United States Senate elections, 1874 and 1875

Dates vary by state
(And other dates for special elections)

25 of the 74 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections) 38 seats needed for a majority

	Majority party	Minority party

Party	Republican	Democratic
Seats before	52	19
Seats won	10	14
Seats after	42	28
Seat change	10	9
Seats up	20	5

	Third party	Fourth party

Party	Liberal Republican	Anti-Monopoly
Seats before	2	0
Seats won	0	1
Seats after	2	1
Seat change		1
Seats up	0	0

Majority Party before election

Republican

Elected Majority Party

Republican

The United States Senate elections of 1874 and 1875 had the Democratic Party gain nine seats in the United States Senate from the Republican Party (the party of incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant). Republicans remained in the majority, however.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the seventeenth amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results summary

Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.

Parties		Democratic	Republican	Liberal Republican	Anti- Monopoly	Total
Parties						Total
Before these elections		19	52	2	0	73
Not up		14	32	2	—	48
	Class 2 (1870/71)	9	15	1	—	25
	Class 3 (1872/73)	5	17	1	—	31
Up		5	22	1	—	36
	General: Class 1	5	20	—	—	25
	Special: Class 1	0	1	1	—	2
	Special: Class 2	0	1	—	—	1

Incumbent retired		2	11	—	—	13
	Held by same party	1	4	—	—	5
	Replaced by other party	7 Republicans replaced by 7 Democrats 1 Democrat replaced by 1 Anti-Monopolist				8
	Result	8	4	—	1	13
Incumbent's intent unknown		1	4	—	—	5
	Held by same party	1	2	—	—	3
	Replaced by other party	2 Republicans replaced by 2 Democrats				2
	Result	3	2	—	—	5
Incumbent ran		2	5	—	—	7
	Won re-election	2	2	—	—	4
	Lost re-election	1 Republican replaced by 1 Democrat				1
	Lost renomination but held by same party	—	2	—	—	2
	Result	3	4	—	—	7

Total elected		14	10	—	1	25
Net change		9	10	—	1	9

Result		28	42	2	1	73

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

After the April 17, 1874 special election in Massachusetts.

R₄₇ Retired	R₄₆ Retired	R₄₅ Retired	R₄₄ Retired	R₄₃ Retired	R₄₂ Retired	R₄₁ Unknown	R₄₀ Unknown	R₃₉ Unknown	R₃₈ Unknown
D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅ Ran	D₁₆ Ran	D₁₇ Unknown
R₄₈ Retired	R₄₉ Retired	R₅₀ Retired	R₅₁ Retired	R₅₂ Retired	LR₁	LR₂	V₁	D₁₉ Retired	D₁₈ Retired
Majority →									R₃₇ Ran
R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃ Ran	R₃₄ Ran	R₃₅ Ran	R₃₆ Ran
R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈
R₈	R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇
R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Result of the elections

D₂₇ Gain	D₂₆ Gain	D₂₅ Gain	D₂₄ Gain	D₂₃ Gain	D₂₂ Gain	D₂₁ Gain	D₂₀ Gain	D₁₉ Gain	D₁₈ Hold
D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅ Re-elected	D₁₆ Re-elected	D₁₇ Hold
D₂₈ Gain	AM₁ Gain	V₁	LR₂	LR₁	R₄₂ Hold	R₄₁ Hold	R₄₀ Hold	R₃₉ Hold	R₃₈ Hold
Majority →									R₃₇ Hold
R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃ Re-elected	R₃₄ Re-elected	R₃₅ Hold	R₃₆ Hold
R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈
R₈	R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇
R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Beginning of the next Congress

D₇	D₆	D₅	D₄	D₃	D₂	D₁
D₈	D₉	D₁₀	D₁₁	D₁₂	D₁₃	D₁₄	D₁₅	D₁₆	D₁₇
D₂₇	D₂₆	D₂₅	D₂₄	D₂₃	D₂₂	D₂₁	D₂₀	D₁₉	D₁₈
D₂₈	AM₁	V₁	R₄₄ Change	R₄₃ Change	R₄₂	R₄₁	R₄₀	R₃₉	R₃₈
Majority →									R₃₇
R₂₈	R₂₉	R₃₀	R₃₁	R₃₂	R₃₃	R₃₄	R₃₅	R₃₆
R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅	R₂₄	R₂₃	R₂₂	R₂₁	R₂₀	R₁₉	R₁₈
R₈	R₉	R₁₀	R₁₁	R₁₂	R₁₃	R₁₄	R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇
R₇	R₆	R₅	R₄	R₃	R₂	R₁

