Mada'in Saleh

For the sura of the Qur'an of the same name, see Al-Hijr.
Mada’in Saleh
مدائن صالح

Madaʼin Saleh
Shown within Saudi Arabia
Alternate name Al-Hijr
Hegra
Location Al Madinah Region, Al-Hejaz, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates 26°47′30″N 37°57′10″E / 26.79167°N 37.95278°E / 26.79167; 37.95278Coordinates: 26°47′30″N 37°57′10″E / 26.79167°N 37.95278°E / 26.79167; 37.95278
Type Settlement
Official name Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâ’in Sâlih)
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, iii
Designated 2008 (32nd session)
Reference no. 1293
Region Arab States

Mada'in Saleh (Arabic: مـدائـن صـالـح‎‎, madāʼin Ṣāliḥ, "Cities of Saleh"), also called "Al-Hijr" or "Hegra", is an archaeological site located in the Sector of Al-`Ula sector, within the Province of Al-Madinah in the Region of the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia.[1][2] A majority of the vestiges date from the Nabatean kingdom (1st century AD).[3] The site constitutes the kingdom's southernmost and largest settlement after Petra, its capital.[4][5] Traces of Lihyanite and Roman occupation before and after the Nabatean rule, respectively, can also be found.[5]

The Qur’an[6][7][8][9][10][11] places settlement of the area by the Thamudi people during the days of Saleh, between those of Noah and Moses. According to the Islamic text, the Thamudis, who carved out homes in the mountains, were punished by Allah for their practice of idol worship, being struck by an earthquake and lightning blasts.[12] Thus, the site has earned a reputation as a cursed place — an image which the national government is attempting to overcome as it seeks to develop Mada'in Saleh for its potential for tourism.[1][12]

In 2008 UNESCO proclaimed Madaʼin Saleh as a site of patrimony, becoming Saudi Arabia's first World Heritage Site.[13] It was chosen for its well-preserved remains from late antiquity, especially the 131 rock-cut monumental tombs, with their elaborately ornamented façades, of the Nabatean kingdom.[14]

Name

Its long history and the multitude of cultures occupying the site have produced several names. References by Strabo and other Mediterranean writers use the name Hegra for the Nabatean site.[15] The current name refers to the Islamic Nabi (Arabic: نَـبِي‎‎, Prophet) Saleh. The name Al-Hijr (Arabic: الحجر‎‎, "The Stoneland" or "The Rocky Place"),[8] has also been used to allude to its topography.[5]

Location

The archaeological site of Mada'in Saleh is situated 20 km (12.4 mi) north of the town of Al-`Ula, 400 km (248.5 mi) north-west of Medina, and 500 km (310.7 mi) south-east of Petra, Jordan. The site is on a plain, at the foot of a basalt plateau, which forms a portion of the Hijaz mountains. The western and north-western portions of the site contain a water table that can be reached at a depth of 20 m (65.6 ft).[5] The setting is notable for its desert landscape, marked by sandstone outcrops of various sizes and heights.[12]

History

Era of Salih

According to Islamic Tradition, by the 3rd millennium BC, the site of Madaʼin Salih had already been settled by the tribe of Thamud.[16] It is said that the tribe fell to idol worship, and oppression became prevalent.[17] Salih,[6][7][9][10][11] to whom the site's name of Madaʼin Salih is often attributed,[18] called the Thamudis to repent.[17] The Thamudis disregarded the warning and instead commanded Saleh to summon a pregnant she-camel from the back of a mountain. And so, a pregnant she-camel was sent to the people from the back of the mountain by Allah, as proof of Saleh's divine mission.[17][19] However, only a minority heeded his words. The non-believers killed the sacred camel instead of caring for it as they were told, and its calf ran back to the mountain where it had come from, screaming. The Thamudis were given three days before their punishment was to take place, since they disbelieved and did not heed the warning. Saleh and his Monotheistic followers left the city, but the others were punished by Allah —their souls leaving their lifeless bodies in the midst of an earthquake and lightning blasts.[12][17]

Pre-Nabatean vestiges

Archaeological traces of cave art on the sandstones and epigraphic inscriptions, considered by experts to be Lihyanite script, on top of the Athleb Mountain,[16] near Mada'in Saleh, have been dated to the 3rd–2nd century BC,[5] indicating the early human settlement of the area, which has an accessible source of freshwater and fertile soil.[16][18] The settlement of the lihyans became a center of commerce, with goods from the east, north and south converging in the locality.[16]

Nabatean settlements

Myrrh was one of the luxury items that had to pass through the Nabatean territory to be traded elsewhere.

