50th Operations Group

50th Operations Group
Active 1941–1945, 1949–1951, 1953–1957, 1992–present
Country  United States
Branch  United States Air Force
Size Over 1100 military and civilians
Garrison/HQ Schriever Air Force Base
Motto(s) Master of the Sky (1941–1957)
Master of Space (1992–present)
Engagements European Theater of World War II
Decorations Distinguished Unit Citation
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Cited in the Order of the Day by the Belgian Army
Insignia
50th Operations Group emblem (Originally approved for the group 9 January 1942)[1][note 1]
Original form of the Group emblem[1]
Group emblem from 23 August 1956 to 8 December 1957[2][note 2]

The 50th Operations Group is a component of the 50th Space Wing, assigned to the United States Air Force Space Command. The group is stationed at Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado.

The group was activated in January 1941 as the 50th Pursuit Group and began training under Third Air Force. In May 1942 it was reassigned to the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics, where it was a training and test unit as the 50th Fighter Group (Special). The group moved to the European Theater of Operations in the Spring 1944 expansion of Ninth Air Force in England in preparation for Operation Overlord. It few its first combat mission on 1 May 1944. The group moved to France in late June and continued in combat until V-E Day. During combat operations over Western Europe, the unit received two Distinguished Unit Citations. It returned to the United States, where it was inactivated on 7 November 1945.

In June 1949 the group was activated as a reserve unit at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, where it was a corollary unit of the active duty 33d Fighter Group. In 1950, it became the 50th Fighter-Interceptor Group. The group was called to active duty in connection with the Korean War in June 1950, but was inactivated a few days later and its personnel were transferred to other units.

The group, now designated the 50th Fighter-Bomber Group, was activated in January 1953, when it took over the mission, personnel and equipment of the 140th Fighter-Bomber Group, a Colorado Air National Guard unit that had been federalized for the Korean War. Once the group transitioned from North American F-51 Mustangs to North American F-86 Sabres, it deployed to Germany and Hahn Air Base. It moved to Toul-Rosières Air Base, France in 1956, and was inactivated there in late 1957.

Although the group was renamed the 50th Tactical Fighter Group in 1985, it remained inactive until December 1991, when, as the 50th Operations Group, it took over the personnel of the 1002d Operations Group, which was simultaneously inactivated. Since then, the group has managed a variety of surveillance and communications satellites for the Department of Defense.

Overview

The 50th Operations Group stood up at Falcon Air Force Base 30 January 1992, the same day as its parent, the 50th Space Wing. Its crews, formerly the crews of the 1002d Operations Group, monitored satellites during launch operations, maneuvered them into proper orbits and maintained their health in space.[3]

The group commands, controls and executes launch and early orbit operations, and provides operational support for over 65 satellites which support the president, the secretary of defense, other government agencies, and United States and allied military forces. It comprises over 1,100 active duty, reserve, and civilians. It trains the more than 500 system operators that form its space operations crews.[3]

The group's space operations centers track, monitor telemetry and command satellites during launch, early-orbit and on-orbit operations. They resolve anomalies with satellites when they occur and dispose of the satellites when missions are terminated.[3]

Assigned units

The 50th Operations Group consists of the following squadrons, plus a detachment located at Suitland, Maryland, which provides command and control of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program:[4]

