Neprilysin

MME
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1DMT, 1R1H, 1R1I, 1R1J, 1Y8J, 2QPJ, 2YB9, 4CTH, 5JMY
Identifiers
Aliases	MME, CALLA, CD10, NEP, SFE, membrane metallo-endopeptidase
External IDs	OMIM: 120520 MGI: 97004 HomoloGene: 5275 GeneCards: MME
Gene ontology Molecular function • protein binding • zinc ion binding • exopeptidase activity • hydrolase activity • endopeptidase activity • metal ion binding • peptidase activity • peptide binding • metalloendopeptidase activity • metallopeptidase activity Cellular component • brush border • focal adhesion • integral component of plasma membrane • cytoplasm • membrane • extracellular exosome • integral component of membrane • synaptic vesicle • plasma membrane • synapse • axon • dendrite • neuron projection terminus Biological process • angiotensin maturation • cellular response to UV-B • cellular response to cytokine stimulus • kidney development • replicative senescence • cellular response to UV-A • creatinine metabolic process • peptide metabolic process • beta-amyloid metabolic process • proteolysis • sensory perception of pain Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	4311	17380
Ensembl	ENSG00000196549	ENSMUSG00000027820
UniProt	P08473 Q3KQS6	Q61391
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000902 NM_007287 NM_007288 NM_007289	NM_008604 NM_001289462 NM_001289463
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000893.2 NP_009218.2 NP_009219.2 NP_009220.2	NP_001276391.1 NP_001276392.1 NP_032630.2
Location (UCSC)	Chr 3: 155.02 – 155.18 Mb	Chr 3: 63.24 – 63.39 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]
Wikidata

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Neprilysin (/ˌnɛprᵻˈlaɪsᵻn/), also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10), and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MME gene. Neprilysin is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease that cleaves peptides at the amino side of hydrophobic residues and inactivates several peptide hormones including glucagon, enkephalins, substance P, neurotensin, oxytocin, and bradykinin.^[3] It also degrades the amyloid beta peptide whose abnormal misfolding and aggregation in neural tissue has been implicated as a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Synthesized as a membrane-bound protein, the neprilysin ectodomain is released into the extracellular domain after it has been transported from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface.

Neprilysin is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is particularly abundant in kidney. It is also a common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen that is an important cell surface marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This protein is present on leukemic cells of pre-B phenotype, which represent 85% of cases of ALL.^[3]

Hematopoetic progenitors expressing CD10 are considered "common lymphoid progenitors", which means they can differentiate into T, B or natural killer cells.^[4] CD10 is of use in hematological diagnosis since it is expressed by early B, pro-B and pre-B lymphocytes, and by lymph node germinal centers.^[5] Hematologic diseases in which it is positive include ALL, angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (90%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (variable), follicular center cells (70%), hairy cell leukemia (10%), and myeloma (some). It tends to be negative in acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma. CD10 is found on non-T ALL cells, which derive from pre-B lymphocytes, and in germinal center-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma such as Burkitt lymphoma and follicular lymphoma, but not on leukemia cells or lymphomas, which originate in more mature B cells.^[6]

Amyloid beta regulation

Neprilysin-deficient knockout mice show both Alzheimer's-like behavioral impairment and amyloid-beta deposition in the brain,^[7] providing strong evidence for the protein's association with the Alzheimer's disease process. Because neprilysin is thought to be the rate-limiting step in amyloid beta degradation,^[8] it has been considered a potential therapeutic target; compounds such as the peptide hormone somatostatin have been identified that increase the enzyme's activity level.^[9] One hypothesis for the strong dependence of Alzheimer's incidence on age focuses on the declining production of somatostatin in the brains of elderly people, which thus depresses the activity of neprilysin and promotes aggregation of unprocessed amyloid beta.^[10] Declining neprilysin activity with increasing age may also be explained by oxidative damage, known to be a causative factor in Alzheimer's disease; higher levels of inappropriately oxidized neprilysin have been found in Alzheimer's patients compared to cognitively normal elderly people.^[11]

Signaling peptides

Neprilysin immunohistochemical staining of normal kidney.

