". Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom for 1907. London: Edward Lloyd.
• William Dean Howells (1909), "A Modest Liking for Liverpool", Seven English Cities, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "Liverpool", Great Britain (7th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910
• Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Liverpool", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
• William Farrer; J. Brownbill, eds. (1911). "History of the County of Lancaster". Victoria County History. University of London, Institute of Historical Research. (includes Liverpool)

1950s-1990s

• Richard Hawes (1998). "Municipal Regulation of Smoke Pollution in Liverpool, 1853–1866". Environment and History. 4. JSTOR 20723060.

Published in the 21st century

• Richard Lawton (2002). "Components of demographic change in a rapidly growing port-city: the case of Liverpool in the nineteenth century". In Richard Lawton and W. Robert Lee. Population and Society in Western European Port Cities, c.1650-1939. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-435-7.
• John Belchem (2007). Irish, Catholic and Scouse: The History of the Liverpool-Irish, 1800–1939. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

External links

• "Liverpool". Port Cities UK. UK: New Opportunities Fund. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012.
• Caryl Williams. "History Timeline". Old Liverpool. UK.
• "Lancashire", Historical Directories, UK: University of Leicester. Includes digitized directories of Liverpool, various dates
• Digital Public Library of America. Works related to Liverpool, various dates
• "(Liverpool)". Discovering Britain: Walks: North West England. Royal Geographical Society. c. 2013.

Coordinates: 53°24′N 3°00′W / 53.4°N 3°W