The squadron operates the Space Based Space Surveillance, Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program, and Advanced Technology Risk Reduction satellites to identify and track satellites in orbit around the Earth.
The squadron performs the command and control mission for the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is the military's largest and the world's most widely used satellite constellation. It operates the spacecraft constellation through a Master Control Station, located on Schreiver Air Force Base and a worldwide network of monitor stations and dedicated ground antennas. The continuous availability of GPS, its unprecedented accuracy, and its capability to simultaneously support a virtually unlimited number of users with three-dimensional position, velocity and timing information have attracted numerous military and civilian users for GPS.[5]
The squadron mission is to provide reliable space-borne communications for the National Command Authority, United States military and Allied forces. To fulfill its mission, it conducts day-to-day command and control for the Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) and the Wideband Global SATCOM. The Wideband Global SATCOM system initially operates with a combination of DSCS and Global Broadcast Service satellites. These systems provide secure high-rate data communications links to the President of the United States, United States Secretary of Defense, theater commanders and worldwide strategic and tactical forces.[6]
The squadron is responsible for command and control of the Milstar and Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellites through dedicated extremely high frequency antennas and the Air Force Satellite Control Network. The multi-satellite constellation links command authorities to high priority United States forces via communications terminals on aircraft, ships, submarines, trucks and ground sites with encrypted voice and data. The ground segment consists of a fixed site located in the Satellite Operations Building at Schriever Air Force Base and a site at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The squadron also operated three geographically distributed Advanced Ground Mobile vehicles. At higher readiness levels and during exercises, squadron personnel deploy with United States Northern Command and United States Strategic Command to provide survivable, secure communications and command and control. Milstar has about 1500 terminals. As the Advanced Extremely High Frequency network becomes fully operational it will add 5000 additional terminals and serve forces from Canada, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.[7]
The squadron mission is to manage and conduct training programs ensuring mission qualification and combat readiness of group personnel and personnel assigned to affiliated Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve units. It implements the wing Weapons and Tactics program, while overseeing space modernization and upgrades. It is also responsible for processing the daily Space Duty Order and maintaining crew force management records.[8]

History

World War II

Initial training and reinforcement of combat theaters

P-40s as flown by the group

The group was first activated as the 50th Pursuit Group at Selfridge Field, Michigan in January 1941. The group initially consisted of the 10th, 11th and 12th Pursuit Squadrons.[9][10][11][12] It trained with Vultee BT-13 Valiant trainers and second-line Seversky P-35 Guardsman fighters at Selfridge. Although stationed in the geographical region of the Northeast Air District, the group was assigned to the 22d Fighter Wing of the Southeast Air District,[9] located at Hunter Field, Georgia. In September, the group moved to the southeast and Key Field, Mississippi, where it equipped with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks.[13]

Shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the group's 11th Pursuit Squadron was dispatched to Elmendorf Field to reinforce the defenses of Alaska against Japanese attack, departing on 19 December.[13] The urgency of the need for reinforcements in Alaska was so great that the squadron was picked even though its pilots were untrained on the flight conditions they could expect to experience in Alaska. Two weeks elapsed before the planes reached the Sacramento Air Depot at McClellan Field, California for winterization, and at the end of the month when the 11th was reassigned, none of its planes had left McClellan.[11][14]

No sooner had the 11th been replaced by the newly activated 81st Pursuit Squadron in mid-January 1942,[15] than the 12th was moved to Christmas Island in the South Pacific Theater.[12] The group was brought up to full strength once again in February, when the 313th Pursuit Squadron was activated and assigned.[16] At Key Field, the group mission was initially the transition training of new graduates of advanced flying training schools in fighter aircraft.[9][13]

Training and operational testing

While at Key Field, the unit was reassigned to the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics's Fighter Command School and became the 50th Fighter Group (Special) as it added the mission of testing new equipment and developing air defense tactics to its training mission.[9]

Douglas P-70 in

Night fighter combat over the skies of England made the Army Air Forces aware of the need for night air defense training and tactics development. The Air Defense Operational Training Unit was established on 26 March. A few days later this was renamed the Interceptor Command School, then the Fighter Command School.[17] As part of its mission, the group furnished cadres to new night fighter squadrons and its 81st Fighter Squadron conducted night fighter training in Douglas P-70 Havocs.[18] The 81st was assigned the "daunting task" of training sufficient crews to man seventeen night fighter squadrons within twelve months, initially " [w]ith no trained instructor pilots or radar operators, no aircraft, no radar, and no communications equipment".[19] The original night fighter crews were recruited from 27 pilots from the group who were qualified to fly twin-engine aircraft. They attended transition training school at Williams Field, Arizona before returning to Florida.[20]

By the end of September, the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics Night Fighter Department was activated and the 81st Fighter Squadron was detached from the 50th Group and placed under the Department for training and operations.[19] In October 1942, the personnel and equipment of the 81st squadron provided the manpower and equipment for the newly formed 348th and 349th Night Fighter Squadrons, and the squadron was remanned.[13]