Neprilysin is also associated with other biochemical processes, and is particularly highly expressed in kidney and lung tissues. Inhibitors have been designed with the aim of developing analgesic and antihypertensive agents that act by preventing neprilysin's activity against signaling peptides such as enkephalins, substance P, endothelin, and atrial natriuretic factor.^[12][13]

Associations have been observed between neprilysin expression and various types of cancer; however, the relationship between neprilysin expression and carcinogenesis remains obscure. In cancer biomarker studies, the neprilysin gene is often referred to as CD10 or CALLA. In some types of cancer, such as metastatic carcinoma and some advanced melanomas, neprilysin is overexpressed;^[14] in other types, most notably lung cancers, neprilysin is downregulated, and thus unable to modulate the pro-growth autocrine signaling of cancer cells via secreted peptides such as mammalian homologs related to bombesin.^[15] Some plant extracts (methanol extracts of Ceropegia rupicola, Kniphofia sumarae, Plectranthus cf barbatus, and an aqueous extract of Pavetta longiflora) were found able to inhibit the enzymatic activity of neutral endopeptidase.^[16]

Inhibitors

Inhibitors have been designed with the aim of developing analgesic and antihypertensive agents that act by preventing neprilysin's activity against signaling peptides such as enkephalins, substance P, endothelin, and atrial natriuretic factor.^[12][13]

Some are intended to treat heart failure.^[17]

• LCZ696 (which has been tested against enalapril) in patients with heart failure.^[17]
• Sacubitril (AHU-377), a prodrug which is a component of valsartan/sacubitril (Entresto/LCZ696)
• Sacubitrilat (LBQ657), the active form of sacubitril
• RB-101, an enkephalinase inhibitor, used in scientific research.
• UK-414,495
• Omapatrilat (dual inhibitor of NEP and angiotensin-converting enzyme) developed by BMS did not receive FDA approval due to angioedema safety concerns.

Other dual inhibitors of NEP with ACE/angiotensin receptor are (in 2003) being developed by pharmaceutical companies.^[18]

Immunochemistry

CD10 is used in clinical pathology for diagnostic purpose.

In lymphomas and leukemias

• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells are CD10⁺.
• Follicular lymphoma (follicle centre cell lymphoma) are CD10⁺.
• Burkitt Lymphoma cells are CD10⁺.
• CD10⁺ diffuse large B cell lymphoma (CD10⁺ DLBLC)^[19]
  • Marker for germinal center phenotype (CD10, HGAL, BCL6, CD38) are considered a favorable prognostic factor,^[20][21] but CD10⁺, BCL2⁺ tumors could have poorer survival.^[22] For some authors, CD10 expression in DLBCL does not influence survival.^[23]
• Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) are CD10^+[24][25] and distinguishes AITL from other T cell lymphomas (CD10⁻)^[26]
  • Some benign T cells can be CD10^+[27]

In epithelial tumors

• Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (Clear cell RCC)
  • CD10⁺ distinguishes renal cell carcinoma, conventional type with eosinophilic morphology from its mimickers. Chromophobe carcinoma and oncocytoma are CD10⁻.^[28]
• Pancreatic tumors
  • Solid pseudopapillary tumours are CD10⁺.^[29]
  • CD10⁺ differentiates mucinous cystic neoplasms (CD10⁺/CK20+) from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of branch duct type (CD10⁻/CK20-).^[29]
• Cutaneous tumors
  • CD10 may differentiate basal cell carcinoma (CD10 epithelial staining) from trichoblastoma (CD10 peritumoral stromal staining), basal cell carcinoma with follicular differentiation (CD10 stromal and epithelial staining)^[30] and squamous cell carcinoma (strong stromal staining).^[31]
  • CD10 differentiates CD10⁺ atypical fibroxanthoma from CD10⁻ spindle cell melanoma and sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma.
• Urothelial tumors express CD10 (42-67%).^[32]
  • CD10 expression is strongly correlated with high tumor grade and stage in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. CD10 may be associated with tumor progression in bladder cancer pathogenesis.^[33]

In other tumors

• CD10 expression might be one of the characteristics of müllerian system-derived neoplastic mesenchymal cells.^[34]
  • Normal endometrial stroma^[35]
  • Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) are CD10⁺ (Smooth muscle tumors are usually CD10⁻,^[36] but can be CD10^{+ [34]}
  • Malignant müllerian mixed tumor (MMMT)
  • Müllerian adenosarcoma
  • Uterine high-grade leiomyosarcoma
  • Uterine rhabdomyosarcoma
• Vascular tumors
  • Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma are mostly CD10⁺.^[37]
  • Hemangioblastoma is usually CD10⁻ (metastatic renal cell carcinoma is CD10⁺)^[38][39]

