445th Airlift Wing

445th Airlift Wing

445th Airlift Wing - C-17A Globemaster III serial 97-0044
Active 1952–1971; 1973–1994; 1994–present
Country  United States
Branch  United States Air Force
Type Wing
Role Airlift
Size 1950 reservists[1]
Part of Air Force Reserve Command
Garrison/HQ Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
Nickname(s) The Bison Wing (1955-1964)
Decorations Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm
Commanders
Current
commander		 Col. Adam Willis
Insignia
445th Airlift Wing emblem (approved 10 January 1964)[2]
445th Fighter-Bomber Wing emblem (approved 7 September 1955)[3]
Tail stripe White, "Wright-Patterson" in red
Aircraft flown
Transport C-17 Globemaster III

The 445th Airlift Wing is an Air Reserve Component of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the Fourth Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, stationed at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. If mobilized, the wing is gained by the Air Mobility Command.

Overview

The 445th Airlift Wing flies the Boeing C-17 Globemaster III. the C-17 is capable of delivering troops and all types of cargo to main operating bases or directly to forward bases in the deployment area.[1]

Led by Colonel Adam Willis, the mission of the 445th Airlift Wing is to provide strategic transport of personnel and equipment worldwide and to provide aeromedical evacuation. The wing accomplishes this task by recruiting and training personnel to attain and maintain operational readiness. The wing is composed of nearly 2000 airmen, approximately separated into 250 officers and 1700 enlisted personnel. To facilitate day-to-day operations the wing employs approximately 350 Air Reserve Technicians who work full-time for the unit.

Units

The 445th Airlift Wing consists of the following major units:

History

for related history, see 445th Operations Group

Reserve fighter operations

The wing was first activated on 24 June 1952 at Buffalo, New York as the 445th Fighter-Bomber Wing. Its initial equipment was the North American T-6 Texan, which remained its primary aircraft until 1955. It began to receive North American F-51 Mustangs and Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars the following year. The wing and its components moved to nearby Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, where it received Republic F-84 Thunderjets, in 1955.[2] Despite the wing's "Fighter-Bomber" designation, reserve fighter bomber wings had an air defense role if mobilized. [4]

In 1956, The Joint Chiefs of Staff were pressuring the Air Force to provide more wartime airlift. At the same time, about 150 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars became available from the active force. Consequently, in November 1956 the Air Force directed Continental Air Command (ConAC) to convert three fighter bomber wings to the troop carrier mission by September 1957. In addition, within the Air Staff was a recommendation that the reserve fighter mission given to the Air National Guard and replaced by the troop carrier mission.[5] Cuts in the budget in 1957 led to a reduction in the number of reserve wings from 24 to 15.[6] As a result of these reductions, the 445th's fighter operations at Niagara Falls ceased, and it began to train with the Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar. In November, the wing was replaced by a single squadron, the 64th Troop Carrier Squadron.[2][7]

Troop carrier operations and move to Georgia

The termination of reserve fighter operations at Niagara Falls did not end the wing's life. Shortly before the termination of wing level operations there, another reserve fighter wing, the 482d Fighter-Bomber Wing at Dobbins Air Force Base, Georgia, inactivated and transferred its personnel and equipment to the 445th, which moved to Dobbins on paper.[2][8]

Since 1955, the Air Force had been detaching Air Force Reserve squadrons from their parent wing locations to separate sites. Communities were more likely to accept the smaller squadrons than the large wings and the location of separate squadrons in smaller population centers would facilitate recruiting and manning. In time, the detached squadron program proved successful in attracting additional participants[9] When the wing moved to Dobbins, only the 700th Troop Carrier Squadron was located with wing headquarters. The 701st, and 702d Troop Carrier Squadron were both stationed at Memphis Municipal Airport under what was called the Dispersed Squadron Concept.[10][11][12]