In late March 1943, the group moved to Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, where the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics was headquartered, although each of its squadrons was stationed at a different field of the school.[note 3] In Florida, the group added a fourth unit, the 445th Fighter Squadron, which was activated at Orlando.[21] The dispersed squadrons of the group often operated from unprepared airfields, testing the logistics needed to keep aircraft operating in a theater of operations.[22]

In January 1944, the group's squadrons returned to Orlando as the group began to prepare for its own deployment overseas. The group assumed the look of a typical three squadron fighter group in February when the 445th Squadron moved to Muroc Army Air Field, where it would become a Bell P-59 Airacomet jet fighter squadron, and the 50th Fighter Control Squadron was separated from the group and moved to the European Theater of Operations.[13][21] The group continued to teach during its preparations, using Republic P-47 Thunderbolts and North American P-51 Mustangs.[22] Simultaneously, the night fighter training program was transferred to Hammer Field, California.[23]

European Theater of Operations

81st Fighter Squadron P-47D at Carentan Airfield (A-10), France, Summer 1944.[note 4]

The group departed for the European theater in the middle of March 1944, leaving its Mustangs behind and arriving at its first overseas station, RAF Lymington, in early April 1944 with only Thunderbolts.[22] At Lymington the group became part of IX Air Support Command and its squadrons were assigned fuselage codes T5 (10th), 2N (81st) and W3 (313th).[24] Lymington was a temporary airfield and a prototype for the type of temporary advanced landing grounds which would be built in France after D-Day, when the need for advanced landing fields would become urgent as the Allied forces moved east across France and Germany. Tents were used for billeting and also for support facilities; an access road was built to the existing road infrastructure; a dump for supplies, ammunition, and gasoline drums, along with a drinkable water and minimal electrical grid for communications and station lighting.[25]

The group began operations by making a fighter sweep over France on 1 May. It engaged primarily in escort and dive-bombing missions for the next month. The 50th covered the invasion beaches during Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy on 6 and 7 June, and moved to its first Advanced Landing Ground at Carentan, France on 25 June.[1]

Once established on the continent, the 50th attacked bridges, roads, vehicles, railways, trains, gun emplacements, and marshalling yards during the Normandy campaign. It bombed targets in the Saint-Lô region in July and supported the subsequent drive across France. The allied drive was so rapid that in September the group moved over 230 miles from Meautis Airfield in Normandy to Orly Airport, near Paris.[26] It spent only ten days near the City of Lights, however and by the end of the month was at Lyon-Bron Airport, where it was reassigned to XII Tactical Air Command, which had moved from the Mediterranean Theater of Operations following Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France.[27] The group assisted in stemming the German offensive in the Saar-Hardt area early in January 1945. The 50th engaged in the offensive that reduced the Colmar Pocket in January and February and supported the drive that breached the Siegfried Line and resulted in the movement of Allied forces into southern Germany in March and April.[1]

In early 1945, the group participated in Operation Clarion, attempting to cut as many rail lines as possible, operating primarily in the area near Strasbourg.[28] The 50th Fighter Group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for close cooperation with Seventh Army in March 1945 during the assault on the Siegfried Line. Despite the hazards of enemy opposition and difficult weather conditions, the group struck enemy defenses and isolated battle areas by destroying bridges, communications, supply areas, and ammunition dumps.[1] The 50th received a second Distinguished Unit Citation for a mission on 25 April 1945 when, despite intense flak the group destroyed or damaged many enemy aircraft on an airfield southeast of Munich.[1]

313th Fighter Squadron P-47 Thunderbolt landing at Toul/Ochey Airfield[note 5]

50th Fighter Group

Aerial Victories Number Note
Group Hq 0
10th Fighter Squadron 11 [29]
81st Fighter Squadron 26 [30]
313th Fighter Squadron 14 [31]
Group Total 51

The group ended operations at AAF Station Giebelstadt, Germany in May 1945, and returned to the United States in August. it was assigned to Second Air Force at La Junta Army Air Field, Colorado, where it was inactivated on 7 November 1945.[1]

