104th United States Congress
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The One Hundred Fourth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1995, to January 3, 1997, during the third and fourth years of Bill Clinton's presidency. Apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States census. Both chambers had Republican majorities for the first time since the 1950s. Major events included passage of elements of the Contract with America and a budget impasse between Congress and the Clinton Administration that resulted in the Federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996.
Major events
- January 3, 1995: Republicans gained control of both houses for the first time since 1954.
- January 31, 1995: President Clinton invoked emergency powers to extend a $20 billion loan to help Mexico avert financial collapse.
- April 19, 1995: Oklahoma City bombing
- August 30, 1995: NATO began Operation Deliberate Force against Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- November 14–19, 1995: U.S. government shutdown
- December 16, 1995 – January 6, 1996: U.S. government shutdown
- November 5, 1996: Re-election of President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore; Democrats gained 8 seats in House; Republicans gained 2 seats in Senate.
Major legislation
Main article: List of United States federal legislation
- April 10, 1995: Mexican Debt Disclosure Act of 1995, Pub.L. 104–6, 109 Stat. 73
- November 28, 1995: National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, Pub.L. 104–59, 109 Stat. 568
- December 19, 1995: Lobbying Disclosure Act, Pub.L. 104–65, 109 Stat. 691, 2 U.S.C. ch. 26
- December 22, 1995: Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, Pub.L. 104–67, 109 Stat. 737
- February 8, 1996: Telecommunications Act of 1996 (including the Communications Decency Act), Pub.L. 104–104, 110 Stat. 56, 47 U.S.C. § 609
- March 12, 1996: Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996 (Helms-Burton Act), Pub.L. 104–114, 110 Stat. 785, 22 U.S.C. §§ 6021–6091
- April 9, 1996: Line Item Veto Act, Pub.L. 104–130, 110 Stat. 1200
- April 24, 1996: Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub.L. 104–132, 110 Stat. 1214
- July 30, 1996: Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2, Pub.L. 104–168, 110 Stat. 1452
- August 3, 1996: National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act, Pub.L. 104–169, 110 Stat. 1482
- August 3, 1996: Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, Pub.L. 104–170, 110 Stat. 1489, 7 U.S.C. § 136
- August 20, 1996: Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Pub.L. 104–188, 110 Stat. 1755
- August 21, 1996: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Pub.L. 104–191, 110 Stat. 1936
- August 22, 1996: Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (Welfare Reform Act), Pub.L. 104–193, 110 Stat. 2105
- September 21, 1996: Defense of Marriage Act, Pub.L. 104–199, 110 Stat. 2419
- September 30, 1996: Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban, Pub.L. 104–208, 110 Stat. 3001
- October 1, 1996: Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act, Pub.L. 104–210, 110 Stat. 3011
- October 12, 1996: Water Resources Development Act of 1996, Pub.L. 104–303, 110 Stat. 3658
Party summary
Senate
Party standings on the opening day of the 104th Congress
| Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) |
Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Democratic | Vacant | ||
| End of the previous Congress | 47 | 53 | 100 | 0 |
| Begin | 53 | 47 | 100 | 0 |
| End | ||||
| Final voting share | 53.0% | 47.0% | ||
| Beginning of the next Congress | 55 | 45 | 100 | 0 |
House of Representatives
| Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) |
Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Democratic | Independent | Vacant | ||
| End of the previous Congress | 176 | 258 | 1 | 435 | 0 |
| Begin | 230 | 204 | 1 | 435 | 0 |
| End | 234 | 197 | 2 | 433 | 2 |
| Final voting share | 54.4% | 45.6% | |||
| Non-voting members | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Beginning of the next Congress | 228 | 206 | 1 | 435 | 0 |
Senators' party membership by state.