The wing began to use inactive duty training periods for Operation Swift Lift, transporting high priority cargo for the air force and Operation Ready Swap, transporting aircraft engines, between Air Materiel Command’s depots.[13] It was reorganized in September 1958 under the Dual Deputy model.[note 1] The 445th Troop Carrier Group was inactivated, and the flying squadrons were assigned directly to the wing. Simultaneously, the wing was redesignated as an assault troop carrier organization and began conversion to Fairchild C-123 Providers. The wing initially trained with the 2589th Air Reserve Flying Center,[8] but in 1958, the center was inactivated and some of its personnel were absorbed by the wing. In place of active duty support for reserve units, ConAC adopted the Air Reserve Technician Program, in which a cadre of the unit consisted of full time personnel who were simultaneously civilian employees of the Air Force and held rank as members of the reserves.[14]

Activation of groups under the wing

Although the dispersal of flying units under the Detached Squadron Concept was not a problem when the entire wing was called to active service, mobilizing a single flying squadron and elements to support it proved difficult. This weakness was demonstrated in the partial mobilization of reserve units during the Berlin Crisis of 1961.[15]

To resolve the mobilization problem, at the start of 1962 ConAC determined to reorganize its reserve wings by establishing groups with support elements for each of its troop carrier squadrons. This reorganization would facilitate mobilization of elements of wings in various combinations when needed. However, as this plan was entering its implementation phase, another partial mobilization, which included the 445th Wing, occurred for the Cuban missile crisis, with the units being released on 22 November 1962. The formation of troop carrier groups was delayed until February for wings that had been mobilized.[16] The 918th Troop Carrier Group at Dobbins and the 919th and 920th Troop Carrier Groups at Memphis, were all assigned to the wing on 11 February.[2]

Conversion to heavy airlift

On 8 July 1965, the 700th Squadron at Dobbins started conversion to the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II and On 1 October, the Wing became the 445th Troop Carrier Wing, Heavy. In December, reserve flying operations at Memphis ceased and the 919th and 920th Groups and their components were inactivated.[17][18] In their place, the 915th Air Transport Group at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida became part of the wing when the 435th Troop Carrier Wing at Homestead inactivated.[2][19] With the change to heavy airlift he wing's gaining command changed from Tactical Air Command briefly to Military Air Transport Service, then to Military Airlift Command, accompanied by redesignations as the 445th Air Transport Wing, then the 445th Military Airlift Wing.[2]

In June 1966, the Wing flew its first C-124 overseas mission to Europe, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico. The 445th was never activated to support U.S. efforts in the Vietnam War, but as the active duty started flying more missions into Southeast Asia, so did the tempo for the reserve and the 445th which flew more stateside and overseas missions. By the end of 1966, the unit had flown five missions into Tan Son Nhut Airport, near Saigon, South Vietnam.

The wing was, however, activated when the USS Pueblo, an intelligence-gathering ship, was seized off the coast of North Korea. On 26 January 1968, the 445th was mobilized at Dobbins. The wing remained active for seventeen months until released from active military service in June 1969. During the mobilization, the 904th Military Airlift Group, stationed at Stewart Air Force Base, New York was also assigned to the wing. In the spring of 1971, the 915th Group was reassigned away from the wing in preparation for its inactivation. The 445th Military Airlift Wing was now reduced to a single group, the 918th. The wing was inactivated and the 918th Group was reassigned to the 459th Military Airlift Wing on 29 June 1971.[2][20]

Reactivation in California

On 1 July 1973, the 445th was redesignated the 445th Military Airlift Wing (Associate) and activated at Norton Air Force Base, California.[2] It was an Air Force Reserve unit reporting to the Fourth Air Force which would, if activated, be part of the Military Airlift Command. It assumed the missions, squadrons, flights, and personnel of the 944th Military Airlift Group.

The 445th worked in partnership with the 63d Military Airlift Wing. Among the units of the 445th were three flying squadrons: the 728th, 729th, and 730th Military Airlift Squadrons. The 68th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron and the 944th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron also transferred to the 445th.

By the end of 1973, the Yom Kippur War drew additional requirements for more missions to the Middle East. For the 445th, this meant not only flying some of those taskings but taking on additional channel missions since the active duty were flying most of the Mid-East runs.

During the spring and summer of 1975, the wing participated in Operation New Life, an airlift mission to transport Vietnamese refugees and orphans from Vietnam to the South Pacific islands and to the United States, in which the aircrews of the 445th flew 126 sorties. Augmenting the crews of the 63d Military Airlift Wing, they participated in another 209 sorties. The 68th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron monitored patients on 43 sorties.