Air Force Reserve

33d Fighter Group F-84Cs at Otis AFB

The May 1949 Air Force Reserve program called for a new type of unit, the Corollary unit, which was a reserve unit integrated with an active duty unit. It was viewed as the best method to train reservists by mixing them with an existing regular unit to perform duties alongside the regular unit.[32] As this plan was implemented, the 50th Fighter Group was reactivated on 1 June 1949, with the 81st Fighter Squadron as its only component.[9] The group was formed at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, and was assigned to the newly activated 50th Fighter Wing under the Wing Base organization plan. The group was the corollary of the 33d Fighter Group of First Air Force.[2][33] It was originally equipped with the F-51 Mustang which, as the P-51, had formed part of the group's equipment prior to 1944.[33]

In January 1950, the group was redesignated 50th Fighter-Interceptor Group. Training activity included participating in portions of the 33rd Group's air defense missions and exercises. During the year, the group flew a mixture of North American T-6 Texans, Lockheed T-33 T-Birds, Republic F-84 Thunderjets and North American F-86 Sabres. The group was ordered to active service on 1 June 1951 due to the Korean War, and its personnel and equipment were reassigned as replacements to active duty units and the 50th group was inactivated the next day.[33]

Reactivation in the Regular Air Force

F-51 Mustangs of the 140th Fighter-Bomber Group
417th Fighter-Bomber Squadron Sabres at Clovis AFB

On 1 January 1953, the group became the 50th Fighter-Bomber Group and was reactivated as part of Tactical Air Command at Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico. The 10th, 81st and 417th Fighter-Bomber Squadrons were assigned to the group.[note 6] For the third time, the group was equipped with the F-51 Mustang. These fighters along with their pilots, support personnel and other equipment were taken over from the 140th Fighter-Bomber Group of the Colorado Air National Guard, which was simultaneously released from active duty and returned to state control.[note 7][34][35]

The 140th had been training with Mustangs at Clovis for little over a year, but before long, the group replaced its Mustangs with jet-powered F-86F Sabres. The conversion to the Sabre continued through the spring and early summer of 1953, as crews and maintenance personnel became familiar the Sabre. Once training levels for pilots and ground crews had reached operational levels, the 50th began preparations for its move to Europe.[36]

The 50th deployed to Hahn on 10 August 1953, in a movement titled Operation Fox Able 20. The ground echelon of the wing sailed from Galveston, Texas, to Bremerhaven, West Germany aboard the USS General M. B. Stewart (AP-140). It traveled by rail to its new home at Hahn, arriving in August 1953.[36]

United States Air Forces in Europe

417th Fighter-Bomber Squadron F-86F Sabres over Germany[note 8]
81st Fighter-Bomber Squadron F-86H[note 9]

The original construction of Hahn Air Base had begun in 1951 by the French Forces of Occupation in Germany. Hahn was located in the French Zone of Occupation, but negotiations between the French and Americans had allowed for the stationing of American troops in the French Zone. Construction was completed by the Americans and by May 1953, Hahn was ready to receive a fighter wing.[37]

On Arriving at Hahn, the group participated in Exercise Monte Carlo, a staged combat employment drill to illustrate the capability of North Atlantic Treaty Organization air defense forces. During the brief operation, unit aircrews flew 124 simulated combat sorties, including 52 in one 4-hour period. United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE) initiated a training program in 1954 in which its units deployed to Wheelus Field, Libya, where better weather permitted more flying hours. 50th pilots spent six weeks at the Wheelus range near Tripoli to improve their air-to-air combat and ground attack skills. The F-86F crews of 50th scored higher in both the air-to-air and the air-to-ground events than any other unit assigned to Twelfth Air Force.[38]

By 1955, USAFE began an annual, command-wide aerial gunnery competition at the Wheelus ranges. During the first such event, held 30 July 1955, the pilots of 50th Group took top honors in the command. Three months later the group began modernizing its Sabre fleet. The first F-86H Sabre arrived at Hahn on 21 October 1955. Conversion continued throughout the winter of 1955 and spring of 1956, ending in May.[38]

