Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills
"r (IPA)" redirects here. For the 'r' sound (as in English red) often transcribed /r/ for convenience, see Alveolar approximant ([ɹ]).
The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is partly due to ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of these languages.
In the majority of Indo-European languages, this sound is at least occasionally allophonic with an alveolar tap [ɾ], particularly in unstressed positions. Exceptions to this include Albanian, Spanish, Cypriot Greek, and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects, which treat them as distinct phonemes.
People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate this consonant due to the limited mobility of their tongues.[1][2]
Voiced alveolar trill
| Voiced alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r | |
| IPA number | 122 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
r |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0072 |
| X-SAMPA |
r |
| Kirshenbaum |
r<trl> |
| Braille |
 |
| Sound | |
 source · help | |
Most commonly, the alveolar trill is voiced.
Features
Features of the alveolar trill:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over the articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation is dental, alveolar or post-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.[3]
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian[4] | arra | [ɒr̪ːɒ] | 'that way' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Romanian[5] | repede | [ˈr̪e̞pe̞d̪e̞] | 'quickly' | Apical. See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[6] | рьяный | [ˈr̪ʲjän̪ɨ̞j] | 'zealous' | Apical, palatalized. Often a tap.[6] It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See Russian phonology | |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[7] | rooi | [roːi̯] | 'red' | May be a tap [ɾ] instead.[7] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | Modern Standard | راء | [raːʔ] | Resh | [ɾ] in Egyptian |
| Armenian | Eastern[8] | ռումբ |  [rumb] | 'cannonball' | |
| Bengali | রাত | [rat] | 'night' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Czech[9] | chlor | [xlɔ̝ːr] | 'chlorine' | Contrasts with /r̝/; may be syllabic. See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Few speakers of the Jutlandic dialect[10] | Corresponds to much more back [ʁ ~ ʕ] in standard Danish. See Danish phonology | |||
| English | Scottish | curd | [kʌrd] | 'curd' | Only some dialects. Corresponds to [ɾ ~ ɹ] in others. See English phonology |
| Finnish | raaka | [rɑ:kɑ] | 'raw' | See Finnish phonology | |
| Greek | Standard[11] | άρτος | [ˈartos] | 'Communion bread' | Allophone of /r/. Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant.[11] See Modern Greek phonology |
| Cypriot[12][13] | βορράς | [voˈrːas] | 'north' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. | |
| Hebrew | Sephardi | ריש | [ˈreʃ] | 'Resh' | See Sephardi Hebrew |
| Hindustani | पत्थर / پتھر | [pət̪t̪ʰər] | 'stone' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Italian[14] | terra | [ˈt̪ɛrːä] | 'earth' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kele[15] | [ⁿrikei] | 'leg' | |||
| Kyrgyz[16] | ыр | [ɯr] | 'song' | ||
| Latvian[17] | rags | [räks̪] | 'horn' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Malay | kurang | [kuräŋ] | 'less' | ||
| Polish[18] | krok | [krɔk] | 'step' | Contrasts with /r̝/ for few speakers. See Polish phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[19] | рт / rt | [r̩t] | 'cape' | May be syllabic. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[20] | krk | [kr̩k] | 'neck' | May be a tap, particularly when not syllabic. | |
| Slovene[21] | riž | [ríːʃ] | 'rice' | Also described as tap [ɾ],[22] and variable between trill [r] and tap [ɾ].[23] See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish[24] | perro | [ˈpe̞ro̞] | 'dog' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | Some West coast dialects | bra | [brɑː] | 'good' | Allophone of /ɹ/. Very common in Gothenburg , second-largest city in Sweden, and the surrounding areas. See Swedish phonology |
| Tagalog | rambutan | [rɐmbuˈtan] | 'rambutan' | Allophone of the more common [ɾ].[25] See Tagalog phonology | |
| Titan[15] | [ⁿrakeiʔin] | 'girls' | |||
| Yiddish | Standard[26] | בריק | [brɪk] | 'bridge' | More commonly a flap [ɾ]; can be uvular [ʀ̆ ~ ʀ] instead.[26] See Yiddish phonology |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[27] | r-ree | [rɘˀɘ] | 'go out (habitually)' | Underlyingly two sequences of /ɾ/. |
Post-alveolar
See also: Retroflex trill
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan[28] | roba | [ˈr̠ɔβ̞ə] | 'clothes' | Contrasts with /ɾ/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Gokana[29] | bele | [bēr̠ē] | 'we' | Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar tap or simply [l] instead.[29] | |
| Japanese | こら | [kora] | '"Hey, you!"' | Allophone of the Japanese postalveolar flap; often carries a vulgar or aggressive impact, but also manifests naturally in some strongly deviating dialects. May also be realized as an alveolar trill; see Japanese phonology#Consonants | |
