Patna

This article is about the municipality in India. For its namesake district, see Patna district. For Other uses, see Patna (disambiguation).
Patna
पटना
پٹنہ
Metropolis

Anticlockwise from top: South-West Gandhi Maidan Marg, Stupa of Buddha Smriti Park, Skyline near Biscomaun Bhawan, Patna Museum, Statue of Mahatma Gandhi in Gandhi Maidan, Mithapur Flyover and river Ganges
Patna
Patna

Location of Patna in Bihar

Coordinates: 25°36′N 85°06′E / 25.6°N 85.1°E / 25.6; 85.1Coordinates: 25°36′N 85°06′E / 25.6°N 85.1°E / 25.6; 85.1
Country  India
State Bihar
Region Magadha
Division Patna
District Patna
Ward 72 wards
Founded by Ajatashatru
Government
 • Type Mayor–Council
 • Body Patna Municipal Corporation
 • Mayor Afzal Imam
 • Municipal commissioner Abhishek Singh
Area(2001) [A 1]</ref>
 • Urban 135.79 km2 (52.43 sq mi)
 • Metro 234.70 km2 (90.62 sq mi)
 • City 99.45 km2 (38.40 sq mi)
Elevation[3] 53 m (174 ft)
Population (2011)[4]
 • Density 16,925/km2 (43,840/sq mi)
 • Urban 2,046,652 (IN: 18th)
 • Metro 2,231,554 [A 1]
 • City 1,683,200 (IN: 19th)
Demonym(s) Patnaite
Languages
 • Spoken Hindi, Magadhi[5]
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Pincode(s) 800 XXX
Area code(s) +91-612
ISO 3166 code IN-BR-PA
Vehicle registration BR 01
UN/LOCODE IN PAT
Sex ratio 882 (females per 1000 males)[4] ♂/♀
Literacy 84.71%
Lok Sabha constituencies Patna Sahib and Pataliputra
Vidhan Sabha constituencies Digha (181), Bankipur (182), Kumhrar (183), Patna Sahib (184), Fatuha (185), Danapur (186), Maner (187), Phulwari-SC (188), Masaurhi (189), Paliganj (190)
Planning agency Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation
Climate Cwa (Köppen)
Precipitation 1,100 millimetres (43 in)
Avg. annual temperature 26 °C (79 °F)
Avg. summer temperature 30 °C (86 °F)
Avg. winter temperature 17 °C (63 °F)
Website patnanagarnigam.in
patna.bih.nic.in
  1. 1 2 The metropolis comprises PRDA area,[1] also includes Hajipur and Sonepur[lower-alpha 1]

Patna i/ˈpætnə, ˈpʌt-/[6] is the capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India. Patna is the second-largest city in eastern India after Kolkata. It had an estimated population of 1.68 million in 2011, making it the 19th largest city in India. With over 2 million people, its urban agglomeration is the 18th largest in India. Patna also serves as the seat of Patna High Court.

One of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world.[7] Patna was founded in 490 BCE by the king of Magadha. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta and Pala empires. Pataliputra was a seat of learning and fine arts. Patliputra was home to many astrologists and scholars including Aryabhata, Panini, Vātsyāyana, Chanakya and Kālidāsa.[8][9] Its population during the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) was about 400,000.[10] Patna served as the seat of power, political and cultural centre of Indian subcontinent during the Maurya and Gupta empires. With the fall of Gupta Empire, Patna lost its glory. It was revived again in 17th century by the British as a centre of international trade. Following the partion of Bengal presidency in 1912, Patna became the capital of Bihar and Orissa province.[11]

The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of river Ganges.[12] The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) in length and 16 to 18 kilometres (9.9 to 11.2 mi) wide. In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India (after Delhi) for ease of starting a business.[13] As of 2015, Patna's per capita gross domestic product is ₹1,06,000 ($1581).[14] Using figures for assumed average annual growth, Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India according to a study by the City Mayors' Foundation. Patna registered an average annual growth of 3.72% during 2006–2010.[15] Patna also has lowest slum population of any city in India.[16][17]

The Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain pilgrimage centres of Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bodh Gaya, and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna City is also a sacred city for Sikhs as the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, was born here.[18]

Etymology

Main article: Names of Patna

The name of this city has changed with time. One of the oldest cities of India, there are several theories regarding the origin of the modern name Patna (Devanagari:पटना) :

History

Main article: History of Patna

Ancient Era

Patna assumed importance and grandeur around 490 BCE[26][27] as Ajatashatru, the king of Magadha, wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajagrha (today's Rajgir) to a strategically located place to better combat the Licchavis of Vaishali.[28] He chose the site on the bank of the Ganges and fortified the area. Gautama Buddha travelled through this place in the last year of his life. He prophesied a great future for this place even as he predicted its ruin due to flood, fire and feud.[29]

Mauryan empire

Statue of Matrikas found near Agam Kuan built by Ashoka

Megasthenes, the Indo-Greek historian and ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, gave one of the earliest accounts of the city. He wrote that the city was situated on the confluence of the rivers Ganga and Arennovoas (Sonabhadra — Hiranyawah) and was 14 kilometres (9 mi) long and 2.82 kilometres (1.75 mi) wide.[30][31] Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India, described the city as the greatest city on earth during its heyday.[32] The Shungas ultimately retained control of Pataliputra and ruled for almost 100 years. The Shungas were then followed by the Kanvas and eventually by the Guptas.[33]

A number of Chinese travellers came to India in pursuit of knowledge and recorded their observations about Pataliputra in their travelogues. One such famous account was recorded by a Chinese Buddhist traveller Fa Hien, who visited India between 399 and 414 CE, and stayed here for many months translating Buddhist texts.[34]

Gupta and Mughal empires

Main street of Patna, showing one side of the Chowk, 1814–15.
City of Patna, on the River Ganges, 19th-century painting.

