Fargo, North Dakota

Fargo, North Dakota
City

The skyline of downtown Fargo as seen from Main Avenue, facing north.

Seal
Motto: Gateway to the West

Fargo's location in North Dakota
Fargo, North Dakota

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 46°52′38″N 96°47′22″W / 46.87722°N 96.78944°W / 46.87722; -96.78944Coordinates: 46°52′38″N 96°47′22″W / 46.87722°N 96.78944°W / 46.87722; -96.78944
Country  United States of America
State   North Dakota
County Cass
Founded 1871
Government
 • Mayor Tim Mahoney
Area[1]
 • City 48.82 sq mi (126.44 km2)
 • Land 48.82 sq mi (126.44 km2)
 • Water 0 sq mi (0 km2)
Elevation 904 ft (274 m)
Population (2010)[2]
 • City 105,549
 • Estimate (2015)[3] 118,523
 • Rank US: 231st
 • Density 2,202.5/sq mi (850.4/km2)
 • Urban 176,676 (US: 194th)
 • Metro 233,836 (US: 192nd)
 • Demonym Fargoan
Time zone CST (UTC-6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP Codes 58102-58109, 58121-58122, 58124-58126
Area code(s) 701
FIPS code 38-25700
GNIS feature ID 1028945[4]
Highways I-29, I-94, I-94 Bus., US 10, US 52, US 81, US 81 Bus., ND 294
Website City of Fargo
NDSU has a large impact on the City of Fargo and its citizens.

Fargo is the most populous city in the State of North Dakota, accounting for over 15% of the state population.[5] Fargo is also the county seat of Cass County. According to the 2015 United States Census estimates, its population was 118,523.[6] Fargo, along with its twin city of Moorhead, Minnesota, as well as adjacent West Fargo, North Dakota and Dilworth, Minnesota, form the core of the Fargo-Moorhead, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area, which in 2015 contained a population of 233,836.[7] In 2014, Forbes magazine ranked Fargo as the fourth fastest-growing small city in the United States.[8]

Founded in 1871 and located on the Red River of the North floodplain,[9] Fargo is a cultural, retail, health care, educational, and industrial center for Eastern North Dakota and Northwestern Minnesota. In addition, Fargo is home to North Dakota State University.

History

Early history

Historically part of Sioux (Dakota) territory, the area that is present-day Fargo was an early stopping point for steamboats traversing the Red River during the 1870s and 1880s. The city was originally named "Centralia," but was later renamed "Fargo" after Northern Pacific Railway director and Wells Fargo Express Company founder William Fargo (1818−1881). The area started to flourish after the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railroad and the city became known as the "Gateway to the West."

During the 1880s, Fargo became the "divorce capital" of the Midwest because of lenient divorce laws.[10]

A major fire struck the city on June 7, 1893, destroying 31 blocks of downtown Fargo. But the city was immediately rebuilt with new buildings made of brick, new streets, and a water system. More than 246 new buildings were built within 1 year. There were several rumors concerning the cause of the fire.[11]

The North Dakota Agricultural College was founded in 1890 as North Dakota's land-grant university, becoming first accredited by the North Central Association in 1915. In 1960, NDAC became known as North Dakota State University.

20th century

1957 'F5' tornado as it approaches Hector International Airport.

Early in the century, the automobile industry flourished, and in 1905, Fargo was home to the Pence Automobile Company.[12]

Fargo-Moorhead boomed after World War II and the city grew rapidly despite being hit by a violent tornado in 1957. The tornado destroyed a large portion of the north end of the city. Ted Fujita, famous for his Fujita tornado scale, analyzed pictures of the Fargo tornado, which helped him develop his ideas for "wall cloud" and "tail cloud." These were the first major scientific descriptive terms associated with tornadoes.[13] The coming of two interstates (I-29 and I-94) revolutionized travel in the region and pushed growth of Fargo to the south and west of the city limits. In 1972, the West Acres Shopping Center, currently the largest shopping mall in North Dakota, was constructed near the intersection of the two Interstates. This mall would become the catalyst for retail growth in the area.

Recent history

Broadway at Main in the heart of Fargo

Fargo has continued to expand rapidly but steadily. Since the mid-1980s, the bulk of new residential growth has occurred in the south and southwest areas of the city due to geographic constraints on the north side. The city's major retail districts on the southwest side have likewise seen rapid development.