Leadership
Senate
- President: Al Gore (D)
- President pro tempore: Strom Thurmond (R)
Majority (Republican) leadership
- Majority Leader:
- Bob Dole, until June 11, 1996
- Trent Lott, starting June 12, 1996
- Majority Whip:
- Trent Lott, until June 11, 1996
- Don Nickles, starting June 12, 1996
Minority (Democratic) leadership
House of Representatives
- Speaker: Newt Gingrich (R)
Majority (Republican) leadership
Minority (Democratic) leadership
Caucuses
- Armenian Caucus
- Biomedical Research Caucus
- Blue Dog Coalition
- Congressional Arts Caucus
- Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus
- Congressional Automotive Caucus
- Congressional Bike Caucus
- Congressional Black Caucus
- Congressional Caucus on India and Indian Americans
- Congressional Caucus on Korea
- Congressional Fire Services Caucus
- Congressional Friends of Ireland Caucus
- Congressional Hispanic Caucus
- Congressional Motorsports Caucus
- Congressional Pediatric & Adult Hydrocephalus Caucus
- Congressional Progressive Caucus
- Congressional Portuguese-American Caucus
- Congressional Travel & Tourism Caucus
- Congressional Western Caucus
- Congresswomen's Caucus
- Hong Kong Caucus
- House Democratic Caucus
- Law Enforcement Caucus
- Northern Border Caucus
- Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Caucus
Members
Senate
House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Changes in membership
Senate
| State (class) |
Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorado (3) |
Ben Nighthorse Campbell (D) | Changed party March 3, 1995 | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R) | March 3, 1995 |
| Oregon (3) |
Bob Packwood (R) | Resigned October 5, 1995. Wyden won the special election on January 30, 1996. | Ron Wyden (D) | Seated February 6, 1996 |
| Kansas (3) |
Bob Dole (R) | Resigned June 11, 1996, to campaign for the Presidency | Sheila Frahm (R) | June 11, 1996 |
| Kansas (3) |
Sheila Frahm (R) | Successor elected November 5, 1996, after Brownback won the special election. | Sam Brownback (R) | November 6, 1996 |
House of Representatives
| District | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date successor seated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Georgia 9th | Nathan Deal (D) | Changed party April 10, 1995 | Nathan Deal (R) | April 10, 1995 |
| Texas 14th | Greg Laughlin (D) | Changed party June 26, 1995 | Greg Laughlin (R) | June 26, 1995 |
| Louisiana 3rd | Billy Tauzin (D) | Changed party August 8, 1995 | Billy Tauzin (R) | August 8, 1995 |
| Illinois 2nd | Mel Reynolds (D) | Resigned October 1, 1995 | Jesse Jackson, Jr. (D) | December 15, 1995 |
| California's 15th | Norman Y. Mineta (D) | Resigned October 10, 1995 | Tom Campbell (R) | December 12, 1995 |
| Mississippi 4th | Mike Parker (D) | Changed party November 10, 1995 | Mike Parker (R) | November 10, 1995 |
| Louisiana 7th | Jimmy Hayes (D) | Changed party December 1, 1995 | Jimmy Hayes (R) | December 1, 1995 |
| California 37th | Walter R. Tucker III (D) | Resigned December 15, 1995, due to scandals during his past tenure as Mayor of Compton | Juanita Millender-McDonald (D) | March 26, 1996 |
| Oregon 3rd | Ron Wyden (D) | Resigned February 6, 1996, after being elected US Senator | Earl Blumenauer (D) | May 21, 1996 |
| Maryland's 7th | Kweisi Mfume (D) | Resigned February 15, 1996, to become CEO of the NAACP | Elijah Cummings (D) | April 16, 1996 |
| Missouri's 8th | Bill Emerson (R) | Died June 22, 1996 | Jo Ann Emerson (I/R) | November 5, 1996 |
| Kansas 2nd | Sam Brownback (R) | Resigned November 27, 1996, retroactive to November 7 after being elected to the US Senate | Jim Ryun (R) | November 27, 1996 |
| Arkansas 2nd | Ray Thornton (D) | Resigned January 1, 1997 | Vacant | Vacant for remainder of term |
| Arkansas 3rd | Tim Hutchinson (R) | Resigned January 2, 1997, after being elected to the US Senate | Vacant | Vacant for remainder of term |
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
- Aging (Special)
- Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
- Appropriations
- Agriculture, Rural Development and Related Agencies
- Commerce, Justice, State and Judiciary
- Defense
- District of Columbia
- Energy and Water Development
- Foreign Operations
- Interior and Related Agencies
- Labor, Health, Human Services and Education
- Legislative Branch
- Military Construction
- Transportation
- Treasury, Postal Service and General Government
- VA-HUD Independent Agencies
- Armed Services
- Acquisition and Technology
- Airland Forces
- Personnel
- Readiness
- Foreign Operations
- Seapower
- Strategic Forces
- Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs
- Securities
- Financial Institutions and Regulatory Relief
- International Finance
- Housing Opportunity and Community Development
- HUD Oversight and Activities
- Budget
- Commerce, Science and Transportation
- Aviation
- Communications
- Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce and Tourism
- Oceans and Fisheries
- Science, Technology and Space
- Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine
- Energy and Natural Resources
- Energy Production and Regulation
- Energy Research and Development
- Forests and Public Land Management
- Parks, Historic Preservation and Recreation
- Oversight and Investigations
- Environment and Public Works
- International Trade
- Long-Term Growth, Debt and Deficit Reduction
- Medicaid and Health Care for Low-Income Families
- Medicaid, Long Term Care and Health Insurance
- Social Security and Family Policy
- Ethics (Select)
- Finance
- International Trade
- Long-Term Growth, Debt and Deficit Reduction
- Medicare, Long-Term Care and Health Insurance
- Medicaid and Health-Care for Low-Income Families
- Social Security and Family Policy
- Taxation and IRS Oversight
- Foreign Relations