In the years that followed, many dynasties ruled the Indian subcontinent from the city, including the Gupta dynasty and the Pala kings. With the disintegration of the Gupta empire, Patna passed through uncertain times. Bakhtiar Khilji captured Bihar in the 12th century and destroyed many ancient seats of learning, and Patna lost its prestige as the political and cultural centre of India.[35]

Guru Gobind Singh (22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708), the tenth Guru of the Sikhs, was born as Gobind Rai in Patna to Teg Bahadur, the ninth Guru of the Sikhs, and his wife Gujri. His birthplace, Patna Sahib, is one of the most sacred sites of pilgrimage for Sikhs.[36]

The Mughal period was a period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi.[37] The most remarkable period during the Middle Ages was under the Pathan emperor Sher Shah Suri, who revived Patna in the middle of the 16th century. He built a fort and founded a town on the banks of the Ganges. Sher Shah's fort in Patna does not survive, although the Sher Shah Suri mosque, built in Afghan architectural style, does. Mughal emperor Akbar reached Patna in 1574 to crush the rebellious Afghan Chief Daud Khan. One of the navratnas from Akbar's court, his official historian and author of "Ain-i-Akbari" Abul Fazl refers to Patna as a flourishing centre for paper, stone and glass industries. He also refers to the high quality of numerous strains of rice grown in Patna, famous as Patna rice in Europe.[38]

By 1620, the city of Patna was being described as the "chefest mart towne of all Bengala (i.e. largest town in Bengal)[28][39] in northern India, "the largest town in Bengal and the most famous for trade".[40] This was before the founding of the city of Calcutta. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb acceded to the request of his favourite grandson, Prince Muhammad Azim, to rename Patna as Azimabad, in 1704 while Azim was in Patna as the subedar. Patna or Azimabad did see some violent activities, according to Phllip Mason, writing in the book "The Men Who Ruled India". "Aurangzeb had restored the poll-tax (Jazia) on unbelievers and this had to be compounded for. In Patna, Peacock the Chief of the factory, was not sufficiently obliging and was seized, forced to walk through the town bare-headed and bare-footed and subjected to many other indignities before he paid up and was released." However, very little changed during this period other than the name. With the decline of the Mughal empire, Patna moved into the hands of the Nawabs of Bengal, who levied a heavy tax on the populace but allowed it to flourish as a commercial centre. The mansions of the Maharaja of Tekari Raj dominated the Patna river front in 1811–12.[41]

British empire

During the 17th century, Patna became a centre of international trade.[39] In 1620, the English East India Company established a factory in Patna for trading in calico and silk. Soon it became a trading centre for saltpetre. Francois Bernier, in Travels in the Mogul Empire (1656–1668), says "...a prodigious quantity of saltpetre was imported from Patna. It was carried down the Ganges with great facility, and the Dutch and English sent large cargoes to many parts of the Indies, and to Europe". This trade encouraged other Europeans, principally the French, Danes, Dutch and Portuguese, to compete in the lucrative business. Peter Mundy, writing in 1632, described Patna as "the greatest mart of the eastern region".[37] After the decisive Battle of Buxar of 1764, as per the treaty of Allahabad East India Company was given the right to collect tax of this former Mughal province by the Mughal emperor. Patna was annexed by the company in 1793 to its territory when Nizamat(Mughal suzernaity) was abolished and British East India company took control of the province of Bengal-Bihar. Patna however continued as a trading centre.

In 1912, when the Bengal Presidency was partitioned, Patna became the capital of the British province of Bihar and Orissa, although in 1935 Orissa became a separate entity with its own capital.[42][43]

Indian independence movement

People from Patna were greatly involved in the Indian independence movement.[44][45] Most notable movements were the Champaran movement against the Indigo plantation and the 1942 Quit India Movement.[46][47] National leaders who came from the city include Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, the first President of the Constituent Assembly of India : Dr. Rajendra Prasad; Bihar Vibhuti (Anugrah Narayan Sinha); Basawon Singh (Sinha); Loknayak (Jayaprakash Narayan);Dr. Sachidanand Singh[48] Sri Krishna Sinha; Sheel Bhadra Yajee and Sarangdhar Sinha (Singh)[49]

Post Independence

Patna remained the capital of Bihar after India gained independence in 1947, even as Bihar was partitioned again in 2000 when Jharkhand became a separate state of the Indian union.[43]

On 27 October 2013, a series of co-ordinated bombings rocked the city at a massive election rally for BJP Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi. Of the estimated 300,000 participants at the rally, six people were killed and 85 others were injured in eight bomb blasts carried out by Islamic extremists.[50] On 3 October 2014, 33 people were killed and 26 injured in a stampede at Gandhi Maidan during Vijaya Dashmi celebrations.[51]

Geography

Topography

Map of Patna district
 Patna's Urban agglomeration
Jurisdiction Population
Town Type Estimate
(2011)
Patna' Municipal Corporation 1,684,222
Danapur Nagar Parishad 182,429
Badalpura Out Growth 75
Dinapur Cantonment Cantonment Board 28,723
Khagaul Nagar Parishad 44,364
Nohsa Census Town 16,680
Pataliputra Housing Colony Census Town 3,531
Phulwari Sharif Nagar Parishad 81,740
Saidpura Census Town 7,392
Patna UA 2,049,156
Patna district 5,838,465
Source:[52][53]

Patna is located on the southern bank of the river Ganges in Eastern India. The total area of Patna is 136 km2 (53 sq mi). Of this, the municipal area constitutes 99 km2 (38 sq mi), while the suburban area constitutes 36 km2 (14 sq mi). The exact cartographic co-ordinates of Patna are 25°36′N 85°06′E / 25.6°N 85.1°E / 25.6; 85.1. It has an average elevation of 53 m (174 ft). A characteristic feature of the geography of Patna is at the confluence of rivers.[1] A narrow strip of somewhat high land about 8 kilometres in width along the southern bank of the river Ganges having very fertile soil and alluvial fertile plains in the remaining portions.