Downtown Fargo has been gentrified due in part to investments by the city and private developers in the Renaissance Zone. Most older neighborhoods, such as Horace Mann, have either avoided decline or been revitalized through housing rehabilitation promoted by planning agencies to stem blight and strengthen the city's core.

NDSU has grown rapidly into a major research university, and forms a major component of the city's identity and economy. Most students live off-campus in the surrounding Roosevelt neighborhood. The university has established a presence downtown through both academic buildings and apartment housing. In addition, NDSU Bison Football has become a major sport following among many area residents.

Since the late 1990s, the Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan Statistical Area has consistently had one of the lowest unemployment rates among MSAs in the United States. This, coupled with Fargo's low crime rate and the decent supply of affordable housing in the community, has prompted Money magazine to rank the city near the top of its annual list of America's most livable cities throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Geography

Spring flooding in Riverview area of Fargo during March 2009.

Fargo is located at 46°52′17″N 96°48′31″W / 46.87139°N 96.80861°W / 46.87139; -96.80861 (46.871414, −96.808658).[14] Fargo is a core city of the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area, which also includes Moorhead, West Fargo, and Dilworth as well as outlying communities.

Fargo sits on the western bank of the Red River of the North in a flat geographic region known as the Red River Valley. The Red River Valley resulted from the withdrawal of glacial Lake Agassiz, which drained away about 9,300 years ago. The lake sediments deposited from Lake Agassiz made the land around Fargo some of the richest in the world for agricultural uses.

Fargo's largest challenge are floods due to the rising water of the Red River, which flows from the United States into Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada. The Red flows northward, which means melting snow and river ice, as well as runoff from its tributaries, often create ice dams causing the river to overflow. Fargo's surrounding Red River Valley terrain is essentially flat, leading to overland flooding. Since the potentially devastating flood of 2009, both Fargo and Moorhead have taken great strides in flood protection, only a near record flood would cause concern today.

Its geographical location makes the city vulnerable to flooding during seasons with above average precipitation. The Red River's "minor" flood stage in Fargo begins at a level of 18 feet, with "major" flooding categorized at 30 feet and above. Many major downtown roadways and access to Moorhead are closed off at this level. Record snowfalls late in 1996 led to flooding in 1997, causing the Red to rise to a record crest of 39.5 feet, nearly overtaking city defenses. In 2008-2009, significant fall precipitation coupled with a rapid snowmelt in March 2009 caused the Red to rise to a new record level of 40.84 feet, but again Fargo remained safe, in large part due to flood mitigation efforts instituted after the 1997 event and sandbagging efforts by the city residents. Further upgrades were made to city infrastructure and additional resources brought to bear following the 2009 flood, which caused no issues for the city in 2010 despite another rapid melt that caused the Red to rise to 37 feet (which ranks among the top ten highest levels ever recorded). Recent discussions have focused on a $1.5 billion diversion project that would channel the Red's water away from the city, but such a project is very much in the planning stages and being evaluated by various government agencies. As of 2012, Fargo has bought 700 houses in flood-prone areas.[15]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 48.82 square miles (126.44 km2), all land.[1]

Climate

Because of its location in the Great Plains and its distance from both mountains and oceans, Fargo has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa/Dfb), and is located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 4.[16] The city features winters among the coldest in the continental United States, with lows falling to or below 0 °F (−17.8 °C) 43 nights per year, and sometimes falling to −20 °F (−28.9 °C). Snowfall averages 52 inches (132 cm) per season.[17] Spring and autumn are short and highly variable seasons. Summers have frequent thunderstorms, and highs reach 90 °F (32 °C) on an average of 12.7 days each year.[17] Annual precipitation of 22.7 inches (577 mm) is concentrated in the warmer months. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −48 °F (−44 °C) on January 8, 1887 to 114 °F (46 °C) on July 6, 1936.[18]