See also

• List of histologic stains that aid in diagnosis of cutaneous conditions

References

1. "Human PubMed Reference:".
2. "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
3. "Entrez Gene: Membrane metallo-endopeptidase".
4. "Human T, B, natural killer, and dendritic cells arise from a common bone marrow progenitor cell subset.". Immunity. 3 (4): 459–73. Oct 1995. doi:10.1016/1074-7613(95)90175-2. PMID 7584137.
5. Singh C (2011-02-25). "CD10". CD Markers. PathologyOutlines.com, Inc.
6. Papandreou CN, Nanus DM (January 2010). "Is methylation the key to CD10 loss?". J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 32 (1): 2–3. doi:10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181c74aca. PMID 20051779.
7. Madani R, Poirier R, Wolfer DP, Welzl H, Groscurth P, Lipp HP, Lu B, El Mouedden M, Mercken M, Nitsch RM, Mohajeri MH (December 2006). "Lack of neprilysin suffices to generate murine amyloid-like deposits in the brain and behavioral deficit in vivo". J. Neurosci. Res. 84 (8): 1871–8. doi:10.1002/jnr.21074. PMID 16998901.
8. Iwata N, Tsubuki S, Takaki Y, Watanabe K, Sekiguchi M, Hosoki E, Kawashima-Morishima M, Lee HJ, Hama E, Sekine-Aizawa Y, Saido TC (February 2000). "Identification of the major Abeta1-42-degrading catabolic pathway in brain parenchyma: suppression leads to biochemical and pathological deposition". Nat. Med. 6 (2): 143–50. doi:10.1038/72237. PMID 10655101.
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18. Venugopal J (2003). "Pharmacological modulation of the natriuretic peptide system". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 13 (9): 1389–1409. doi:10.1517/13543776.13.9.1389.
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22. Xu Y, McKenna RW, Molberg KH, Kroft SH (2001). "Clinicopathologic analysis of CD10+ and CD10- diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Identification of a high-risk subset with coexpression of CD10 and bcl-2". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 116 (2): 183–90. doi:10.1309/J7RN-UXAY-55GX-BUNK. PMID 11488064.
23. Fabiani B, Delmer A, Lepage E, Guettier C, Petrella T, Brière J, Penny AM, Copin MC, Diebold J, Reyes F, Gaulard P, Molina TJ (2004). "CD10 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas does not influence survival". Virchows Arch. 445 (6): 545–51. doi:10.1007/s00428-004-1129-7. PMID 15517363.
24. Baseggio L, Traverse-Glehen A, Berger F, Ffrench M, Jallades L, Morel D, Goedert G, Magaud JP, Salles G, Felman P (2011). "CD10 and ICOS expression by multiparametric flow cytometry in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma". Mod. Pathol. 24 (7): 993–1003. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.53. PMID 21499231.
25. Yuan CM, Vergilio JA, Zhao XF, Smith TK, Harris NL, Bagg A (2005). "CD10 and BCL6 expression in the diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: utility of detecting CD10+ T cells by flow cytometry". Hum. Pathol. 36 (7): 784–91. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2005.05.008. PMID 16084948.
26. Attygalle AD, Diss TC, Munson P, Isaacson PG, Du MQ, Dogan A (2004). "CD10 expression in extranodal dissemination of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 28 (1): 54–61. doi:10.1097/00000478-200401000-00005. PMID 14707864.
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29. Notohara K, Hamazaki S, Tsukayama C, Nakamoto S, Kawabata K, Mizobuchi K, Sakamoto K, Okada S (2000). "Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: immunohistochemical localization of neuroendocrine markers and CD10". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 24 (10): 1361–71. doi:10.1097/00000478-200010000-00005. PMID 11023097.
30. Córdoba A, Guerrero D, Larrinaga B, Iglesias ME, Arrechea MA, Yanguas JI (2009). "Bcl-2 and CD10 expression in the differential diagnosis of trichoblastoma, basal cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma with follicular differentiation". Int. J. Dermatol. 48 (7): 713–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04076.x. PMID 19570076.
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34. Mikami Y, Hata S, Kiyokawa T, Manabe T (2002). "Expression of CD10 in malignant müllerian mixed tumors and adenosarcomas: an immunohistochemical study". Mod. Pathol. 15 (9): 923–30. doi:10.1097/01.MP.0000026058.33869.DB. PMID 12218209.
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36. Kabbinavar FF, Hambleton J, Mass RD, Hurwitz HI, Bergsland E, Sarkar S (2005). "Combined analysis of efficacy: the addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil/leucovorin improves survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer". J. Clin. Oncol. 23 (16): 3706–12. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.00.232. PMID 15867200.
37. Weinreb I, Cunningham KS, Perez-Ordoñez B, Hwang DM (2009). "CD10 is expressed in most epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas: a potential diagnostic pitfall". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 133 (12): 1965–8. doi:10.1043/1543-2165-133.12.1965. PMID 19961253.
38. Jung SM, Kuo TT (2005). "Immunoreactivity of CD10 and inhibin alpha in differentiating hemangioblastoma of central nervous system from metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma". Mod. Pathol. 18 (6): 788–94. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800351. PMID 15578072.
39. Yin WH, Li J, Chan JK (2012). "Sporadic haemangioblastoma of the kidney with rhabdoid features and focal CD10 expression: report of a case and literature review". Diagn Pathol. 7 (1): 39. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-7-39. PMC 3364142. PMID 22497861.

External links

• The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M13.001
• Neprilysin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.