During the British Raj, Patna was part of the Bengal Presidency. After Nalanda district was carved out of Patna district in 1976,[54] Patna was purged of all hilly regions. It is an alluvial, flat expanse of land . The land in the district is too fertile and is almost entirely cultivated with no forest cover . Alluvial soil found herevis ideal for cultivation of rice, sugarcane and other foodgrains . The area under cultivation is studded with mango orchards and bamboo groves . In the fields along the banks of river Ganges, weeds such as ammannia, citriculari, hygrophile and sesbania grow. But palmyra, date palm and mango orchards are found near habitations. Dry stretches of shrubbery are sometimes seen in the villages far from the rivers. Trees commonly found are bel, siris, jack fruit and the red cotton tree.[55] Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.[56] It is the largest riverine city in the world.[57] The topography of Patna city is saucer shaped as per Patna City Development Plan prepared in 2006 .[58][59] The bridge over the river Ganges named Mahatma Gandhi Setu is 5575m long and is the longest river bridge in the India.[60]

Patna comes under India's seismic zone-IV, indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes, but earthquakes have not been common in recent history.[61] Patna also falls in the risk zone for floods and cyclones.[62][63]

Climate

Monsoon clouds over Priyadarshi Nagar, a part of Kankarbagh- residential area in Eastern Patna.
Patna
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
20
 
 
23
9
 
 
12
 
 
26
12
 
 
11
 
 
33
17
 
 
9.6
 
 
37
22
 
 
37
 
 
38
25
 
 
150
 
 
37
27
 
 
314
 
 
33
26
 
 
273
 
 
33
26
 
 
205
 
 
32
25
 
 
71
 
 
32
22
 
 
7.5
 
 
29
15
 
 
6.7
 
 
25
10
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: worldweather[64] wetterkontor.de[65]

Patna has a Humid subtropical climate under the Köppen climate classification: (Cwa) with extremely hot summers from late March to early June, the monsoon season from late June to late September and chilly winter nights and foggy or sunny days from November to February[66] Highest temperature ever recorded was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F), in the year 1966,[67] the lowest ever was 1.1 °C (34 °F), on 9 January 2013,[68] and highest rainfall was 204.5 mm (8.05 in), in the year 1997.[67]

The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables.

Climate data for Patna
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.0
(86)		 35.1
(95.2)		 41.4
(106.5)		 44.6
(112.3)		 45.6
(114.1)		 46.6
(115.9)		 41.2
(106.2)		 39.7
(103.5)		 37.5
(99.5)		 37.2
(99)		 34.1
(93.4)		 30.5
(86.9)		 46.6
(115.9)
Average high °C (°F) 23
(73)		 26.1
(79)		 32.4
(90.3)		 37.4
(99.3)		 38.4
(101.1)		 36.7
(98.1)		 32.9
(91.2)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.2
(90)		 31.7
(89.1)		 28.9
(84)		 24.6
(76.3)		 31.4
(88.49)
Daily mean °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2)		 18.9
(66)		 24.4
(75.9)		 29.8
(85.6)		 31.8
(89.2)		 31.7
(89.1)		 29.5
(85.1)		 29.3
(84.7)		 28.8
(83.8)		 26.7
(80.1)		 21.9
(71.4)		 19.7
(67.5)		 25.3
(77.5)
Average low °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7)		 11.6
(52.9)		 16.4
(61.5)		 22.1
(71.8)		 25.1
(77.2)		 26.7
(80.1)		 26.1
(79)		 26.1
(79)		 25.3
(77.5)		 21.6
(70.9)		 14.8
(58.6)		 10.1
(50.2)		 19.6
(67.28)
Record low °C (°F) 1.1
(34)		 3.4
(38.1)		 8.2
(46.8)		 13.3
(55.9)		 17.7
(63.9)		 19.3
(66.7)		 21.1
(70)		 20.5
(68.9)		 19.0
(66.2)		 12.0
(53.6)		 7.7
(45.9)		 2.2
(36)		 1.1
(34)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 15.2
(0.598)		 11.1
(0.437)		 11.4
(0.449)		 9
(0.35)		 35.6
(1.402)		 133.5
(5.256)		 302.4
(11.906)		 266.3
(10.484)		 194.7
(7.665)		 24.6
(0.969)		 8.2
(0.323)		 7.4
(0.291)		 1,019.4
(40.13)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 12.2
(0.48)		 14.1
(0.555)		 09.4
(0.37)		 10.8
(0.425)		 38.1
(1.5)		 142.5
(5.61)		 381.0
(15)		 281.6
(11.087)		 229.3
(9.028)		 78.6
(3.094)		 8.7
(0.343)		 7.0
(0.276)		 1,213.3
(47.768)
Average rainy days 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.0 2.7 6.5 14.9 12.8 10.2 3.3 0.6 0.7 55.9
Source #1: India Meteorological Department (Period 1901–2000, record high and low up to 2010)[69][70] (rainfall 1971–2000[71]
Source #2: worldweather.org[72]