During the first week of February 1978, three 445th Military Airlift Wing crews flew in support of "Snow Blow II". One week earlier, a blizzard struck the eastern region of the United States with exceptional force, causing extreme hardships. Operation Snow Blow II provided assistance. The three crews staged out of Robert Grey Army Airfield, TX, and flew relief supplies into Bradley International Airport, Connecticut.

During 1983, the wing airlifted elements of a strategic reconnaissance wing from March Air Force Base, California, to Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. It transported civil engineers from Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, to Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The wing supported the other services, too. Marines were shifted around in the Pacific from Japan to the Philippines. Crews moved Army helicopters from Texas to Hawaii. An Army tank battalion deployed to Indiana. Reserve and Guard paratroopers were airdropped at a drop zone in Wisconsin.

The 445th transported water jugs, generators and special power tools to Mexico City after it was devastated by an earthquake. The 445th took part in the 1985 North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Exercise Display Determination. The airdrop mission started at Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, in a 12-plane formation, four with heavy equipment, and eight with paratroopers. The planes flew for 14½ hours with one airborne refueling and arrived at Istanbul, Turkey. The first attempt to airdrop was canceled due to high winds. Crews recovered at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, for 24 hours and made a second, this time successful, attempt.

In December 1989, during Operation Just Cause, 40 crewmembers from the wing joined airlift missions to Panama that ousted Manuel Noriega. Many reservists volunteered to be activated and augmented active duty crews. Members of the 730th Squadron constituted an all-reserve crew and flew Army equipment and personnel into Panama. They remained on the ground for about two hours. In January, a 729th MAS crew provided a second airlift of another 50 soldiers from Fort Ord, CA. On 13 January, another 730th crew had control of one C-141 in a 20 plane airdrop formation returning 1,924 paratroopers to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, by air.

To support Operations Desert Shield/Storm, the Wing flew over 2,500 hours in January and peaked in February with almost 3,700 hours. Following the cessation of hostilities, the wing's flying squadrons continued to fly support missions stateside and to the Middle East, but they also flew many missions to redeploy troops back to the states. From 8 August 1990, to 11 June 1991, aircrews flew 441 missions for a total of 21,393.7 hours in direct support of Desert Storm and Desert Shield. The Wing deployed over 200 personnel from the 68th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron to form medical crews consisting of two nurses and three medical technicians. These crews were deployed to several bases throughout England, Germany and in the Southwest Asia Theater of operations.

During the winter of 1990, the wing participated in two humanitarian missions. The first mission was when a normal line mission was diverted to transport over 30,000 pounds of survival equipment to hurricane-ravaged western Samoa. The second was a routine medical evacuation from Wake Island. After Desert Storm and Desert Shield, they flew more humanitarian relief missions into eastern Europe, Africa, and the Persian Gulf.

In June 1991, the wing joined others in Operation Fiery Vigil – the evacuation of those fleeing the eruption of Mount Pinatubo near Clark Air Base, Philippines. On 22 July 1991, the 730th Squadron flew the first relief shipment of humanitarian supplies into Mongolia. Leaving from Kadena Air Base, Japan, the 2,000-mile (3,200 km) flight took the crew over the Great Wall of China and the Gobi Desert. They landed at Ulan Bator, the capital of Mongolia. For the last three weeks of July 1991, the 729th Squadron sent 14 aircrews and four C-141s to stage out of Yokota AB, Japan, and the 730th sent the same amount to stage out of Kadena Air Base, Japan. Both squadrons flew missions into Diego Garcia, Singapore, Thailand, Korea, the Middle East, Iwo Jima, Jakarta, Bangkok, Oman, and Mongolia. On 12 December 1991, another 730th crew deviated from their normal mission to carry emergency supplies to Mactan International Airport, Philippines, in the wake of a typhoon that struck there two weeks earlier.

