Selective androgen receptor modulator

Selective androgen receptor modulators or SARMs are a novel class of androgen receptor ligands. (The name follows the terminology currently used for similar molecules targeting the estrogen receptor, "selective estrogen receptor modulators," such as tamoxifen.) They are intended to have the same kind of effects as androgenic drugs like anabolic steroids but be much more selective in their action,[1] allowing them to be used for many more clinical indications than the relatively limited legitimate uses that anabolic steroids are currently approved for.

Comparison to testosterone

Currently used androgens for male hormone replacement therapy are typically injectable or skin delivery formulations of testosterone or testosterone esters. Injectable forms of testosterone esters (such as testosterone enanthate, propionate, or cypionate) produce undesirable fluctuations in testosterone blood levels, with overly high levels shortly after injection and overly low afterward. Skin patches do provide a better blood level profile of testosterone, but skin irritation and daily application still limit their usefulness.

SARMs provide the opportunity to design molecules that can be delivered orally, but that selectively target the androgen receptors in different tissues differently. The goal of research in this area is to allow a customized response: Tissues that are the target of the therapy will respond as they would to testosterone; other tissues where undesirable side-effects are produced will not.

None of the SARMs yet developed are truly selective for anabolic effects in muscle or bone tissues without producing any androgenic effects in tissues such as the prostate gland, however several non-steroidal androgens show a ratio of anabolic to androgenic effects of greater than 3:1 and up to as much as 90:1 (RAD-140), compared to testosterone, which has a ratio of 1:1.[2][3][4]

This suggests that, while SARMs are likely to show some virilizing effects when used at high doses (e.g., use by bodybuilders), at lower therapeutic doses they may well be effectively selective for anabolic effects, which will be important if SARMs are to have clinical application in the treatment of osteoporosis in women. One substantial advantage of even the first-generation SARMs developed to date is that they are all orally active without causing liver damage, whereas most anabolic steroids are not active orally and must be injected, and those anabolic steroids that are orally active tend to cause dose-dependent liver damage, which can become life-threatening with excessive use. Research is continuing into more potent and selective SARMs, as well as optimising characteristics such as oral bioavailability and increased half-life in vivo, and seeing as the first tissue-selective SARMs were only demonstrated in 2003, the compounds tested so far represent only the first generation of SARMs and future development may produce more selective agents compared to those available at present.[5][6][7]

Selectivity in men

For example, if the target is bone growth in elderly men with osteopenia or osteoporosis, but with no overt signs of hypogonadism, a SARM targeting bone and muscle tissue but with lesser activity on the prostate or testes would be more desirable.[8]

Selectivity in women

A SARM for women would ideally stimulate bone retention, or libido and other sexual function that androgens can influence, without negative side-effects such as development of male gender characteristics (virilization), increased LDL/HDL ratios, liver dysfunction, and so forth.[9]

Examples

In clinical testing

Pre-clinical

U.S. Patent 7,605,152 SARM (5-3/5-6)

Abandoned drug candidates

Availability

In 2013, some supplement companies began selling various SARMs as supplements, in purported violation of both the Food and Drug Administration's Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) and the intellectual property rights of the patent holders of the compounds.[21]