Air pollution

Pollution is a major concern in Patna. According to the CAG report, tabled in the Bihar Legislative Assembly in April 2015, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) level (PM-10) in Patna was 355, three-and-a-half times higher than the prescribed limit of 100 micro-gram per cubic metre,[73] primarily due to high vehicular[74] and industrial emissions[75] and construction activities in the city.[76] In May 2014, a World Health Organization survey declared Patna the second most air polluted city in India, only after Delhi, with the survey calculating the airborne particulate matter in the state capital's ambient air (PM-2.5) to be 149 micro-grams, six times more than the safe limit, which is 25 micro-grams.[77] Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer, asthma, dysentery and diarrhoea.[78][79] The dense smog in Patna during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.[80]

Economy

Patna has long been a major agricultural hub and centre of trade . Its most active exports are grain, sugarcane, sesame, and medium-grained Patna rice. There are several sugar mills in and around Patna.[81] It is an important business and luxury brand centre of eastern India.[82]

The economy of Patna has seen sustained economic growth since 2005. The economy has been spurred by growth in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods industry, the service sector, along with Green revolution businesses.[82] In 2009, the World Bank stated Patna as the second best city in India to start up a business.[83] As of 2015, GDP per capita of Patna is ₹1,06,000 ($1581) and it's GDP growth rate is 7.29 per cent.[84]

Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world, and the fifth fastest growing city in India, and is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 3.72%.[85][86]

Demographics

Maurya Lok is one of the oldest and major shopping area of the city
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1807–14312,000—    
1820100,000−67.9%
1865284,100+184.1%
1872158,000−44.4%
1881170,684+8.0%
1891165,200−3.2%
1901134,785−18.4%
1911136,153+1.0%
1921119,976−11.9%
1931159,690+33.1%
1941196,415+23.0%
1951283,479+44.3%
1961364,594+28.6%
1971475,300+30.4%
1981813,963+71.3%
19911,099,647+35.1%
20011,376,950+25.2%
20111,683,200+22.2%
Note: Huge population decline after 1814 due to the decrease
in the river borne trade, persistent unhealthiness and repeated
epidemics of plaque.
Source: [87][88][89]

With an estimated population of 1.68 million in 2011, Patna is the 19th most populous city in India and with over 2 million people, its urban agglomeration is the 18th largest in India. Residents of Patna are referred to by the demonym Patnaite.[90][91]

According to 2011 census data, Patna city had a population of 1,683,200 (before expansion of the city limits) within the corporation limits, with 894,158 men and 789,042 women. This was an increase of 22.2 percent compared to the 2001 figures. 11.32 per cent of the population was under six years of age, with 102,208 boys while 88,288 are girls. The overall literacy rate is 83.37%, with the male literacy rate being 87.35% and the female literacy rate being 79.89%. The sex ratio of Patna is 885 females per 1,000 males. Child sex ratio of girls is 877 per 1000 boys.[92] The urban agglomeration had a population of 2,046,652 of which 1,087,864 are males and 958,788 are females with 82.73% literacy.[93] Patna metropolitan region constitutes the second largest metropolitan region in eastern India.

The Mahavir Mandir is a famous temple in Patna.

According to the 2011 census of India, Patna's major religion is Hinduism with 86.39% followers. Islam is second most popular religion in Patna with approximately 12.27% following it. Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism, with smaller followings, are also practised in Patna. During last census, around 0.01% stated other religion and approximately 0.49% stated no particular religion.[92]

Roughly 0.25% of Patna's population lives in slums which makes Patna, the city with the lowest percentage of people living in slum in India.[94] Like other fast-growing cities in the developing world, Patna suffers from major urbanisation problems including unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population.[95] In 2015, the National Sample Survey Organisation revealed that, for females, Patna had highest unemployment rate 34.6% and for males it was the second highest with a rate of 8% in 2011–12.[96]

Religions in Patna (2011)[92]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
  
 86.39%
Islam
  
 12.27%
Christianity
  
 0.51%
Sikhism
  
 0.23%
Jainism
  
 0.09%
Others
  
 0.52%

Hindi is the official language of the state of Bihar but many other languages are spoken too. The native dialect is Magadhi or Magahi, named after Magadha, the ancient name of Bihar. English is widely spoken by Patnaites, and other widely spoken dialects and languages include Bhojpuri, Maithili, Bengali, Urdu and Oriya.[5][97]

Government and public services

Civic administration

The civic administration of Patna is run by several government agencies, and has overlapping structural divisions. At least five administrative definitions of the city are available; listed in ascending order of area, those are:

  1. Patna division
  2. Patna district (also the Patna Police area),
  3. the Patna Metropolitan Region[98] (also known as Patna Planning area)[99]
  4. "Greater Patna" or PRDA area, which adds to the PMC area a few areas just adjacent to it[100]
  5. Patna Municipal Corporation area.

The Patna Municipal Corporation, or PMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 72 wards,[101] which accommodates a population of 1.7 million as per 2011 Census. The municipal corporation consists of democratically elected members, each ward elects a Councillor to the PMC.[102] The PMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. As Patna's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor, and other elected members of the PMC. The Mayor is usually chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves. The functions of the PMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and building regulation. The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation. All executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government.[103] Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the Commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the Commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee. As of December 2015, the Janata Dal (United) controls the PMC; the mayor is Afzal Imam.[104] while the deputy mayor is Amravati Devi.[105]

City officials 
Assumed officeOfficeSource
Corporation MayorAfzal Imam, JDUDec 2015Maurya Lok[104]
Corporation CommissionerAbhishek SinghJun 2016Maurya Lok[106]
Divisional CommissionerAnand KishorAug 2015[107]
District MagistrateSanjay AgarwalDec 2015 Patna Collectorate [108]
Senior Superintendent of PoliceManu MaharajDec 2015South Gandhi Maidan Marg[108]

The Patna Municipal Corporation was ranked 4th out of 21 Cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.6 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[109]

The revenue district of Patna come under the jurisdiction of a District Collector (District Magistrate).[110] The Collectors are in charge of the general administration, property records and revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.[111]

The Patna Metropolitan Region, which is the city's urban agglomeration. The agency currently overseeing the latter, the Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (BUIDCO) and Bihar'S Ministry of Urban Development and Housing Corporation, is responsible for the statutory planning and development of Greater Patna. However, the Patna Metropolitan Development Authority (PMDA) would be principal agency for development and planning,[112] it will be superseding agency for the former Patna Regional Development Authority (PRDA), which was dissolved in 2006.[113]

Gandhi Maidan (shown above) lies in the heart of Patna and is the site for most political and social functions in the city.