Key:

AM_#	Anti-Monopoly Party
D_#	Democratic
LR_#	Liberal Republican
R_#	Republican
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the 43rd Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1874 or in 1875 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Kansas (Class 2)	Robert Crozier	Republican	1873 (Appointed)	Interim appointee retired February 2, 1874. Winner elected February 2, 1874. Republican hold.	√ James M. Harvey (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Mississippi (Class 1)	Adelbert Ames	Republican	1870	Incumbent resigned March 17, 1873 to become Governor of Mississippi. Winner elected February 3, 1874. Republican hold. Winner did not run for the next term, see below.	√ Henry R. Pease (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Massachusetts (Class 1)	Charles Sumner	Liberal Republican	1851 (Special) 1857 1863 1869	Incumbent died March 12, 1874. Winner elected April 17, 1874. Republican gain. Winner did not run for the next term, see below.	√ William B. Washburn (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Races leading to the 44th Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1875; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
California	John S. Hager	Democratic	1873 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1874. Anti-Monopoly gain.	√ Newton Booth (Anti-Monopoly) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Connecticut	William Alfred Buckingham	Republican	1868 or 1869	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1874 or 1875. Democratic gain. Incumbent died February 5, 1875 and winner was then appointed to finish the term.	√ William W. Eaton (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Delaware	Thomas F. Bayard	Democratic	1869	Incumbent re-elected in 1875.	√ Thomas F. Bayard (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Florida	Abijah Gilbert	Republican	1868 or 1869	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1875. Democratic gain.	√ Charles W. Jones (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Indiana	Daniel D. Pratt	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1874 or 1875. Democratic gain.	√ Joseph E. McDonald (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maine	Hannibal Hamlin	Republican	1857 1861 (Resigned) 1869	Incumbent re-elected in 1875.	√ Hannibal Hamlin (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Maryland	William P. Whyte	Democratic	1874 (Appointed)	Incumbent retired to run for Maryland Governor. Winner elected in 1874. Democratic hold.	√ William P. Whyte (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Massachusetts	William B. Washburn	Republican	1874 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1875. Republican hold.	√ Henry L. Dawes (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Michigan	Zachariah Chandler	Republican	1857 1863 1869	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1874. Republican hold.	√ Isaac P. Christiancy (Republican) Zachariah Chandler (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Minnesota	Alexander Ramsey	Republican	1863 1869	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1875. Republican hold.	√ Samuel J. R. McMillan (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Mississippi	Henry R. Pease	Republican	1874 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in February 1874. Republican hold.	√ Blanche Bruce (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Missouri	Carl Schurz	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1874. Democratic gain.	√ Francis Cockrell (Democratic) Carl Schurz (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Nebraska	Thomas Tipton	Republican	1867 1869	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1875. Republican hold.	√ Algernon Paddock (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Nevada	William M. Stewart	Republican	1865 1869	Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 12, 1875. Republican hold.	√ William Sharon (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New Jersey	John P. Stockton	Democratic	1864 1866 (Lost election dispute) 1869	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Winner elected in 1875. Democratic hold.	√ Theodore Fitz Randolph (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
New York	Reuben E. Fenton	Republican	1869	Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 20, 1875. Democratic gain.	√ Francis Kernan (Democratic) 87 Edwin D. Morgan (Republican) 68 John T. Hoffman (Democratic) 1
Ohio	Allen G. Thurman	Democratic	1868	Incumbent re-elected in 1874.	√ Allen G. Thurman (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Pennsylvania	John Scott	Republican	1869	Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 19, 1875. Democratic gain.	√ William A. Wallace (Democratic) 49.8% John Allison (Republican) 46.22%
Rhode Island	William Sprague IV	Republican	1862 1868	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1875. Republican hold.	√ Ambrose Burnside (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Tennessee	William G. Brownlow	Republican	1867 (Early)	Incumbent retired. Winner elected January 26, 1875. Democratic gain.	√ Andrew Johnson (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Texas	James W. Flanagan	Republican	1870 (Special)	Unknown if incumbent retired or was re-elected. Winner elected in January 1875. Democratic gain.	√ Samuel B. Maxey (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Vermont	George F. Edmunds	Republican	1866 (Appointed) 1866 (Special) 1868	Incumbent re-elected in 1874.	√ George F. Edmunds (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Virginia	John F. Lewis	Republican	1870 (Special)	Incumbent retired. Winnner elected in 1875. Democratic gain.	√ Robert E. Withers (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
West Virginia	Arthur I. Boreman	Republican	1868 or 1869	Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1874 or 1875. Democratic gain.	√ Allen T. Caperton (Democratic) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Wisconsin	Matthew H. Carpenter	Republican	1868 or 1869	Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected February 1875. Republican hold.	√ Angus Cameron (Republican) Matthew H. Carpenter (Republican) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Elections during the 44th Congress