The 729th Military Airlift Squadron flew the first C-141 from Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany to the former Soviet Union with humanitarian supplies. On 10 February 1992, they landed at Minsk, Russia, with emergency medical supplies and relief aid. The same crew made a second trip with food and landed at Kishinev, Moldova. On 14 February, a crew from the 730th Squadron transported more emergency relief supplies into Moscow. They made two additional trips into Ulan-Ude and Moldova.

MCMURDO STATION, Antarctica -- A C-141 Starlifter sits here with engine heaters to keep mechanical parts from freezing up under the frigid condition. Starlifters from the 445th Airlift Wing at Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, and the 452d Air Mobility Wing at March Air Reserve Base, Calif., were here supporting Operation Deep Freeze.

The post-Cold War drawdown of military forces affected the 445th Military Airlift Wing. On 1 January 1992, the 728th Squadron was reassigned to the 446th Military Airlift Wing at McChord Air Force Base, Washington.

On 1 February 1992, the 445th Military Airlift Wing (Associate) was redesignated the 445th Airlift Wing (Associate).[2] The 729th and 730th Squadrons were also redesignated without the "Military" in their names. The 54th and the 61st Aerial Port Squadrons were inactivated with the personnel absorbed into the 50th and 56th Aerial Ports. Also on 1 February 1992, the Air Force Reserve ordered the assignment of the 943d Airlift Group to the 445th Airlift Wing. The 943rd remained at March Air Force Base, about fifteen miles (24 km) from Norton. This was a temporary assignment as the 943d was scheduled to inactivate on 30 September 1993.

On 1 June 1992, Military Airlift Command became the Air Mobility Command. Many support units of the wing were inactivated. Those units were the 445th Communications Flight, the 445th Component Repair Squadron, the 445th Mission Support Squadron, the 445th Civil Engineering Squadron, the 445th Medical Group, and the 943rd Airlift Group.

Throughout the reorganization, the C-141s kept flying. Aircrews from the 303d Airlift Squadron, a Lockheed C-130 Hercules unit assigned to the 943d Airlift Group, flew fire runs. One of their missions was to airdrop chemicals to smother forest fires. The 303rd flew 92 missions from 21–25 August 1992 for the U.S. Forest Service to fight a massive fire over central California. On 24 August, two 730th aircrews provided two aircraft to transport personnel and supplies to Florida after Hurricane Andrew plowed through there. The first flew to Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland and transported a White House Advance Planning Team to Miami. The other went to Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, and picked up two trucks, a water tank, and a generator bound for Florida. On 11 September, the 729th flew nine missions hauling food, medical equipment and crews, and Army troops to Hawaii after it was ravaged by Hurricane Iniki.

The 445th Airlift Wing was the first associate wing to become unit-equipped. In other words, the Air Force assigned a fleet of C-141s to the 445th Airlift Wing, a Reserve unit which had previously flown co-located active-duty planes. The "Associate" designation was removed from its name. The Wing took possession of six C-141B Starlifters on 30 March 1993. The unit received 10 more C-141s from active duty inactivations by July. After taking receiving its aircraft, the Air Force ordered the 445th Airlift Wing to relocate their facilities to March Air Force Base.

March AFB California

On 5 October 1993, the 730th Airlift Squadron flew the remains of 12 U.S. servicemen from Noi Boi Airport, Hanoi, Vietnam to Hickam Air Force Base. On its trip to Hanoi, the crew carried humanitarian relief supplies and more than 2,400 pounds of university textbooks bound for Vietnam.

March was home to two reserve wings: the 445th Airlift Wing and the 452d Air Refueling Wing. On 1 May 1994, the 452d Wing was redesignated the 452nd Air Mobility Wing. The 729th and 730th Squadrons were assigned to the 452d. The 50th and 56th Aerial Ports and the 68th AES were all assigned to the 452d. The 445th Airlift Wing and all of its units not reassigned were inactivated.[2]

Wright-Patterson AFB Ohio

The 445th Airlift Wing was activated at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 1 October 1994 and again flew the C-141 Starlifter. It was composed primarily of personnel from the 906th Fighter Group at Wright-Patterson and the 907th Tactical Airlift Group at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, which were both inactivated the previous day.[21] From its new location, the wing provided support to Op eration Southern Watch, the enforcement of the no fly zone in southern Iraq, and Operation Deny Flight, the United Nations no fly zone over Bosnia Herzegovina. It then began to support Operations Able Manner and Able Vigil.