In 2011, Fargo won The Weather Channel's "America's Toughest Weather City" poll. Almost 850,000 votes, blizzards, cold, and floods were used to determine Fargo as the "Toughest Weather City" in 2011.[19]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18802,693—
18905,664110.3%
19009,58969.3%
191014,33149.5%
192021,96153.2%
193028,61930.3%
194032,58013.8%
195038,25617.4%
196046,66222.0%
197053,36514.4%
198061,38315.0%
199074,11120.7%
200090,59922.2%
2010105,54916.5%
Est. 2015118,523[22]12.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[23]
2015 Estimate[3]

2010 census

As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 105,549 people, 46,791 households, and 23,075 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,162.0 inhabitants per square mile (834.8/km2). There were 49,956 housing units at an average density of 1,023.3 per square mile (395.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.2% White, 2.7% African American, 3.0% Asian, 1.4% Native American, 0.6% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population.

There were 46,791 households of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.7% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 30.2 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 19.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29% were from 25 to 44; 21.7% were from 45 to 64; and 10.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.4% male and 49.6% female.

The median household income was $44,304, and the median income for a family was $69,401, with the mean family income being $89,110. The per capita income for Fargo was $29,187. About 16.0% of the population and 7.7% of families were below the poverty line.[24]

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 90,599 people, 39,268 households, and 20,724 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,388.2 inhabitants per square mile (922.0/km²). There were 41,200 housing units at an average density of 1,086.0 per square mile (419.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.17% White, 1.02% African American, 1.24% Native American, 1.64% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.29% of the population.

The top seven ancestry groups in the city are German (40.6%), Norwegian (35.8%), Irish (8.6%), Swedish (6.5%), English (5.2%), French (4.7%), Italian (3.6).

There were 39,268 households, of which 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 41.8% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.2% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the city the population was spread out with 21.1% under the age of 18, 19.2% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.3 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $35,510, and the median income for a family was $50,486. Males had a median income of $31,968 versus $22,264 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,101. About 6.6% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

Law and government

Cass County Courthouse

Fargo uses the city commission style of local government. Four commissioners and a mayor are elected at large for four-year terms. Dr. Tim Mahoney is Fargo's current mayor.[25] The Fargo City Commission meets every two weeks in its chambers above the Fargo Civic Center. The meetings are broadcast on a Government-access television (GATV) cable channel.

Although politically diverse, Fargo has a history as a Republican-leaning area. Democrats tend to do well in state elections in the older and established areas of Fargo (Districts 11 and 21), but Republicans dominate throughout much of the newer areas of the city. George W. Bush carried Fargo as well as the rest of Cass County in the 2004 presidential election, with nearly 60 percent of the vote in both areas. In 2008, Democratic candidate Barack Obama won the majority of votes in Cass County,[26] with a voting percentage very close to the percentage Obama received in the entire nation, while John McCain won the majority of votes in North Dakota.

Economy

The economy of the Fargo area has historically been dependent on agriculture. That dominance has decreased substantially in recent decades. Now, the city of Fargo has a growing economy based on food processing, manufacturing, technology, retail trade, higher education, and healthcare. In a study published by Forbes, Fargo was ranked the best small city in the nation to start a business or a career.[27]

Largest employers

According to the City's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[28] the largest employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Sanford Health 6,020
2 North Dakota State University 4,464
3 Essentia Health 3,381
4 Fargo Public Schools 1,816
5 Noridian 1,371
6 Case New Holland 1,250
7 West Fargo Public Schools 1,248
8 Wanzek Construction, Inc. 1,100
9 US Bank 1,059
10 Eventide Senior Living Center 1,006

Education

K–12

Fargo North High School

The Fargo Public Schools system serves most of the city, operating fifteen elementary schools, three middle schools, and four high schools Fargo North High School, Fargo South High School, Judge Ronald N. Davies High School, and an alternative high school (Woodrow Wilson).

The West Fargo Public Schools system serves the southwestern part of the city, in addition to West Fargo itself and the surrounding communities of Horace and Harwood.

In addition to public schools, a number of private schools also operate in the city. The John Paul II Catholic Schools Network operates Holy Spirit Elementary, Nativity Elementary, Sullivan Middle School, and Shanley High School. Additionally, the Oak Grove Lutheran School serves grades Pre-K-12, as do Grace Lutheran School, and Park Christian School.

