Open-mid front unrounded vowel

Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
IPA number 303
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɛ
Unicode (hex) U+025B
X-SAMPA E
Kirshenbaum E
Braille ⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)
Sound
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The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
i • y
ɨ • ʉ
ɯ • u
ɪ • ʏ
ɪ̈ • ʊ̈
ɯ̽ • ʊ
e • ø
ɘ • ɵ
ɤ • o
e̞ • ø̞
ə • ɵ̞
ɤ̞ • o̞
ɛ • œ
ɜ • ɞ
ʌ • ɔ
æ • 
ɐ • ɞ̞
a • ɶ
ä • ɒ̈
ɑ • ɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Akan pɛ [pʰɛ] 'to like'
Albanian tre [tɾɛ] 'three'
Arabic كريب [kɾɛp] 'crêpe' Only in loanwords and used by a small number of speakers, depending on country of origin. See Arabic phonology.
ArmenianEastern[1]էջ [ɛd͡ʒ] 'page'
Assamese এতিয়া [ɛtija] 'now'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic mes [mɛːs] 'table' Used predominantly in the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects. Corresponds to [i] in other varieties.
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.[2]
Bulgarian[3] пет [pɛt̪] 'five' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[4] mel [mɛɫ] 'honey' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese 蛇/se4 [sɛː˩] 'snake' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin 年/nian [njɛn˧˥] 'year' Varies between open and mid. See Mandarin phonology
Wu 顏 ngae [ŋɛ˥˨] 'face'
Czech[5][6][7] led [lɛt] 'ice' In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front [ɛ], open-mid near-front [ɛ̠] and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[5] See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[8][9] frisk [ˈfʁ̞ɛsɡ̊] 'fresh' Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[10] bed  [bɛt]  'bed' See Dutch phonology
The Hague[11] jij  [jɛ̞ː]  'you' Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch.
English General American[12] bed  [bɛd]  'bed'
Northern English[13] May be somewhat lowered.[14]
Received Pronunciation[15][16] Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology
Scottish[17]
Cockney[18] fat [fɛt] 'fat'
Singaporean[19]
New Zealand[20]
Some Broad South African speakers[21] Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a].
Belfast[22] days [dɛːz] 'days' Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP.
Zulu[23] mate [mɛt] 'mate' Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger.
Estonian[24] sule [ˈsulɛˑ] 'feather' (gen. sg.) Common word-final allophone of /e/.[25] See Estonian phonology
Faroese elska [ɛlska] 'love'
French[26] bête  [bɛt̪]  'beast' See French phonology
Galician pé [pɛ] 'foot'
Georgian[27] გედი [ɡɛdɪ] 'swan'
German Standard[28] Bett  [bɛt]  'bed' Also described as mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[29] See Standard German phonology
Hindustani شَہَر / शहर [ʃɛɦɛr] 'city' See Hindustani phonology
Icelandic[30][31][32] kenna [ˈcʰɛnːa] 'to teach' Often diphthongized to [eɛ] when long.[33] See Icelandic phonology
Italian[34] bene  [ˈbɛːne]  'good' See Italian phonology
Kaingang[35] [ˈᵐbɾɛ] 'with'
Korean 태도 [tʰɛːdo] 'attitude' Currently merging with [e] in Seoul dialects. See Korean phonology
Limburgish[36][37][38] crème [kʀ̝ɛːm] 'cream' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.[39]
Lithuanian mane [mɐˈnʲɛ] 'me' (acc.)
Luxembourgish[40][41] Stär [ʃtɛːɐ̯] 'star' Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/.[41] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian елен [ˈɛl̪ɛn̪] 'deer' See Macedonian phonology
Ngwe Njoagwi dialect [lɛ̀rɛ́] 'eye'
North Frisian tech [tɛx] 'closed'
Polish[42] ten  [t̪ɛn̪]  'this one' (nom. m.) See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects[43][44] meleca [mɛˈl̪ɛ̞kə] 'goo' Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [e̞ e ɪ i ɨ], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[45] tempo [ˈt̪ɛ̃pu] 'time' Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[46] vede [ˈvɛɟe] '(he) sees' Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[47] это  [ˈɛt̪ə]  'this' See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic aig [ɛk] 'at' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Seri me [mɛ] 'you'
Shiwiar[48] Allophone of /a/.
Slovak[7] behať [ˈbɛɦäc̟] 'to run' Rare realization of /e/; most commonly realized as mid [e̞].[7] See Slovak phonology
Spanish Eastern Andalusian[49] las madres [læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] 'the mothers' Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[49]
Sorbian Lower[50] serp [s̪ɛrp] 'sickle'
Upper[50][51] čelo [ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ] 'calf' See Upper Sorbian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[52] ät [ɛ̠ːt̪] 'eat' (imp.) Somewhat retracted. See Swedish phonology
Tagalog babae [bɐˈbaɛː] 'woman' Can also be pronounced as [e̞]. See Tagalog phonology
Turkish[53][54] ülke [y̠l̠ˈcɛ] 'country' Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final"[53] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[54] See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian береза  [bɛˈrɛz̪ɐ]  'birch' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese e [ɛ] 'to fear' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian têd [tɛːt] 'languid'
Yoruba[55] ẹsẹ̀ [ɛ̄sɛ] 'leg'

The vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩ in Standard Eastern Norwegian is actually mid.[56]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  2. 1 2 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. ↑ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
  4. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  5. 1 2 Dankovičová (1999:72)
  6. ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228)
  7. 1 2 3 Kráľ (1988:92)
  8. ↑ Grønnum (1998:100)
  9. ↑ Basbøll (2005:45)
  10. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  11. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:136)
  12. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
  13. ↑ Lodge (2009:163), Watson (2007:357), Watt & Allen (2003:268)
  14. ↑ Lodge (2009:163)
  15. ↑ Schmitt (2007:322–323)
  16. ↑ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  17. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  18. ↑ Hughes & Trudgill (1979:35)
  19. ↑ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000)
  20. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
  21. ↑ Lanham (1967:9)
  22. ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  23. ↑ Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English at the Wayback Machine (archived May 17, 2008)
  24. ↑ Asu & Teras (2009:368–369)
  25. ↑ Asu & Teras (2009:369)
  26. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  27. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  28. ↑ Mangold (2005:37)
  29. ↑ Kohler (1999:87)
  30. ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
  31. ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  32. ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
  33. ↑ Árnason (2011:57–60)
  34. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  35. ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  36. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
  37. ↑ Peters (2006:119)
  38. ↑ Verhoeven (2007:221)
  39. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158)
  40. ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
  41. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  42. ↑ Jassem (2003:105)
  43. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  44. ↑ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
  45. ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  46. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  47. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
  48. ↑ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  49. 1 2 Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
  50. 1 2 Stone (2002:600)
  51. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984:20)
  52. ↑ Engstrand (1999:140)
  53. 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
  54. 1 2 Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
  55. ↑ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
  56. ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)

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