New aircraft would not be the only change for the personnel of the 50th, however. With the conversion to the newer F-86H nearly complete, the 50th Fighter-Bomber Wing began a move to Toul-Rosières Air Base, France. The 50th Group's 417th Fighter-Bomber Squadron was the first squadron to relocate, moving to France on 15 April 1956.. The group and the 10th and 81st Squadrons joined the 417th in mid-July. The group was mission-ready at Toul by 1 August. Almost immediately, USAFE chose the 50th to represent the command at the Air Force Fighter Weapons Meet at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The group's team was led by the commander of the 417th, Lt. Col. Chuck Yeager.[39]

The group continued training and participating in various air defense exercises until 8 December 1957, when the group's squadrons, were reassigned directly to the 50th Fighter-Bomber Wing, which converted to the dual deputy organization model, with a deputy wing commander for operations and staff replacing the group headquarters.[40]

Satellite operations

Main article: 50th Space Wing
Defense Space Communications System-3 satellite

The group activated at Falcon Air Force Base on 30 January 1992, when it assumed the personnel of the 1002d Operations Group, which was simultaneously inactivated.[3] The 1st, 2d and 3d Satellite Control Squadrons were redesignated Space Operations Squadrons and assigned to the group from the 2d Space Wing as that wing inactivated.[41][42][43][44] A few months later, the 4th Space Operations Squadron was activated in April to operate the Milstar satellite system and in July, the 1000th Satellite Operations Group at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, which had operated the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program since 1963 was reduced to squadron strength and assigned to the group as the 6th Space Operations Squadron.[45][46] Later that year, in November, the group's 3d Space Operations Squadron was called on to relocate a Defense Satellite Communications System craft from European orbit in order to provide coverage for Operation Restore Hope, the United Nations supervised operation to provide security for humanitarian efforts in Somalia.[47]

The group continued to add squadrons as it accepted responsibility for more satellite systems.[48] In November 1993, the group added a sixth squadron when the 5th Space Operations Squadron was activated at Onizuka Air Force Base and assigned to the group. The squadron was responsible for the Defense Satellite Communications II and NATO IV communications satellite systems.[9][49][50] These older systems were transferred to the 5th from the 3d Space Operations Squadron so that the 3d could concentrate on newer systems.[51] With the obsolescence of the two systems, the remaining Defense Satellite Communications System II was transferred to a commercial company and the 5th was inactivated in June 2000.[49][52]

On 30 September 1998 the group's 6th Space Operations Squadron was inactivated at Offutt as the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) was transferred to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It was activated the next day in the Air Force Reserve to serve as a backup for the DMSP mission.[46][48]

In June 1999, the 750th Space Group at Onizuka Air Station, California was inactivated as some of its activities were transferred to Schreiver Air Force Base. Its three squadrons, the 21st, 22d, and 23d Space Operations Squadrons were assigned to the group.[52] In a realignment of the 50th Space Wing in March 2004, they were transferred to the 50th Network Operations Group.[53]

During the War in Iraq the group's squadrons provided surveillance and communications support for coalition forces and devised improvements for the GPS system to improve targeting accuracy in the theater.[52]

Lineage

Activated on 15 January 1941
Redesignated: 50th Fighter Group on 15 May 1942
Redesignated: 50th Fighter Group (Special) on 28 May 1942
Redesignated: 50th Fighter Group (Single Engine) on 21 January 1944
Inactivated on 7 November 1945
Redesignated 50th Fighter-Interceptor Group on 1 May 1950
Ordered to active service on 1 June 1951
Inactivated on 2 June 1951
Activated on 1 January 1953
Inactivated on 8 December 1957
Redesignated: 50th Operations Group on 1 January 1992
Activated on 30 January 1992[54]