Higher education

Old Main on the Campus of North Dakota State University

Fargo is home to North Dakota State University (NDSU), which has over 14,000 students. NDSU was founded in 1890 as the state land grant university focusing on agriculture, engineering and science, but has since branched out to cover many other fields of study. NDSU, along with Minnesota State University Moorhead and Concordia College in Moorhead, form the Tri-College University system of Fargo-Moorhead. Students can take classes at any of the three institutions. These three colleges also form a vibrant student-youth community of over 25,000. NDSCS-Fargo is a campus of North Dakota State College of Science. Located in the Skills and Technology Training Center on 19th Avenue North in Fargo, NDSCS-Fargo serves as the home to academic programming and non-credit training.

Fargo is also home to several private collegiate institutions, including Rasmussen College, a branch location of the University of Mary, and Masters Baptist College operated by Fargo Baptist Church. The University of Jamestown's Doctor of Physical Therapy program is based in Fargo. Until recently, Globe University/Minnesota School of Business maintained a Fargo Student Resource Center, now replaced by the college's Moorhead campus.

Libraries

The Fargo Public Library was established in 1900 and for many years was housed in a Carnegie-funded building. In 1968, the library moved into a new facility as part of urban renewal efforts in the downtown area. The original 1968 building was demolished and replaced with a new library which opened in 2008. In addition, Fargo Public Library operates the Dr. James Carlson Library in southern Fargo, and the Northport branch in North Fargo. In 2002 and 2006, the Southpointe and Northport Branches were opened serving the city's south and north sides. The Dr. James Carlson Library, which replaced the earlier Southpointe Branch, opened to the public on November 16, 2007. A new main library located downtown opened April 25, 2009. The Fargo Public Library is headquartered in downtown Fargo. In 2014, over 1 million items were checked out from Fargo Public Library. "Books and magazines made up nearly half of the total and digital media and other non-print items made up more than a third. The rest are inter-library loans and renewals, according to Melisa Duncan, a library spokeswoman."[29]

Culture

Fargo offers a wide variety of cultural opportunities for a city of its size. This is likely due, in part, to the presence of three universities in the area. Most theatre and events are either promoted or produced by the universities, although there are several private theatre companies in the city including Fargo-Moorhead Community Theatre (FMCT), Theatre 'B' in downtown Fargo, Ursa Major Productions, Music Theatre Fargo Moorhead, Tin Roof Theatre Company, The Entertainment Company and others. Music organizations in the area include the Fargo-Moorhead Opera, the Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra, and the Fargo-Moorhead Youth Symphony. Fargo also boasts a dance company in the Fargo-Moorhead Ballet.

Fargo Theatre

The Fargo Theatre is a restored 1926 Art Deco movie house that features first-run movies, film festivals, and other community events. The Fargodome routinely hosts concerts, Broadway musicals, dance performances, sporting events, as well as fairs and other gatherings.

The Winter Carnival in Fargo is a tradition that began in 1928.

The Plains Art Museum is the largest museum of art in the state. It is located in downtown Fargo and features regional and national exhibits. It also houses a large permanent collection of art. There are several other museums in Fargo including The Children's Museum at Yunker Farm, The Fargo Air Museum, The Courthouse Museum, The Roger Maris Museum in West Acres Shopping Center, the North Dakota State University Wall of Fame in the Scheels All Sports store and the historic Bonanzaville village (West Fargo).

Recreation

The Fargo Park District operates many neighborhood parks throughout the city. The Fargo area contains the following golf courses: Edgewood Golf Course (18-hole), Fargo Country Club (18-hole) Rose Creek Golf Course (18-hole), El Zagal (9-hole), Prairiewood Golf Course (9-hole), and the new Osgood Golf Course (9-hole). In the winter Edgewood serves as a warming house and also provides cross country skis. Rose Creek and Osgood golf courses offer golfing lessons in the summer months. Fargo also has a skate park located near dike west and Island park. Fargo and sister city Moorhead also hold ferry rides during the summer, on the historic Red River, to promote education of the fertile soil of the Red River Valley.

Sports

Sister cities

Fargo has two sister cities:

Norway Hamar, Norway
Sweden Vimmerby, Sweden

Media

See also: Fargo-Moorhead media for a list of newspapers, radio stations, television stations, yellow page directories, and more...