The controversy reached mainstream media when the quarterback of the Florida Gators, Will Grier, allegedly tested positive for LGD-4033, a claim that the University of Florida denies.[22] The news increased online sales of the compound.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mohler ML, Bohl CE, Jones A, Coss CC, Narayanan R, He Y, Hwang DJ, Dalton JT, Miller DD (June 2009). "Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): dissociating the anabolic and androgenic activities of the androgen receptor for therapeutic benefit". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 52 (12): 3597–617. doi:10.1021/jm900280m. PMID 19432422.
  2. ↑ Yin D, Gao W, Kearbey JD, Xu H, Chung K, He Y, Marhefka CA, Veverka KA, Miller DD, Dalton JT (March 2003). "Pharmacodynamics of selective androgen receptor modulators". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 304 (3): 1334–40. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.040840. PMC 2040238Freely accessible. PMID 12604714.
  3. ↑ Hanada K, Furuya K, Yamamoto N, Nejishima H, Ichikawa K, Nakamura T, Miyakawa M, Amano S, Sumita Y, Oguro N (November 2003). "Bone anabolic effects of S-40503, a novel nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), in rat models of osteoporosis". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 26 (11): 1563–9. doi:10.1248/bpb.26.1563. PMID 14600402.
  4. ↑ Ostrowski J, Kuhns JE, Lupisella JA, Manfredi MC, Beehler BC, Krystek SR, Bi Y, Sun C, Seethala R, Golla R, Sleph PG, Fura A, An Y, Kish KF, Sack JS, Mookhtiar KA, Grover GJ, Hamann LG (January 2007). "Pharmacological and x-ray structural characterization of a novel selective androgen receptor modulator: potent hyperanabolic stimulation of skeletal muscle with hypostimulation of prostate in rats". Endocrinology. 148 (1): 4–12. doi:10.1210/en.2006-0843. PMID 17008401.
  5. ↑ Manfredi MC, Bi Y, Nirschl AA, Sutton JC, Seethala R, Golla R, Beehler BC, Sleph PG, Grover GJ, Ostrowski J, Hamann LG (August 2007). "Synthesis and SAR of tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-b][1,2,5]thiadiazol-2(3H)-one 1,1-dioxide analogues as highly potent selective androgen receptor modulators". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 17 (16): 4487–90. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.007. PMID 17574413.
  6. ↑ Zhang X, Li X, Allan GF, Sbriscia T, Linton O, Lundeen SG, Sui Z (August 2007). "Design, synthesis, and in vivo SAR of a novel series of pyrazolines as potent selective androgen receptor modulators". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50 (16): 3857–69. doi:10.1021/jm0613976. PMID 17636947.
  7. ↑ Long YO, Higuchi RI, Caferro TR, Lau TL, Wu M, Cummings ML, Martinborough EA, Marschke KB, Chang WY, López FJ, Karanewsky DS, Zhi L (May 2008). "Selective androgen receptor modulators based on a series of 7H-[1,4]oxazino[3,2-g]quinolin-7-ones with improved in vivo activity". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 18 (9): 2967–71. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.062. PMID 18400499.
  8. ↑ Ke HZ, Wang XN, O'Malley J, Lefker B, Thompson DD (2005). "Selective androgen receptor modulators--prospects for emerging therapy in osteoporosis?" (PDF). Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions. 5 (4): 355. PMID 16340136.
  9. ↑ Negro-Vilar A (October 1999). "Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): a novel approach to androgen therapy for the new millennium". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (10): 3459–62. doi:10.1210/jc.84.10.3459. PMID 10522980.
  10. ↑ M.S. Steiner; et al. (June 2010). "Effect of GTx-024, a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), on stair climb performance and quality of life (QOL) in patients with cancer cachexia". J Clin Oncol. 28 (1534).
  11. ↑ Piu F, Gardell LR, Son T, Schlienger N, Lund BW, Schiffer HH, Vanover KE, Davis RE, Olsson R, Bradley SR (March 2008). "Pharmacological characterization of AC-262536, a novel selective androgen receptor modulator". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 109 (1-2): 129–37. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.11.001. PMID 18164613.
  12. ↑ Zhang X, Li X, Allan GF, Sbriscia T, Linton O, Lundeen SG, Sui Z (January 2007). "Serendipitous discovery of novel imidazolopyrazole scaffold as selective androgen receptor modulators". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 17 (2): 439–43. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.035. PMID 17079140.
  13. ↑ Allan GF, Tannenbaum P, Sbriscia T, Linton O, Lai MT, Haynes-Johnson D, Bhattacharjee S, Zhang X, Sui Z, Lundeen SG (August 2007). "A selective androgen receptor modulator with minimal prostate hypertrophic activity enhances lean body mass in male rats and stimulates sexual behavior in female rats". Endocrine. 32 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1007/s12020-007-9005-2. PMID 17992601.
  14. ↑ Vajda EG, López FJ, Rix P, Hill R, Chen Y, Lee KJ, O'Brien Z, Chang WY, Meglasson MD, Lee YH (February 2009). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LGD-3303 [9-chloro-2-ethyl-1-methyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-3H-pyrrolo-[3,2-f]quinolin-7(6H)-one], an orally available nonsteroidal-selective androgen receptor modulator". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 328 (2): 663–70. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.146811. PMID 19017848.
  15. ↑ Jones A, Chen J, Hwang DJ, Miller DD, Dalton JT (January 2009). "Preclinical characterization of a (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-(3-fluoro, 4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanamide: a selective androgen receptor modulator for hormonal male contraception". Endocrinology. 150 (1): 385–95. doi:10.1210/en.2008-0674. PMC 2630904Freely accessible. PMID 18772237.
  16. ↑ Miller CP, Shomali M, Lyttle CR, O'Dea LS, Herendeen H, Gallacher K, Paquin D, Compton DR, Sahoo B, Kerrigan SA, Burge MS, Nickels M, Green JL, Katzenellenbogen JA, Tchesnokov A, Hattersley G (February 2011). "Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Characterization of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) RAD140". ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2 (2): 124–9. doi:10.1021/ml1002508. PMID 24900290.
  17. ↑ Yin D, Xu H, He Y, Kirkovsky LI, Miller DD, Dalton JT (March 2003). "Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of acetothiolutamide, a novel nonsteroidal agonist for the androgen receptor". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 304 (3): 1323–33. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.040832. PMID 12604713.
  18. ↑ Kearbey JD, Gao W, Narayanan R, Fisher SJ, Wu D, Miller DD, Dalton JT (February 2007). "Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) treatment prevents bone loss and reduces body fat in ovariectomized rats". Pharmaceutical Research. 24 (2): 328–35. doi:10.1007/s11095-006-9152-9. PMC 2039878Freely accessible. PMID 17063395.
  19. ↑ Hamann LG, Mani NS, Davis RL, Wang XN, Marschke KB, Jones TK (January 1999). "Discovery of a potent, orally active, nonsteroidal androgen receptor agonist: 4-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6- (trifluoromethyl)-8-pyridono[5,6-g]- quinoline (LG121071)". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 42 (2): 210–2. doi:10.1021/jm9806648. PMID 9925725.
  20. ↑ Gao W, Kim J, Dalton JT (August 2006). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligands". Pharmaceutical Research. 23 (8): 1641–58. doi:10.1007/s11095-006-9024-3. PMID 16841196.
  21. ↑ "SARMs: The Controversial Muscle-Builders of 2015". The PricePlow Blog. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  22. ↑ Trahan, Kevin (12 October 2015). "Florida starting QB Will Grier suspended for at least 2015 after taking banned substance". SB Nation. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
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