In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Ministry of Tourism, the Bihar Health Department, the Bihar Water Resources Department, National Ganga River Basin Authority, Bihar State Pollution Control Board and the Bihar Public Service Commission—play a role in the life of Patnaites. As the capital of Bihar, Patna plays a major role not only in state politics[114] but in central politics as well.[115]

As the seat of the Government of Bihar, The city has several federal facilities, including the Raj Bhavan: Governor’s house, the Bihar Legislative Assembly; the state secretariat, which is housed in the Patna Secretariat; and the Patna High Court. The Patna High Court is one of the oldest High Court in India. The Patna High Court has jurisdiction over the state of Bihar.[116] Patna also has lower courts; the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases.[117][118] The Patna Police, commanded by Senior Superintendent of Police, is overseen by the Bihar Government's Home Department. The Patna district elects two representatives to India's lower house, the Lok Sabha,[119] and 14 representatives to the state legislative assembly.

City representatives (Legislators) 
MemberPartyConstituencySource
Shatrughan Sinha, MPBJPPatna Sahib[120]
Ram Kripal Yadav, MPBJPPataliputra[120]
Sanjiv Chaurasia, MLABJPDigha[121]
Nitin Naveen, MLABJPBankipur[121]
Nand Kishore Yadav, MLABJPPatna Sahib[121]
Arun Kumar Sinha, MLABJPKumhrar[121]
Jai Vardhan Yadav, MLARJDPaliganj[121]
Rama Nand Yadav, MLARJDFatuha[122]
Asha Devi, MLABJPDanapur[121]
Bhai Virendra, MLARJDManer[123]
Shyam Rajak, MLAJDUPhulwari[123]

Patna master plan

In October 2016, Bihar cabinet approved the Patna master plan 2031 which envisages development of a new airport at Bihta.[124][125] Bihar government is acquiring 126 acres of land for construction of the new airport.[126] 17.6 sq km of area in Dumri Village in Punpun block of Patna (PMR) has been allocated for IT Park.[127][128] Patna master 2031 is the second master plan of city which has been passed ever.[129]

Utility services

Bhootnath Road TV Tower broadcasts programming to Patna

Ground water fulfills the basic need of the people,[130] administered by Patna Jal Parishad under Patna Municipal Corporation.[131] The public water supply system comprises 98 tube wells[132] that pump water directly to the distribution mains. Around 23 overhead reservoirs[130] of which only the one’s at Agam Kuan, Gulzarbagh Press, Guru Gobind Singh Hospital and High Court serves the city. The sewerage system in Patna was set up in 1936. At present there are four sewage treatment plants[133] located at Saidpur, Beur, Pahari and Karmali Chak.[134]

As of 2011, the city's electricity consumption is about 601 kWh per capita, even though the actual demand is much higher.[135] Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited[136] managed by Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (the holding company and a successor company of erstwhile Bihar State Electricity Board).[137] The city forms the Patna Electricity Supply Unit (PESU)[138] Circle, which is further divided into two wings namely Patna East (consists Kankarbagh, Patna City, Gulzarbagh, Bankipore, Rajendra Nagar Divisions) and Patna West (Consists Danapur, New Capital, Pataliputra, Gardanibagh, Dak Bungalow divisions).[139][140]

Direct–to–home (DTH) is available via DD Free Dish, Airtel digital TV, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Videocon d2h, Sun Direct and Reliance Digital TV.[141] Cable companies include Darsh Digital Network Pvt. Ltd.,[142] SITI Maurya Cablenet Pvt. Ltd[143] etc. The Conditional Access System for cable television was implemented in March 2013.[144]

Patna comes under the Patna Telecom District of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL),[145] India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services are available.[146] Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service.[147] Among private enterprises, Bharti Airtel, Reliance Jio, Reliance GSM/CDMA, Idea Cellular, Aircel, Tata Teleservices (Tata DoCoMo, Virgin Mobile and Tata Indicom), Telenor (formerly Uninor), Vodafone and Videocon Telecom[148] are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.[149][150]

Patna was the second Indian city, after Bangalore,[151] which offered free WiFi connectivity to its citizens in February this year. By surpassing the previous record-holder, Beijing in China,[152] Patna's WiFi zone is the world's longest free WiFi zone, which covers a 20-km stretch from NIT Patna on Ashok Rajpath to Danapur.[153][154]

Transport and connectivity

Patna is located about 100 km south of national East – West Highway corridor. The NH 30, NH 31 and NH 2 passes through the town. The Ashok Rajpath, Patna-Danapur Road, Bailey Road, Harding Road and Kankarbagh old bypass Road are the major corridors.