The extensive settlement of the site took place during the 1st century AD,[3] when it came under the rule of the Nabatean king Al-Harith IV (9 BC –40 AD), who made Mada'in Saleh the kingdom's second capital, after Petra in the north.[16] The place enjoyed a huge urbanization movement, turning it into a city.[16] Characteristic of Nabatean rock-cut architecture, the geology of Mada'in Saleh provided the perfect medium for the carving of monumental and settlements, with Nabatean scripts inscribed on their façades.[5] The Nabateans also developed oasis agriculture[5]—digging wells and rainwater tanks in the rock and carving places of worship in the sandstone outcrops.[18] Similar structures were featured in other Nabatean settlements, ranging from southern Syria to the north, going south to the Negev, and down to the immediate area of Hejaz.[5] The most prominent and the largest of these is Petra.[5]

At the crossroad of commerce, the Nabatean kingdom flourished, holding a monopoly for the trade of incense, myrrh and spices.[12][20] Situated on the overland caravan route and connected to the Red Sea port of Egra Kome,[5] Mada'in Saleh, then referred to as Hegra among the Nabateans, reached its peak as the major staging post on the main north–south trade route.[18]

Roman era

In 106 AD, the Nabatean kingdom was annexed by the contemporary Roman Empire.[20][21] The Hejaz, which encompasses Hegra, became part of the Roman province of Arabia.[5]

The Hedjaz region was integrated into the Roman province of Arabia in 106 AD. A monumental Roman epigraph of 175-177 AD was recently discovered at al-Hijr (then called "Hegra" and now Mada'in Saleh).[5]

The trading itinerary shifted from the overland north–south axis on the Arabian Peninsula to the maritime route through the Red Sea.[18] Thus, Hegra as a center of trade began to decline, leading to its abandonment.[21] Supported by the lack of later developments based on archaeological studies, experts have hypothesized that the site had lost all of its urban functions beginning in the late Antiquity (mainly due to the process of desertification).[5] Recently evidence has been discovered that the Roman legions of Trajan occupied Mada’in Salih in the Hijaz mountains' area of northeastern Arabia, increasing the extension of the "Arabia Petraea" province of the Romans in Arabia.[2]

The history of Hegra, from the decline of the Roman Empire until the emergence of Islam in the days of Muhammad, remains unknown.[21] It was only sporadically mentioned by travelers and pilgrims making their way to Mecca in the succeeding centuries.[18] Hegra served as a station along the Hajj route, providing supplies and water for pilgrims.[21] Among the accounts is a description made by 14th-century traveler Ibn Battuta, noting the red stone-cut tombs of Hegra, by then known as "al-Hijr".[5] However, he made no mention of human activities there.

Ottoman era

The Ottoman Hajj fort at Mada'in Salih, 1907

The Ottoman Empire annexed western Arabia from the Mamluks by 1517.[22] In early Ottoman accounts of the Hajj road between Damascus and Mecca, Mada'in Saleh is not mentioned, until 1672, when the Turkish traveler, Evliya Celebi noted that the caravan passed through a place called "Abyar Saleh" where there were the remains of seven cities.[23] It is again mentioned by the traveler Murtada ibn 'Alawan as a rest stop on the route called "al-Mada'in".[23] Between 1744 and 1757,[5][18] a fort was built at al-Hijr on the orders of the Ottoman governor of Damascus, As'ad Pasha al-Azm.[23] A cistern supplied by a large well within the fort was also built, and the site served as a one-day stop for Hajj pilgrims where they could purchase goods such as dates, lemons and oranges.[23] It was part of a series of fortifications built to protect the pilgrimage route to Mecca.[23]

19th Century

Map of the Hejaz railway that passed through Mada'in Saleh.