The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead is the city's major newspaper. The High Plains Reader, an independent weekly newspaper, also operates in the community. North Dakota State University's student paper, The Spectrum, is printed twice weekly during the academic year. The city is also served by other publications such as Area Woman, From House To Home, Bison Illustrated, OPEN Magazine, Fargo Monthly, Design & Living, and Valley Faith.

Fargo is also home to several radio and television stations. Gray Television owns NBC affiliate KVLY-TV and CBS affiliate KXJB-LD, and Red River Broadcasting owns Fox affiliate KVRR. Forum Communications, which also owns The Forum, owns ABC affiliate WDAY-TV and WDAY radio. Major Market Broadcasting owns independent station KRDK-TV, which was formerly CBS affiliate KXJB. Prairie Public Broadcasting operates KFME-TV, a PBS station, and also operates NPR affiliate KDSU-FM (however, KDSU is owned by North Dakota State University). Midwest Communications operating under Midwest Radio of Fargo-Moorhead, owns KFGO, Froggy 99.9, 104.7 MIX-FM, Y94, Rock 102 and 740 The Fan. Conservative talk host Scott Hennen owns WZFG, and Great Plains Integrated Marketing owns KQLX, Thunder 106.1 and Eagle 106.9. Local resident James Ingstad operates eight radio stations under RFM Media, including Bob 95, 107.9 The Fox, Big 98.7, Q105.1, True Oldies 1660AM, 92.7 The Drive, and 94.5 The City.

KNDS 96.3 FM - KNDS 96.3 FM is an FCC approved radio station, owned with a license held by the independent Alliance for the Arts, operating on the 96.3 frequency in Fargo, North Dakota and the surrounding area. KNDS strives to provide the area with independent music not heard elsewhere in the FM radio community, while maintaining an emphasis on community/area partnership. North Dakota State University's ThunderRadio club operates the station [31]

Radio Free Fargo 95.9 FM - KRFF-LP is a local, non-profit, listener-supported independent radio station serving the Fargo-Moorhead metro area. Radio Free Fargo previously worked to run KNDS.

Fargo has 4 local yellow pages publishers. SMARTSEARCH, which is locally owned and operated; yellowbook, owned by the Yell Group, a foreign United Kingdom based company; Dex, owned by RH Donnelley and based in North Carolina; and Phone Directories Company (PDC), based in Utah.

Transportation

Passengers pose for a photo before boarding the Empire Builder in 1974. Amtrak trains traveling toward Chicago and Seattle stop daily between 1 and 4 o'clock in the morning.[32]

Fargo is a major transportation hub for the surrounding region. It sits at the crossroads of two major interstate highways, I-29 and I-94 and is the home of an airport.

Fargo is served by Hector International Airport. Hector has the longest public runway in the state and scheduled passenger flights to Minneapolis/St. Paul, Chicago, Denver, Las Vegas, Mesa, Arizona, Los Angeles, Orlando, Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas, and Salt Lake City. The city is served by Delta Air Lines, Delta Connection, American Eagle, United Express and Allegiant Air. An Air National Guard unit and the Fixed-Base Operation Fargo Jet Center are also located at Hector.

The F-M metro area is served by a bus service known as Fargo Moorhead Metro Area Transit (MAT). MAT operates lines that specifically cater to the area's college student population, who comprise the bulk of its ridership. Greyhound Lines, Jefferson Lines and Rimrock Stages Trailways bus services additionally link Fargo to other communities.

The BNSF Railway runs through the metropolitan area as successor to the Great Northern Railway and Northern Pacific Railroad. Amtrak service is provided via the Empire Builder passenger train at the Fargo Amtrak station.

The city sits at the intersection of Interstate 29 and Interstate 94. U.S. Highway 81, U.S. Highway 10, and U.S. Highway 52 also run through the community.

The street system of Fargo is structured in the classic grid pattern. Routes that run from north to south are called streets, and routes that run from east to west are called avenues.