Patna was one of the first places in India to use horse-drawn trams for public transport.[155] Public transportation today is provided for by buses, auto rickshaws and local trains. Auto rickshaws are said to be the lifeline of the city.[156] BSRTC has started City bus service on all major routes of Patna.[157][158]

National Highway 30 passing through Patna
Chiriyatand Flyover at Patna, one of the many new ones that have come up in the city recently.
Radio Taxis
Mahatma Gandhi Setu connecting Patna with North Bihar.
River port on national inland waterways-1 at Gai Ghat

Air

Patna Airport (official name Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport) is classified as a restricted international airport.[159] The arrival of several low-cost carriers and a number of new destinations have caused a growth in air traffic in recent years, as has an improvement in the situation with regard to law and order.[160] For the period April to December 2009 the airport ranked first in a survey of 46 airports in the country in terms of percentage growth of domestic passengers as well as domestic aircraft movement.[161] The Airport Authority of India (AAI) has proposed to develop a civil enclave at Bihta Air Force Station to serve as the new airport for Patna. The military airfield lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Patna, in Bihta.[162]

Rail

Patna is served by several railway stations located in different areas of the city. The Patna Junction railway station is the main railway station of the city, and one of the busiest railway stations in India.[163] Patna lies in between New Delhi and Kolkata on Howrah–Delhi main line, which is one of the busiest rail routes in India.[164] Patna Junction is directly connected to most of the major cities in India.[165] The city has four additional major railway stations: Rajendra Nagar Terminal (adjacent to Kankarbagh), Patliputra Junction (near Bailey road), Danapur (near western outskirts) and Patna Sahib (in Patna City area). Danapur is the divisional headquarters of East Central Railway zone's Danapur railway division. Patna is well connected with neighbouring Gaya, Jehanabad, Bihar Sharif, Rajgir, Islampur through daily passenger and express train services. India's longest road-cum-rail bridge, Digha–Sonpur bridge has been constructed across river Ganges, connecting Digha, Patna to Pahleja Ghat in Sonpur.[166] The bridge was completed in 2015,[167][168] It is 4.55 kilometres (2.83 mi) long and therefore the longest road cum rail bridge in India and one of the longest in the world.[169]

Road

The city is served by several major road highways and state highways, including National Highways 19,[170] 30,[171] 31,[172] and 83.[173] Asia's longest river bridge, the Mahatma Gandhi Setu (built 1982), is located in Patna and connects the city to Hajipur across the Ganga. In recent times, the bridge has been witnessing major traffic chaos and accidents due to exceeding number of vehicles passing over it and regularly overloading the structure.[174] A new six lane road bridge across the Ganges parallel to Mahatma Gandhi Setu is proposed which would connect Kacchi Dargah in Patna City to Bidupur in Vaishali district,[175] which will be the longest bridge in India after completion.[176]

Patna is 1,015 kilometres (631 mi) East from Delhi, 1,802 kilometres (1,120 mi) North East from Mumbai and 556 kilometres (345 mi) North West from Kolkata.[177] Luxury bus service between Patna and several neighbouring cities is provided by the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation and the Bihar State Road Transport Corporation.[178] Auto Rikshaws are a popular mode of transportation.[179] Prepaid auto services operated by an all-women crew was started in 2013 in Patna,[180] which is the first of its kind in India.[181] Radio Taxi services are also available within city limit as well as outskirts.[182]

Rapid transit

Patna Metro is a planned rapid transit system for the city. It would be owned and operated by state run Patna Metro Rail Corporation.[183] It will be constructed on Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode, estimated to cost ₹14,000 crore (US$2 billion).[184] It will have 5 lines with a total planned length of 60 kilometres (37 mi) km, which will be built in 3 phases.[185] Patna Monorail Project covering the municipal area is also underway.[186]

Inland Waterways

The Ganges – navigable throughout the year – was the principal river highway across the vast north Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period; it served as a major trade route, as goods were transported from Pataliputra to the Bay of Bengal and further, to ports in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links – it embraces all the major rivers and streams in both north and south Bihar.[187]

In recent times, Inland Waterways Authority of India has declared the stretch of river Ganges between Allahabad and Haldia National Inland Waterway and has taken steps to restore and maintain its navigability. The National Waterway-1, the longest Waterway in India, stretches 1620 km in the River Ganga from Allahabad to Haldia via Varanasi, Munger, Bhagalpur passes through Patna.[188] This National Waterways has fixed terminal at Patna.[189] In September 2014, a luxury cruise called ‘MV Rajmahal’ from Patna to Varanasi was launched by the state-based Assam Bengal Navigation Company (ABN).[190]

Culture

Magahi folk singers

Patna’s native language is Magahi or Magadhi a language derived from the ancient Magadhi Prakrit,[191] which was created in the ancient kingdom of Magadha, the core of which was the area of Patna south of the Ganges. It is believed to be the language spoken by Gautama Buddha.[192] It was the official language of the Mauryan court, in which the edicts of Ashoka were composed.[193]

The name Magahi is directly derived from the name Magadhi Prakrit, and educated speakers of Magahi prefer to call it "Magadhi" rather than "Magahi".[194]

Patna has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic[195] and Indo-Saracenic architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures";[196][197] others are in various stages of decay.[198] Established in 1917 as the Bihar’s first museum, the Patna Museum houses large collections that showcase Indian natural history and Indian art.[199] The Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library and Sinha Library are historic public libraries of Patna.[200][201]

Holi being played in the courtyard, ca 1795 painting. Patna style Inscribed on the back of the drawing is: 'No.4. The Gift of E.E. Pote Esqr. Elizath Collins.
Durga Puja, 1809 watercolour painting in Patna Style

Several theatres are located in or near the central part of the city, including the Bhartiya Nritya Kala Mandir, the Rabindra Parishad, Premchand Rangshala and the Kalidas Rangalaya, which is home to the Bihar art theatre. Kalidas Rangalaya also hosts the Patliputra Natya Mahotsav, a dance festival.[202] But in the last two decades, the popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined.[203]