Following the discovery of Petra by the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812, Charles Montagu Doughty, an English traveler, heard of a similar site near Mada'in Saleh, a fortified Ottoman town on the Hajj road from Damascus. In order to access the site, Doughty joined the Hajj caravan, and reached the site of the ruins in 1876, recording the visit in his journal which was published as Travels in Arabia Deserta.[18][21] Doughty described the Ottoman fort, where he resided for two months, and noted that Bedouin tribesmen had a permanent encampment just outside of the building.[23]

In the 19th Century, there were accounts that the extant wells and oasis agriculture of al-Hijr were being periodically used by settlers from the nearby village of Tayma.[18][21] This continued until the 20th century, when the Hejaz Railway that passed through the site was constructed (1901–08) on the orders of Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II to link Damascus and Jerusalem in the north-west with Medina and Mecca,[18][21] hence facilitating the pilgrimage journey to the latter and to politically and economically consolidate the Ottoman administration of the centers of Islamic faith.[24] A station was built north of al-Hijr for the maintenance of locomotives, and offices and dormitories for railroad staff.[18] The railway provided greater accessibility to the site. However, this was destroyed in a local revolt during World War I.[25] Despite this, several archaeological investigations continued to be conducted in the site beginning in the World War I period to the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the 1930s up to the 1960s.[5][26] The railway station has also been restored and now includes 16 buildings and several pieces of rolling stock.[27]

By the end of the 1960s, the Saudi Arabian government devised a program to introduce a sedentary lifestyle to the nomadic Bedouin tribes inhabiting the area.[5] It was proposed that they settle down on al-Hijr, re-using the already existent wells and agricultural features of the site.[5] However, the official identification of al-Hijr as an archaeological site in 1972 led to the resettlement of the Bedouins towards the north, beyond the site boundary.[5] This also included the development of new agricultural land and freshly dug wells, thereby preserving the state of al-Hijr.

Current development

Although the Al-Hijr site was proclaimed as an archaeological treasure in the early 1970s, few investigations had been conducted since.[1] The prohibition on the veneration of objects/artifacts has only resulted in minimal low-key archaeological activities. These conservative measures have started to ease up beginning in 2000, when Saudi Arabia invited expeditions to carry out archaeological explorations, as part of the government's push to promote cultural heritage protection and tourism.[1][12] The archaeological site was proclaimed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008.[13]

Architecture

The archaeological vestiges of Mada'in Saleh are often compared with those of Petra, the Nabatean capital situated 500 km (310.7 mi) north-west of Mada'in Saleh.[5]
Qasr al Farid, biggest tomb in Archeological site Mada'in Saleh

The Nabatean site of Hegra was built around a residential zone and its oasis during the 1st century AD.[5] The sandstone outcrops were carved out to build the necropolis. A total of four necropolis areas have survived, which featured 131 monumental rock-cut tombs spread out over 13.4 km (8.3 mi),[14][28] many with inscribed Nabatean epigraphs on their façades:

Necropolis Location Period of construction Notable features
Jabal al-Mahjar North no information Tombs were cut on the eastern and western sides of four parallel rock outcrops. Façade decorations are small in size.[5]
Qasr al walad no information 0–58 AD Includes 31 tombs decorated with fine inscriptions as well as artistic elements like birds, human faces and imaginary beings. Contains the most monumental of rock-cut tombs, including the largest façade measuring 16 m (52.5 ft) high.[5]
Area C South-east 16–61 AD Consists of a single isolated outcrop containing 19 cut tombs.[29] No ornamentations were carved on the façades.[5]
Jabal al-Khuraymat South-west 7–73 AD The largest of the four, consisting of numerous outcrops separated by sandy zones, although only eight of the outcrops have cut tombs, totaling 48 in quantity.[5] The poor quality of sandstone and exposure to prevailing winds resulted to the poor state of conservation of most façades.[29]

Non-monumental burial sites, totaling 2,000, are also part of the place.[5]

A closer observation of the façades indicates the social status of the buried person[18]—the size and ornamentation of the structure reflect the wealth of the person. Some façades had plates on top of the entrances providing information about the grave owners, the religious system, and the masons who carved them.[12] Many graves indicate military ranks, leading archaeologists to speculate that the site might have once been a Nabatean military base, meant to protect the settlement's trading activities.[16]

The Nabatean kingdom was not just situated at the crossroad of trade but also of culture. This is reflected in the varying motifs of the façade decorations, borrowing stylistic elements from Assyria, Phoenicia, Egypt and Hellenistic Alexandria, combined with the native artistic style.[5] Roman decorations and Latin scripts also figured on the troglodytic tombs when the territory was annexed by the Roman Empire.[1] In contrast to the elaborate exteriors, the interiors of the rock-cut structures are severe and plain.[12]

A religious area, known as Jabal Ithlib, is located to the north-east of the site.[5] It is believed to have been originally dedicated to the Nabatean deity Dushara. A narrow corridor, 40 metres (131 ft) long between the high rocks and reminiscent of the Siq in Petra, leads to the hall of the Diwan, a Muslem council chamber or law court.[5] Small religious sanctuaries bearing inscriptions were also cut into the rock in the vicinity.