The major north/south roads (from west to east) include:

The major east/west roads (from north to south) include:

Notable people

Sites of interest

Arenas and auditoriums

The Fargodome
Fargo Civic Center

Museums

Fargo Theatre, Downtown Fargo

Theaters

Tallest buildings

The tallest buildings in Fargo include:

Miscellaneous attractions

Fargo is an Academy Award–winning 1996 film named after the city. Fargo is only seen briefly at the film's opening scene set in a bar and mentioned only twice in the film. None of Fargo was shot on location in or near Fargo.[40]

A television series based on the film debuted on FX in April 2014. The city was featured in its seventh episode "Who Shaves the Barber?" The series was filmed in Calgary, Alberta.

Fargo North, Decoder was a trench coat wearing character on The Electric Company, who tried to make sense of messages with scrambled words or missing letters.[41]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Official records for Fargo were kept at the Weather Bureau Office in Moorhead, Minnesota from January 1881 to January 1942, and at Hector Int'l since February 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx

References

  1. 1 2 "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
  2. 1 2 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
  3. 1 2 "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  4. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  5. ↑ Based on 2015 population estimate numbers. 118,523 (Fargo pop.) / 756,927 (ND pop.) = 15.3%
  6. ↑ "2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File - Place". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  7. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015" (CSV). United States Census Bureau. July 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  8. ↑ Kotkin, Joel (2014-09-03). "America's Fastest-Growing Small Cities". Forbes. Retrieved 2014-09-03.
  9. ↑ John Eligon (April 2, 2013). "Sandbag Season Has Fargo Thinking of a Better Way". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2013. "When you have a 100-year flood four years out of five, that's a great challenge," Gov. Jack Dalrymple said.
  10. ↑ Riley, G (1991). Divorce: An American Tradition. Oxford University Press
  11. ↑ http://library.ndsu.edu/fargo-history/?q=content/fire-1893
  12. ↑ Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.205.
  13. ↑ "Tetsuya Theodore Fujita: 1920-1998". The Tornado Project. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  14. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  15. ↑ Fargo lifts the ban on building permits in flood prone areas | WDAY | Fargo, ND. WDAY (2012-11-08). Retrieved on 2013-08-25.
  16. ↑ "USNA - USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map: North-Midwest US". U.S. National Arboretum, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  17. 1 2 3 "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
  18. 1 2 "Thread Stations Extremes". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
  19. ↑ http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/news/articles/americas-toughest-weather-city-champion_2011-03-31
  20. ↑ "Station Name: ND FARGO HECTOR INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  21. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for FARGO/WSO AP ND 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
  22. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  23. ↑ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved July 21, 2013.
  24. ↑ /http://www.usa.com/fargo-nd-income-and-careers.htm#Poverty-Level
  25. ↑ http://www.cityoffargo.com/CityInfo/Mayor/
  26. ↑ "Official Election Results - Cass County". North Dakota Secretary of State. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  27. ↑ "Best Small Places For Business And Careers: #1 Fargo ND - Forbes.com". Forbes. 2014-07-23. Retrieved 2014-09-17.
  28. ↑ "City of Fargo 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report" (PDF). June 29, 2015. p. 156. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  29. ↑ http://www.inforum.com/news/3655509-fargo-library-breaks-record
  30. ↑ FC Fargo semi pro soccer team to hold tryouts. Accessed 23 March 2015
  31. ↑ http://www.kndsradio.com/about/
  32. ↑ "Empire Builder" (PDF). amtrak.com. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
  33. ↑ "College Football: Ranking Division I Indoor Stadiums: 2. Fargodome (North Dakota State Bison) - BleacherReport.com". Bleacher Report. March 24, 2012. Retrieved 2013-10-16.
  34. ↑ http://www.inforum.com/business/3937484-construction-start-fall-kilbournes-new-downtown-fargo-tower
  35. ↑ http://kfgo.com/news/articles/2016/feb/01/partnership-announces-downtown-development-plan/
  36. ↑ http://www.inforum.com/news/3920984-fargo-skyscraper-project-has-hotel-office-partners-city-help-still-works
  37. ↑ "Fargo: Buildings of the City". Emporis. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  38. ↑ Robin McMacken (June 2008). The Dakotas Off the Beaten Path (7th ed.). p. 183. ISBN 978-0762747726.
  39. ↑ http://www.westacres.com/about.php
  40. ↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116282/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt
  41. ↑ "Fargo North, Decoder (Character)". Retrieved 2015-03-05.
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