The Patna School of Painting or Patna Qalaam, some times also called Company style, is an offshoot of the well-known Mughal Miniature school of painting, which flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to the mid-20th centuries.[204] The practitioners of this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting who facing persecution under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and who found refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna during the late 18th century. The Patna painters differed from the Mughal painters, whose subjects included only royalty and court scenes, in that they included as subjects bazaar scenes, scenes of Indian daily life, local dignitaries, festivals and ceremonies, and nature scenes.[205] The paintings were executed in watercolours on paper and on mica, but the style was generally of a hybrid and undistinguished quality. It is this school of painting that inspired the formation of the College of Arts and Crafts, Patna, under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan, which is an important centre of fine arts in Bihar.[205]

A regular Bihari meal consists of daal, bhaat (rice), roti, tarkari (vegetables) etc. Bihari cuisine is predominantly vegetarian because traditional Bihar society, influenced by Buddhist and Hindu values of non-violence, did not eat eggs, chicken, fish and other non-vegetarian fare. However, there is also a tradition of meat-eating, and fish dishes are especially common due to the number of rivers in Bihar. There are also numerous Bihari meat dishes, with chicken and mutton being the most common.[206]

Some well known dishes of Bihari cuisine include sattu paratha (parathas stuffed with fried gram flour), chokha (spicy mashed potatoes), fish curry, Bihari kebab, postaa-dana kaa halwaa, malpua, dal pitha (Bihari version of momos), kheer makhana (fox nut) and thekua/khajuria (a type of snack).[207]

Street foods such as Samosa,[208] Chaat, litti chokha, phuchka (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce), South Indian and Chinese cuisine are favourite among Patnaites.[209]

Bihari Women have traditionally worn sari but shalwar kameez and other western attire are gaining acceptance among younger women.[210] Western attire has gained wide acceptance among the urban men, although the traditional dhoti and kurta[211] are seen during festivals. Chhath, also called Dala Chhath, is a major ancient festival in Bihar.[212] It is celebrated twice a year: once in the summer, called the Chaiti Chhath, and once about a week after Deepawali, called the Kartik Chhath. Durga Puja, held in September–October, is Patna's another important festival; it is an occasion for glamorous celebrations.[213][214] Among the city's other festivals, are Saraswati Puja, Eid, Holi, Christmas, Vishwakarma Puja, Makar Sankranti, Raksha Bandhan and Rath Yatra. Cultural events include the Patna Book Fair, Patna Sahib Mahotsav, the Patna Film Festival, Bihar Diwas, Rajgir Mahotsav, Vaishali Mahotsav and the Sonepur Cattle Fair in neighbouring towns.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Patna
Golghar was originally built to serve as a granary for the British East India company army during the famine of 1786. It now features an observation deck overlooking the Ganges and the city.
Takhat Sri Harmandar Sahib, Patna Sahib

Patna is home to many tourist attractions and it saw about 2.4 million tourists (including day visitors) in 2005. Tourists visiting the city accounted for 41% of the total number of tourists visiting Bihar although Bodh Gaya was the most popular destination for foreign visitors.[215]

The cultural heritage of Bihar is reflected in its many ancient monuments. Kumhrar and Agam Kuan are the sites of the ruins of the Ashokan Pataliputra. Didarganj Yakshi remains as an example of Mauryan art.[216]

Takht Sri Patna Sahib is one of the Five Takhts of Sikhism and consecrates the birthplace of the tenth Guru of the Sikhs, Gobind Singh.[217] There are five other Gurdwaras in Patna which are related to different Sikh Gurus; these are Gurdwara Pahila Bara,[218] Gurdwara Gobind Ghat,[219] Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh,[220] Gurdwara Bal Leela[221] and Gurdwara Handi Sahib.[222]

Padri Ki Haveli, High Court, Golghar and Secretariat Building are examples of British architecture. Gandhi Maidan is a historic ground in Patna where several freedom movement rallies took place. Newly built Buddha Smriti Park near Patna Junction is also becoming a major tourist attraction.

The Patna Planetarium (Indira Gandhi Planetarium) is located in Patna's Indira Gandhi Science Complex. It is one of the largest planetariums in Asia.[223] It attracts a large number of domestic as well as foreign tourists.

Recently, the Bihar government announced plans to build a state-of-the-art art landmark museum in Patna at a cost of approximately ₹530 crores[224] on a site of 13.9 acres at Bailey Road.[225] 5 firms were shortlisted for the architectural design,[226] of which the Japanese firm Maki and Associates was chosen. As of 2016, the museum had been partially opened and is scheduled to be completed shortly.[227]

Education

Indian Institute of Technology Patna at Bihta, one of the premier institutes of engineering and research in India.
Patna College, established 1863, is considered to be the oldest institution of higher education in Bihar.

Schools in Patna are either government run schools or private schools . The schools are affiliated to Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB), the All-India Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) boards.[228] Hindi and English are the primary languages of instruction.[229] A 2012 survey found 1,574 schools: of these, 78% were private unaided schools (most of them at affordable cost), 21% government schools and 1% private aided.[230]

Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated to the Bihar State Intermediate Board, the All-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the NIOS[231] or the CBSE, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.[228] This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.[232]

Patna has important government educational institutions like Central University of South Bihar, Patna University, Chanakya National Law University, Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, National Institute of Technology, Patna, Patna Science College, Birla Institute of Technology, Patna,[233] Patna Medical College, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna, Chandragupt Institute of Management etc.[234]

Patna University was established in 1917 and is the seventh oldest modern university in the Indian Sub-continent.[235] Patna also has a variety of other universities, as well as many primary and secondary schools.