Since reactivating at the West Ramp facility of Wright-Patterson, the 445th has been active in providing airlift of troops and supplies around the globe and has provided operational support to almost every contingency the Air Force has undertaken. One of the wing' s operations was the resupply of the scientific teams located at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, in conjunction with the 452d Air Mobility Wing.

From July to September 1995 and in support of the active duty, both flying squadrons participated in the Air Mobility Command’s Atlantic and Pacific Expresses. These missions were patterned after the many flown during Desert Storm and incorporated the flying of mission essential supply parts on an expedited basis. The Atlantic Express flew out of Dover AFB, DE, through the Azores and into the Middle East theater. The Pacific Express started at Travis Air Force Base, California, and flew through Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, to Yokota Air Base, Japan. However, both express routes were canceled from the wing's list of taskings due to the extra day needed and the middle of the morning launches as it was hard for reservists to integrate their civilian schedules with the flight plans. Shortly after the express missions were canceled, the Wing picked up another shorter overseas mission which it flew regularly. It was the Thule mission. After spending the night at Dover Air Force Base, the crew flew to Thule, Greenland and back to either Wright-Patterson through either Dover or McGuire Air Force Base.

In September 1995, the Wing supported four relief supply efforts. The first was six pallets of food, water, emergency supplies, and two search-and-rescue dogs delivered to Puerto Rico after Hurricane Marilyn devastated the island. On the second, fresh bottled water, several generators, and miscellaneous relief supplies were taken from Pope Air Force Base to Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. The third and fourth supported efforts in Haiti and Moncton, New Brunswick.

The 445th Airlift Wing was involved in testing the Light Detection and Ranging device or LIDAR. The LIDAR would later be mounted in another type of aircraft but the 89th Airlift Squadron flew with the device mounted in its cargo compartment. The squadron flew three sorties from 10–15 July 1995 to participate in the test with the 93rd Bomb Squadron. For test purposes, the crew flew low figure-eight patterns around the test field, and the LIDAR shot a laser up through the atmosphere to determine wind values at all atmospheric levels. A computer would then compute the correct airborne drop coordinates to counter the different wind speeds and directions at the various altitudes. In November, the 89th participated in two more sorties to assist in calibrating the LIDAR.

Global War on Terror

The wing has been active in the wake of the 11 September attacks in 2001 by providing emergency airlift of supplies, medical teams and Federal Emergency Management Agency personnel to McGuire Air Force Base, to assist with operations after the World Trade Center collapse. The wing was also an active participant in Operation Enduring Freedom by being the first wing to fly Taliban and al-Qaeda detainees to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba. Since the initial detainee flights, the 445th Airlift Wing has delivered about half of the detainees housed at Guantanamo Bay. The wing also served in the mission of evacuating wounded personnel from battlefield in Asia to regional treatment facilities and bringing fallen service members home for burial.[21]

The 445th has continued to provide an active role for Operation Iraqi Freedom. The C-141 staging point for all Air Force Reserve C-141s was established at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, flying to the European Theater transporting troops and equipment, then into the United States Central Command area of operations with volunteers.

The wing was later called to active duty in February 2003. At the peak of the 445th's activation, approximately 630 reservists from the wing were called to active duty. To date, the wing has over 100 reservists still on active duty status.

Hanoi Taxi flying over the National Museum of the United States Air Force in December 2005

Even though the staging point has stepped down for Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 445th operations tempo was still very high for the wing. Through 30 September 2005, flights continued to cycle from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to Ramstein Air Base, Germany then into Balad Air Base, Iraq to transport wounded soldiers and Iraqi injured children who were severely sick or injured beyond hospital capabilities in Iraq, under the Coalition Provisional Authority. The injured were transported by a C-141 to Germany for medical treatment. After returning from Balad, then to Germany, the C-141 continued to the states while another C-141 took off from Wright-Patterson to continue the cycle. Most members of the 445th maintenance squadrons and flying squadrons are currently demobilized, but are keeping the C-141s in the air with volunteer tours of duty. The aeromedical crews from the aeromedical evacuation squadron continue to be mobilized.