There were no special elections in 1875 to the 44th Congress.

Complete list of races

New York

The New York election was held on January 19 and 20, 1875, by the New York State Legislature.

Republican Reuben E. Fenton had been elected in January 1869 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1875.

At the state election in November 1873, a Republican majority was elected for a two-year term (1874-1875) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1874, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden was elected Governor, 75 Democrats and 53 Republicans were elected for the session of 1875 to the Assembly, and Democrat Albert P. Laning was elected in the 31st District to fill a vacancy in the State Senate. The 98th New York State Legislature met from January 5 to May 19, 1875, at Albany, New York.

The caucus of Democratic State legislators met on January 15, State Senator Albert P. Laning, of Buffalo, presided. All but one of the legislators were present, only Assemblyman John M. Roscoe, of Schoharie County, was sick. The caucus nominated Francis Kernan for the U.S. Senate. Kernan had been the Democratic/Liberal Republican candidate for Governor in November 1872 but had been defeated by John Adams Dix. Now Kernan was the choice of Tammany boss John Kelly who had succeeded the corrupt William M. Tweed. Kelly was opposed by John C. Jacobs, who proposed Ex-State Senator Henry C. Murphy, Jacobs's predecessor from the 3rd District, and the Democratic candidate who had lost the U.S. Senate elections in 1867 and 1869 when the Democrats were the minority. Kelly stood firm in his intention to dominate the Democratic Party, and had the caucus nomination made by viva voce vote instead of the more traditional secret ballot. Jacobs and Murphy had expected to get votes from many legislators who would not dare to cross Kelly openly, but had to abandon their hopes when the secret ballot was voted down 74 to 13.

**1875 Democratic caucus for United States Senator result**
Candidate	First ballot
Francis Kernan	77
Henry C. Murphy	9
John T. Hoffman	1

The caucus of the Republican State legislators nominated Ex-U.S. Senator from New York Edwin D. Morgan.

On January 19, the Democratic majority of the Assembly nominated Francis Kernan, and the Republican majority of the State Senate nominated Ex-U.S. Senator Edwin D. Morgan. On January 20, both Houses met in joint session to compare nominations, and finding that they disagreed, proceeded to a joint ballot. Francis Kernan was elected, the first Democratic U.S. Senator from New York since 1851 when Daniel S. Dickinson left office.

House	Democrat		Republican		Democrat
State Senate (32 members)	Francis Kernan	13	Edwin D. Morgan	16
State Assembly (128 members)	Francis Kernan	74	Edwin D. Morgan	52	John T. Hoffman	1
Joint Ballot (160 members)	Francis Kernan	87	Edwin D. Morgan	68	John T. Hoffman	1

Note: The vote for Ex-Governor of New York Hoffman was cast by Reuben E. Fenton's brother-in-law Samuel Scudder, a Democratic Assemblyman from Cattaraugus County.

Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania election was held on January 19, 1875. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, elected William A. Wallace.^[1]

State Legislature Results^[1]^[2]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	William A. Wallace	125	49.80
	Republican	John Allison	116	46.22
	N/A	Not voting	10	3.98
Totals			251	100.00%

References

1 2 "U.S. Senate Election - 19 January 1875" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
↑ "PA US Senate - 1875". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.

Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
Members of the 44th United States Congress, via GPO.gov
NEW-YORK ELECTIONS.; Results of the Official Canvass for the Various Officers in NYT on November 19, 1874
THE SENATORSHIP.; FRANCIS KERNAN'S SWEEPING VICTORY in NYT on January 16, 1875
ALBANY.; ELECTION OF KERNAN TO THE SENATE in NYT on January 21, 1875
Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project

United States Senate elections

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