Nalanda University (also known as Nalanda International University) is a newly established university located in Rajgir, around 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Patna. The University, created as a revival of an ancient centre of learning at Nalanda, began its first academic session on 1 September 2014.[236] It will attract students from across the globe.[237]

Sports

Moin-Ul-Haque Stadium near Rajendra Nagar, It is used for cricket and association football

As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Patna and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city.[238] There are several sports grounds located across the city. The Bihar Cricket Association, which regulates cricket in Bihar,[239] is based in the city. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, basketball, football, badminton, and table tennis, are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.

Moin-ul-Haq Stadium, which has a capacity of 25,000, has served as venue for two one-day international cricket matches and several national sport events.[240] It was home to the Bihar cricket team. Due to negligence, lack of maintenance, the stadium is in a dilapidated state and no international match has been played here since 1996.[241] In 2013, it was announced by the Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar that an international cricket stadium will be constructed at Rajgir.[242]

The Patna Golf Club was established on 21 March 1916 is one of oldest golf course of India. It is an 18-hole golf course located in a historic setting in and around Bailey Road and has a 165 acres (67 ha) course.[243][244]

Patna hosted the first ever woman's Kabaddi world cup.[245] It was held at the Patliputra Sports Complex, Kankarbagh from 1 March to 4 March 2012.[246] Hosts India won the World Cup defeating Iran in the finals.[247] Patna also hosts the seven league matches of Pro Kabaddi League with its home team as Patna Pirates at the Patliputra Sports Complex.[248]

Other famous sports complexes of Patna are Bihar Military Police's Mithilesh Stadium,[249] East Central Railway zone's indoor stadium at Digha.[250] etc.

Media

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started from Patna in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Patna, Udyoga and Chaitanya Chandrika.[251] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to many districts of Bihar.[252][253]

Magahi Parishad, established in Patna in 1952, pioneered Magadhi journalism in Bihar. It started the monthly journal, Magadhi, which was later renamed Bihan.[254]

Many national media agencies, including the Press Trust of India and Doordarshan's regional offices are based in the city.[255] The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Economic Times and The Telegraph are the four principal English language daily newspapers which have Patna editions. The Hindu, The Pioneer and The Indian Express,[256] though not printed in the city, are other English language daily newspaper available in the city. The city's Hindi newspapers include Hindustan Dainik, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar,[257] Prabhat Khabar, Aaj and Rashtriya Sahara[256] – all these newspapers have editions from Patna. There are also daily Urdu newspapers like Qomi Tanzim and Farooqi Tanzeem published in Patna.[256] There is also the Hindi and English mixed Newspaper Tabloid Inext.[258]

Patna is also served by several AM and FM radio stations. The city hosts several radio stations, including the state-owned All India Radio's Vividh Bharati and private channels like Radio Mirchi,[259] FM 105 etc. The All India Radio, Patna (officially Akashvani Patna Kendra) was established in the year 1948.[260]

Notable people

Notes

  1. ↑ Master plan for Patna (2031), approved by Bihar Cabinet on 27 October 2016.[2] The draft master plan for Patna metropolitan area proposes that Patna Metropolitan Region would incorporate Bihta, Danapur, Khagaul, Daniyawan, Danaura, Fatuha, Khusrupur, Maner, Masaurhi, Naubatpur, Phulwari Sharif, Punpun and Sampatchak blocks of Patna district, areas of Vaishali and Saran districts are excluded.<ref>"Master Plan for Patna, 2031." (PDF). Center for Environmental Planning and Technology. Urban Development & Housing Department, Govt. of Bihar. 13 August 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.

References

  1. 1 2 "CDP Patna" (PDF). Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise (P) Ltd, C – 2, Green Park Extension, New Delhi – 110016, INDIA. PATNA — Urban Development Department. July 2006. pp. 20, 21 (area) 52 (metropolis), 31 (geography). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  2. ↑ "Bihar Cabinet OKs Patna master plan, paves way for big bulidings, new airport". Economics Times. 15 May 2015. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  3. ↑ "CPRS Patna About Us". CRPS. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  4. 1 2 "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lac and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
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  6. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, eds., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
  7. ↑ "Populations of Largest Cities in PMNs from 2000BC to 1988AD". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  8. ↑ "Patna Tour". cultureholidays.com. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  9. ↑ "Ancient Patliputra". go4patna.com. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  10. ↑ O'Malley, L. S. S. (2005). James, J. F. W., ed. History of Magadha. Delhi: Veena Publication. p. 23. ISBN 978-81-89224-01-1. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  11. ↑ "History of Patna". BrandBharat.com.
  12. ↑ "Patna : the capital of Bihar State, Patna District". Brandbharat.com. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
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  27. ↑ "Foreign diplomats line up for Bihar elections".
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  34. ↑ Pataliputra Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms by Fa Hein, tr. by James Legge, Chapter XXVII, Pataliputtra or Patna, in Magadha. King Ashoka's spirit-built palace and halls. The Buddhist Brahman, Radha-Sami. Dispensaries and hospitals...... n.1 Pataliputra, The Sanskrit name means "The city of flowers." It is the Indian Florence.
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  47. ↑ Agrarian Movements and Congress Politics in Bihar — Kaushal Kishore Sharma — Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  48. ↑ TNN 18 October 2012, 05.28AM IST (2012-10-18). "Anna to begin nationwide tour from Patna in January — Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  49. ↑ "Kamat's Potpourri: Freedom Fighters of India". Kamat.com. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  50. ↑ "Patna bombings: outlawed Islamist group blamed for fatal blasts". The Guardian. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
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