The wing was the last unit in the U.S. Air Force to operate the C-141. One of these, the Hanoi Taxi (serial number 66-177), is famous for being the first aircraft to land in North Vietnam, in 1973, to repatriate American Prisoners of War at the end of the Vietnam War. On 6 May 2006, the Hanoi Taxi touched down for the last time and was received in a formal retirement ceremony at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, also at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (at the southern airfield, as opposed to the northern airfield where the 445th operates).

On 3 October 2005, the 445th received its first of ten Lockheed C-5 Galaxy aircraft.

On 12 March 2010, the AFMC announced that the 445th will transition to the McDonnell Douglas C-17 Globemaster III aircraft over the next two years.[22] The first C-17 arrived 24 January 2011 from Charleston Air Force Base.[23] The wing's first Globemaster III arrived on 20 January 2011 and it flew its last Galaxy mission on 28 September 2011. The wing was fully equipped with the C-17 in February 2012.[21]

Lineage

Activated in the reserve on 8 July 1952
Redesignated 445th Troop Carrier Wing, Medium on 6 September 1957
Redesignated 445th Troop Carrier Wing, Assault on 25 September 1958
Ordered to active service on 28 October 1962
Relieved from active service on 28 November 1962
Redesignated 445th Troop Carrier Wing, Heavy on 1 October 1965
Redesignated 445th Air Transport Wing, Heavy on 1 December 1965
Redesignated 445th Military Airlift Wing on 1 January 1966
Ordered to active service on 26 January 1968
Relieved from active service on 1 June 1969
Inactivated on 29 June 1971
Activated in the reserve on 1 July 1973
Redesignated 445th Airlift Wing (Associate) on 1 February 1992
Redesignated 445th Airlift Wing on 1 April 1993
Inactivated on 1 May 1994

Assignments

Components

Groups
Squadrons

Stations

Aircraft

  • North American T-6 Texan, 1952-1955
  • North American F-51 Mustang, 1953–1954
  • Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star, 1953–1956
  • Republic F-84 Thunderjet, 1955–1957
  • Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1957, 1957–1959, 1961–1962, 1965–1966
  • Fairchild C-123 Provider, 1958–1965
  • Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1965–1971
  • Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1973–1994
  • Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 1992–1993
  • Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1994–2005
  • Lockheed C-5 Galaxy 2005–2012
  • Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, 2010–present[2]

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Under this plan flying [and missile] squadrons reported to the wing Deputy Commander for Operations and maintenance squadrons reported to the wing Deputy Commander for Maintenance
Citations
  1. 1 2 "Fact Sheet 445th Airlift Wing". 445th Airlift Wing Public Affairs. September 10, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Haulman, Daniel L. (December 28, 2007). "Factsheet 445 Airlift Wing (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  3. ↑ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 319-320
  4. ↑ Cantwell, p. 152
  5. ↑ Cantwell, p. 168
  6. ↑ Cantwell, pp. 168-169
  7. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 245
  8. 1 2 Ravenstein, p. 268
  9. ↑ Cantwell, p. 156
  10. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 706-707
  11. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 707
  12. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 707-708
  13. ↑ Cantwell, pp. 149-150
  14. ↑ Cantwell, p. 163
  15. ↑ Cantwell, pp. 189-191
  16. ↑ Cantwell, pp. 189-191
  17. ↑ Endicott, Judy G. (August 7, 2008). "Factsheet 919 Special Operations Wing (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  18. ↑ Robertson, Patsy (May 13, 2008). "Factsheet 920 Rescue Wing (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
  19. ↑ Robertson, Patsy (October 19, 2015). "Factsheet 435 Air Ground Operations Wing (USAFE)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
  20. 1 2 Ravestein, pp. 252-253
  21. 1 2 3 "About Us; 445th Airlift Wing". 445th Airlift Wing Public Affairs. September 10, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
  22. ↑ "Wright-Patt Reserve unit to receive C-17s". Air Force Materiel Command. 12 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  23. ↑ "445th maintainers begin training on newly arrived C-17". Air Force Materiel Command. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2011.

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.

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