Assignments

  • Southeast Air District, 15 January 1941
  • 22d Pursuit Wing, c. January 1941
  • III Interceptor Command, 2 October 1941
  • Fighter Command School (an activity), 28 May 1942
  • Fighter Command School (formerly, 5th Interceptor Command), 25 August 1942
  • Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics (later Army Air Forces Tactical Center), 22 January 1943
  • IX Air Support Command (later IX Tactical Air Command), 4 April 1944 (attached to 84th Fighter Wing for operations after 7 April 1944)
  • XII Tactical Air Command, 29 September 1944 (attached to 64th Fighter Wing for operations until June 1945)
  • Second Air Force, 4 August – 7 November 1945
  • 50th Fighter Wing (later 50th Fighter-Interceptor Wing), 1 June 1949 – 2 January 1951
  • 50th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 1 January 1953 – 8 December 1957
  • 50th Space Wing, 30 January 1992 – present[54]

Components

Space Operations Squadrons
Onizuka Air Force Base, California[49]
Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska[46]
Onizuka Air Force Base (later Onizuka Air Station), California[55]
New Boston Air Force Station, New Hampshire[56]
Fighter Squadrons
Support Squadrons

Stations

  • Selfridge Field, Michigan, 15 January 1941
  • Key Field, Mississippi, 3 October 1941
  • Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, 22 March 1943
  • Alachua Army Air Field, Florida, 20 November 1943
  • Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, 1 February – 13 March 1944
  • RAF Lymington (AAF-551),[57] England, 5 April 1944
  • Carentan Airfield (A-10),[58] France, 25 June 1944
  • Meautis Airfield (A-17),[58] France, 16 August 1944
  • Orly Airport (A-47),[58] France, 4 September 1944
  • Laon/Couvron Airfield (A-70),[58] France, 15 September 1944

Awards and campaigns

Award streamer Award Dates Notes
Distinguished Unit Citation13 March 1945 – 20 March 194550th Fighter Group, European Theater[9]
Distinguished Unit Citation25 April 194550th Fighter Group, Germany[9]
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award1 October 1998 – 30 September 200050th Operations Group[9]
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award1 October 2000 – 1 October 200150th Operations Group[9]
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award1 October 2001 – 1 October 200250th Operations Group[9]
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award2 October 2002 – 2 October 200350th Operations Group[9]
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award1 October 2007 – 30 September 200950th Operations Group[9]
Cited in the Order of the Day, Belgian Army6 June 1944 – 30 September 194450th Fighter Group[9]
Campaign/Service Streamer Campaign Dates Notes
American Theater without inscription7 December 1941 – 13 March 194450th Fighter Group[9]
Air Offensive, Europe5 April 1944 – 5 June 194450th Fighter Group[9]
Normandy6 June 1944 – 24 July 194450th Fighter Group[9]
Northern France25 July 1944 – 14 September 194450th Fighter Group[9]
Rhineland15 September 1944 – 21 March 194550th Fighter Group[9]
Ardennes-Alsace16 December 1944 – 25 January 194550th Fighter Group[9]
Central Europe22 March 1944 – 21 May 194550th Fighter Group[9]