- African Affairs
- East Asian and Pacific Affairs
- International Economic Policy, Export and Trade Promotion
- International Operations
- Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs
- Taxation and IRS Oversight
- Western Hemisphere and Peace Corps Affairs
- Governmental Affairs
- Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
- International Economic Policy, Export and Trade Promotion
- Post Office and Civil Service
- Indian Affairs (Select)
- Judiciary
- Administration Oversight and the Courts
- Antitrust, Business Rights and Competition
- Courts and Administration Practice
- Immigration
- Terrorism, Technology and Government Information
- Youth Violence
- Intelligence (Select)
- Labor and Human Resources
- Aging
- Children and Families
- Disability Policy
- Education, Arts and Humanities
- Rules and Administration
- Small Business
- Veterans' Affairs
- Whitewater Committee (Special)
House of Representatives
- Agriculture
- General Farm Commodities
- Livestock, Dairy and Poultry
- Risk Management and Specialty Crops
- Department Operations, Nutrition and Foreign Agriculture
- Resource Conservation, Research and Forestry
- Appropriations
- Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration and Related Agencies
- Commerce, Justice, State and Judiciary
- Defense
- District of Columbia
- Energy and Water Development
- Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs
- Labor, Health, Human Services and Education
- Interior
- Legislative
- Military Construction
- National Security
- Transportation
- Treasury, Postal Service and General Government
- VA, HUD and Independent Agencies
- Banking and Financial Services
- Capital Markets, Securities and Government-Sponsored Enterprises
- Domestic and International Monetary Policy
- General Oversight and Investigations
- Housing and Community Opportunity
- HUD Oversight and Structure
- Budget
- Commerce
- Commerce, Trade and Hazardous Materials
- Energy and Power
- Health and Environment
- Oversight and Investigations
- Telecommunications and Finance
- Economic and Educational Opportunities
- Early Childhood, Youth and Families
- Employer-Employee Relations
- Forests and Public Land Management
- Oversight and Investigations
- Postsecondary Education, Training and Life-Long Learning
- Workforce Protections
- Government Reform and Oversight
- Civil Service
- District of Columbia
- Government Management, Information and Technology
- Human Resources and Ingovernmental Relations
- National Economic Growth, Natural Resources and Regulatory Affairs
- National Security, International Affairs and Criminal Justice
- Postal Service
- Oversight
- International Relations
- International Economic Policy and Trade
- Asia and the Pacific
- International Operations and Human Rights
- Western Hemisphere
- Africa
- Judiciary
- Commercial and Administrative Law
- Courts and Intellectual Property
- Crime
- Immigration and Claims
- The Constitution
- National Security
- Military Installations and Facilities
- Military Personnel
- Military Procurement
- Military Readiness
- Military Research and Development
- Resources
- Energy and Mineral Resources
- Fisheries, Wildlife and Oceans
- National Parks, Forests and Lands
- Native American and Insular Affairs
- Water and Power Resources
- Rules
- Legislative Process
- Rules of the House
- Science
- Basic Research
- Energy and Development
- Space and Aeronautics
- Technology
- Small Business
- Government Programs
- Procurement, Exports and Business Opportunities
- Regulation and Paperwork
- Tax and Finance
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Transportation and Infrastructure
- Aviation
- Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation
- Public Buildings and Economic Development
- Railroads
- Surface Transportation
- Water Resources and Development
- Veterans' Affairs
- Compensation, Pension, Insurance and Memorial Affairs
- Education, Training, Employment and Housing
- Hospitals and Health Care
- Ways and Means
- Whole
Joint committees
Employees and legislative agency directors
Legislative branch agency directors
- Architect of the Capitol:
- George M. White, until November 21, 1995
- William L. Ensign (acting), starting November 21, 1995
- Attending Physician of the United States Congress: John F. Eisold
- Comptroller General of the United States:
- Charles A. Bowsher, until 1996
- vacant, starting 1996
- Director of the Congressional Budget Office:
- Robert D. Reischauer, until February 28, 1995
- June E. O'Neill, starting March 1, 1995
- Librarian of Congress: James H. Billington
- Public Printer of the United States: Michael F. DiMario
Senate
- Chaplain: Lloyd John Ogilvie, starting March 11, 1995
- Historian: Donald A. Ritchie
- Parliamentarian: Bob Dove
- Secretary:
- Sheila P. Burke, until June 7, 1995
- Kelly D. Johnston, June 8, 1995 – September 30, 1996
- Gary Lee Sisco, starting October 1, 1996
- Sergeant at Arms: Gregory S. Casey, starting September 6, 1996
House of Representatives
- Chaplain: James D. Ford
- Chief Administrative Officer: Scott Faulkner
- Clerk: Robin H. Carle
- Historian: Christina Jeffrey, 1995 (briefly)[1]
- Parliamentarian: Charles W. Johnson III
- Reading Clerks: Meg Goetz (D), Paul Hays (R)
- Sergeant at Arms: Wilson Livingood
See also
- United States elections, 1994 (elections leading to this Congress)
- United States elections, 1996 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
References
External links
- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
- U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
- House of Representatives Session Calendar for the 104th Congress (PDF).
- Congressional Pictorial Directory for the 104th Congress.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 104th Congress.
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