The residential area is located on the middle of the plain, far from the outcrops.[5] The primary material of construction for the houses and the enclosing wall was sun-dried mudbrick.[5] Few vestiges of the residential area remain.

Water is supplied by 130 wells, situated in the western and north-western part of the site, where the water table was at a depth of only 20 m (65.6 ft).[5] The wells, with diameters ranging 4–7 m (13.1–23.0 ft), were cut into the rock, although some, dug in loose ground, had to be reinforced with sandstone.[5]

Importance

Arabic language written in Nabataean alphabet above tombs.

The Al-Hijr archaeological site lies in an arid environment. The dry climate, the lack of resettlement after the site was abandoned, and the prevailing local beliefs about the locality have all led to the extraordinary state of preservation of Al-Hijr,[5] providing an extensive picture of the Nabatean lifestyle. Thought to mark the southern extent of the Nabatean kingdom,[4] Al-Hijr's oasis agriculture and extant wells exhibit the necessary adaptations made by the Nabateans in the given environment—its markedly distinct settlement is the second largest among the Nabatean kingdom, complementing that of the more famous Petra archaeological site in Jordan.[5] The location of the site at the crossroads of trade, as well as the various languages, scripts and artistic styles reflected in the façades of its monumental tombs further set it apart from other archaeological sites. It has duly earned the nickname "The Capital of Monuments" among Saudi Arabia's 4,000 archaeological sites.[1][18]

Photos

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Abu-Nasr, Donna (2009-08-30). "Digging up the Saudi past: Some would rather not". Associated Press. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  2. 1 2 Kesting, Piney. "Saudi Aramco World (May/June 2001): Well of Good Fortune". Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  3. 1 2 The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropædia Volume 13. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. p. 818. ISBN 0-85229-605-3.
  4. 1 2 "HISTORY: Expansion of the Nabataeans". Historical Madain Saleh. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 "ICOMOS Evaluation of Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih) World Heritage Nomination" (PDF). World Heritage Center. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
  6. 1 2 Quran 7 :73–79
  7. 1 2 Quran 11 :61–69
  8. 1 2 Quran 15 :80–84
  9. 1 2 Quran 26 :141–158
  10. 1 2 Quran 54 :23–31
  11. 1 2 Quran 91 :11–15
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hizon, Danny. "Madain Saleh: Arabia's Hidden Treasure – Saudi Arabia". Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  13. 1 2 "Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih)". UNESCO. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  14. 1 2 "Information at nabataea.net". Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  15. ↑ Harrison, Timothy P.. "Ḥijr." Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. Brill Online, 2016.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "HISTORY: Creation of Al-Hijr". Historical Madain Saleh. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "HISTORY: Explanation of the Verses". Historical Madain Saleh. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "HISTORY: Madain Saleh". Historical Madain Saleh. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
  19. ↑ "Madain Saleh – Cities inhabited by the People of Thamud". Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  20. 1 2 The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia Volume 8. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. p. 473. ISBN 0-85229-605-3.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "HISTORY: Fall of Al-Hijr". Historical Madain Saleh. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  22. ↑ The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropædia Volume 13. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. p. 820. ISBN 0-85229-605-3.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Petersen 2012, p. 146.
  24. ↑ Baker, Randall (1979). King Hussein And The Kingdom of Hejaz. p. 18. ISBN 0-900891-48-3.
  25. ↑ The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia Volume 5. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. p. 809. ISBN 0-85229-605-3.
  26. ↑ The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropædia Volume 13. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. p. 840. ISBN 0-85229-605-3.
  27. ↑ "Move Under Way to Restore Madain Saleh Railway Station". Arab News. 2006-06-22. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  28. ↑ "HISTORY: Al-Hijr". Historical Madain Saleh. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  29. 1 2 "HISTORY: Tourist sites in Madain Saleh". Historical Madain Saleh. Retrieved 2014-04-07.

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