Aircraft

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ The group uses the wing emblem with the group designation in the scroll. Robertson, AFHRA Factsheet, 50 Operations Group.
  2. ↑ Emblem approved for the wing. Robertson, AFHRA Factsheet, 50 Space Wing.
  3. ↑ The 10th was at Zephyrhills Army Air Field, the 81st at Cross City Army Air Field, the 313th at Keystone Army Air Field and the 445th at Orlando, all in Florida. Saunders, p. 2.
  4. ↑ Aircraft is P-47D Thunderbolt 42-25904
  5. ↑ December 1944. The red nose was the Mediterranean Theater of Operations recognition marking for aircraft of the 1st Tactical Air Force, to which the 50th was assigned during the last seven months of the European Campaign.
  6. ↑ Although the 417th was not one of the 50th's original units, the squadron had been stationed with the group at AAF Giebelstadt, Germany, during the final days of World War II.
  7. ↑ The 50th's squadrons similarly replaced squadrons of the Colorado, Utah and Wyoming Air National Guard.
  8. ↑ Aircraft are F-86F-30-NA Sabres. Serial 52-4656 leading.
  9. ↑ Aircraft is North American F-86H-10-NH Sabre Serial 53-1418
  10. ↑ In addition to the listed aircraft, the group's 445th Squadron operated at least 16 different types of planes in 1943 and 1944 in performing its operational test mission. Maurer, Combat Squadrons., p. 551; Saunders, p. 2.
Citations
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 110–111
  2. 1 2 Ravenstein, pp. 81–82
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Factsheet: 50th Operations Group". 50th Space Wing Public Affairs. April 17, 2015. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  4. ↑ "Factsheets:Detachment 1, 50th Operations Group". 50th Space Wing Public Affairs. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  5. ↑ "Factsheets:2nd Space Operations Squadron". 50th Space Wing Public Affairs. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  6. ↑ "Factsheets:3rd Space Operations Squadron". 50th Space Wing Public Affairs. April 16, 2015. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Factsheets:4th Space Operations Squadron". 50th Space Wing Public Affairs. August 21, 2015. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Factsheets:50th Operations Support Squadron". 50th Space Wing Public Affairs. April 16, 2015. Archived from the original on June 27, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Robertson, Patsy (November 20, 2008). "Factsheet 50 Operations Group (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  10. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 56–57
  11. 1 2 3 Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 61–62
  12. 1 2 Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 65–66
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Abstract, History 50 Fighter Group 15 Jan 1941-8 Mar 1944". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  14. ↑ Goss, p. 303
  15. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 283–285
  16. ↑ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 380–381
  17. ↑ Goss, p. 275
  18. 1 2 3 Saunders, p. 1
  19. 1 2 MacFarland, p. 17
  20. ↑ MacFarland, p. 18
  21. 1 2 Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 551
  22. 1 2 3 Saunders, p. 2
  23. ↑ MacFarland, p. 20
  24. ↑ Watkins, pp. 22–23
  25. ↑ Freeman
  26. ↑ Saunders, p. 3
  27. ↑ Maurer, Combat Units, p. 430
  28. ↑ "Abstract, History 50 Fighter Group Feb 1945". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  29. ↑ Newton & Senning, p. 533
  30. ↑ Newton & Senning, pp. 574–575
  31. ↑ Newton & Senning, p. 594
  32. ↑ Cantwell, p. 73
  33. 1 2 3 Saunders, pp. 4–5
  34. ↑ Saunders, p. 6
  35. ↑ Mueller, p. 61
  36. 1 2 Saunders, pp. 6–7
  37. ↑ Saunders, pp. 5–6
  38. 1 2 Saunders, p. 8
  39. ↑ Saunders, p. 9
  40. ↑ Saunders, p. 10
  41. ↑ Saunders, p. 29
  42. ↑ Robertson, Patsy (September 6, 2012). "Factsheet 1 Space Operations Squadron (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  43. ↑ Robertson, Patsy (January 29, 2015). "Factsheet 2 Space Operations Squadron (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  44. ↑ Robertson, Patsy (September 6, 2012). "Factsheet 3 Space Operations Squadron (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  45. ↑ Robertson, Patsy (December 1, 2008). "Factsheet 4 Space Operations Squadron (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  46. 1 2 3 Kane, Robert B. (December 27, 2010). "Factsheet 6 Space Operations Squadron (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  47. ↑ Saunders, p. 31
  48. 1 2 Saunders, p. 32
  49. 1 2 3 Robertson, Patsy (February 26, 2008). "Factsheet 5 Expeditionary Space Operations Squadron (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  50. ↑ "5th Space Operations Squadron (5 SOPS)". GlobalSecurity.com. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  51. ↑ "The Outer Space Connection: Space Command". Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  52. 1 2 3 Saunders, p. 33
  53. ↑ Saunders, p. 35
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lineage, including assignments, components, stations and aircraft in Robertson, AFHRA 50th Operations Group Factsheet, except as noted. Stations are given for units not stationed with group headquarters.
  55. ↑ "Factsheet 21 Space Operations Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency. September 6, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  56. ↑ "Factsheet 23rd Space Operations Squadron". 50th Space Wing Public Affairs. April 16, 2015. Archived from the original on March 4, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  57. ↑ Station number in Anderson
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Station numbers in Johnson
  59. ↑ Robertson, Patsy (20 November 2008). "Factsheet 50 Space Wing (AFSPC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014.

Bibliography

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