| Russian[6] | играть | [ɪˈɡr̠ätʲ] | 'to play' | Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See Russian phonology | |
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | Standard[30] | Schmarrn | [ʃmaːrn] | 'nonsense' | Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be a tap instead.[30] See German phonology |
Voiced alveolar fricative trill
| Raised alveolar trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝ | |
| IPA number | 122 429 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA |
r_r |
| Sound | |
|
source · help | |
In Czech, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r, there is another, laminal trill, written ř, in words such as rybáři [ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but is laminal and the body of the tongue is raised. It is thus partially fricative, with the frication sounding rather like [ʒ] but not so retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous [r] and [ʒ], and non-native speakers may pronounce it as [rʐ] or [rʒ]. In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨r̻⟩.[31] (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩). The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
- Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge,
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Examples
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech[32][33][34][35] | čtyři | [ˈt͡ʃtɪr̝ɪ] | 'four' | May be a non-sibilant fricative.[33] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology | |
| Kashubian[36] | Only some northern and northwestern speakers.[36] | ||||
| Kobon | Amount of frication variable. May also be a fricative flap | ||||
| Polish | Some dialects[37] | rzeka | [ˈr̝ɛkä] | 'river' | Contrasts with /r/ and /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork[37] and those south, west and northwest of them,[37] area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo,[37] south and east from Wieleń,[37] around Wołomin,[37] southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka[37] and west from Siedlce,[37] from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them,[37] and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ.[37] Most speakers, as well as standard Polish merge it with /ʐ/,[37] and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do that too.[37] See Polish phonology |
| Portuguese[38] | os rins | [u ˈr̝ĩʃ] | 'the kidneys' | Possible realization of the sequence /sr/ for speakers who realize /r/ as [r].[38] See Portuguese phonology | |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[39] | umrził | [ˈumr̝iw] | '(he) died' | Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. Merges with /ʐ/ in most Polish dialects. |
| Jablunkov[39] | |||||
| Slovak | Northern dialects[37][40] | řyka | [ˈr̝ɪkä] | 'river' | Only in a few dialects near the Polish border.[37] See Slovak phonology |
See also
References
- ↑ Chaubal & Dixit (2011:270–272)
- ↑ Mayo Clinic (2012)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:228)
- ↑ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000:75–76), Szende (1999:104)
- ↑ Ovidiu Drăghici, Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie (PDF), retrieved April 19, 2013
- 1 2 3 Skalozub (1963:?); cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:221)
- 1 2 Lass (1987), p. 117.
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ↑ Pultrová (2013:22)
- ↑ Torp (2001:78)
- 1 2 Arvaniti (2007:14–18)
- ↑ Arvaniti (2010:3–4)
- ↑ "βορράς", Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database, Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές, 2011, retrieved 5 March 2014
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- 1 2 Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ↑ Kara (2003:11)
- ↑ Nau (1998:6)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:103)
- ↑ Kordić (2006:5), Landau et al. (1999:66)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
- ↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:135)
- ↑ Greenberg (2006:17 and 20)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ Schachter and Reid (2008)
- 1 2 Kleine (2003:263)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:109)
- ↑ Recasens & Pallarès (1995:288)
- 1 2 L.F. Brosnahan, Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni (PDF), retrieved 2013-11-24
- 1 2 Mangold (2005:53)
- ↑ For example, Ladefoged (1971).
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:70–71)
- 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:228–230 and 233)
- ↑ Lodge (2009:46)
- ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:226)
- 1 2 Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř), Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, retrieved 2013-11-06
- 1 2 Grønnum (2005:157)
- 1 2 Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková (1995:98)
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- Chaubal, Tanay V.; Dixit, Mala Baburaj (2011), "Ankyloglossia and its Management", Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 15 (3): 270–272, doi:10.4103/0972-124X.85673, PMID 22028516
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