Demographics of Greece

Demographics of the Hellenic Republic
Population	10,955,000 (2015 est.)[1]
Growth rate	-1.01 people/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Birth rate	9.45 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Death rate	10.51 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Life expectancy	79.66 years
• male	77.11 years
• female	82.37 years (2010 est.)
Fertility rate	1.42 children born/woman (2011 est.)[2]
Infant mortality rate	4.92 deaths per 1,000 live births (2012 est.)[3]
Age structure
0–14 years	14.4%
15–64 years	66.6%
65 and over	19.0%
Sex ratio
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years	1.00 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.78 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Greek(s) adjective: Greek
Major ethnic	Greeks
Minor ethnic	Albanians, Roma, Turks, Bulgarians and Pomaks,[4] Romanians, Russians, Georgians and Armenians[5]
Language
Official	Greek
Spoken	Greek (Majority), Arvanitika, Macedonian/Bulgarian, Pomak, Aromanian, Turkish

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Greece, including ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

The Demographics of Greece refer to the demography of the population that inhabits the Greek peninsula. The population of Greece was estimated by the United Nations to 10,955,000 in 2015.

Historical overview

Greece was inhabited as early as the Paleolithic period. Prior to the 2nd millennium BC, the Greek peninsula was inhabited by various pre-Hellenic peoples, the most notable of which were the Pelasgians. The Greek language ultimately dominated the peninsula and Greece's mosaic of small city-states became culturally similar. The population estimates on the Greeks during the 4th century BC, is approximately 3.5 million on the Greek peninsula and 4 to 6.5 million in the rest of the entire Mediterranean Basin,^[6] including all colonies such as those in Magna Graecia, Asia Minor and the shores of the Black Sea.

During the history of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek peninsula was occasionally invaded by the foreign peoples like Goths, Avars, Slavs, Normans, Franks and other Romance-speaking peoples who had betrayed the Crusades. The only group, however, that planned to establish permanent settlements in the region were the Slavs. They settled in isolated valleys of the Peloponnese and Thessaly, establishing segregated communities that were referred by the Byzantines as Sclaveni. Traces of Slavic culture in Greece are very rare and by the 9th century, the Sclaveni in Greece were largely assimilated. However, some Slavic communities managed to survive in rural Macedonia. At the same time a large Sephardi Jewish emigrant community from the Iberian peninsula established itself in Thessaloniki, while there were population movements of Arvanites and Vlachs, who established communities in several parts of the Greek peninsula. The Byzantine Empire ultimately fell to Ottoman Turks in the 15th century and as a result Ottoman colonies were established in the Balkans, notably in Macedonia, the Peloponnese and Crete. Many Greeks either fled to other European nations or to geographically isolated areas (i.e. mountains and heavily forested territories) in order to escape foreign rule. For those reasons, the population decreased in the plains, while increasing on the mountains. The population transfers with Bulgaria and Turkey that took place in the early 20th century, added in total some two million Greeks from to the demography of the Greek Kingdom.

Urbanization

Population

Population of Greece since 1961.

According to the 2001 census the population of Greece was 10,964,020. Eurostat estimations as of January 2008 gave the number of 11,214,992 inhabitants in the Greek peninsula. According to the official 2011 census, which used sophisticated methodology, the population of Greece was 10,816,286.

Census	Population	Change
1971	8,768,372	-
1981	9,739,589	11.1%
1991	10,259,900	5.3%
2001	10,964,020	6.9%
2011	10,816,286	-0.88%

By region

Greece is divided into nine geographic regions. The population of each region according to the 2001 census:

Region	Population
Aegean Islands	508,807
Central Greece	4,591,568
Crete	601,131
Epirus	353,822
Ionian Islands	212,984
Macedonia	2,424,765
Peloponnese	1,155,019
Thessaly	753,888
Thrace	362,038
Total	10,964,020

Cyprus 2250000

Age structure

Being part of the phenomenon of the aging of Europe, the Greek population shows a rapid increase of the percentage of the elderly people. Greece's population census of 1961 found that 10.9% of the total population was above the age of 65, while the percentage of this group age increased to 19.0% in 2011. On the contrary, the percentage of the population of the ages 0–14 had a total decrease of 10.2% between 1961 and 2011.

Age group	1971		1981		1991		2001		2011
	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
0–14	2,223,904	25.4	2,307,297	23.7	1,974,867	19.2	1,664,085	15.2	1,576,500	14.4
15–64	5,587,352	63.7	6,192,751	63.6	6,880,681	67.1	7,468,395	68.1	7,122,830	66.6
65+	957,116	10.9	1,239,541	12.7	1,404,352	13.7	1,831,540	16.7	2,108,807	19.0
Total	8,768,372		9,739,589		10,259,900		10,964,020		10,816,286

Vital statistics^[8][9][10]

Greece total fertility rate by region (2014)

1.5 - 1.7   1.4 - 1.5   1.3 - 1.4   < 1.3

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1921	5 050	107 000	69 000	38 000	21.2	13.7	7.5
1922	5 097	110 000	82 000	18 000	21.6	16.1	3.5
1923	6 010	113 926	102 042	11 884	19.0	17.0	2.0
1924	6 000	117 014	93 320	23 694	19.5	15.6	3.9
1925	5 958	156 367	88 633	67 734	26.2	14.9	11.4
1926	6 042	181 278	84 136	97 142	30.0	13.9	16.1
1927	6 127	176 527	100 020	76 507	28.8	16.3	12.5
1928	6 210	189 250	105 665	83 585	30.5	17.0	13.5
1929	6 286	181 870	115 561	66 309	28.9	18.4	10.5
1930	6 367	199 565	103 811	95 754	31.3	16.3	15.0
1931	6 463	199 243	114 369	84 874	30.8	17.7	13.1
1932	6 544	185 523	117 593	67 930	28.4	18.0	10.4
1933	6 625	189 583	111 447	78 136	28.6	16.8	11.8
1934	6 727	208 929	100 651	108 278	31.1	15.0	16.1
1935	6 837	192 511	101 416	91 095	28.2	14.8	13.3
1936	6 936	193 343	105 005	88 338	27.9	15.1	12.7
1937	7 029	183 878	105 674	78 204	26.2	15.0	11.1
1938	7 122	184 509	93 766	90 743	25.9	13.2	12.7
1939	7 222	178 852	100 459	78 393	24.8	13.9	10.9
1940	7 319	179 480	93 830	85 670	24.5	12.8	11.7
1941	7 370	134 760	125 710	9 050	18.3	17.1	1.2
1942	7 350	132 640	191 030	-58 390	18.0	26.0	-7.9
1943	7 280	122 170	111 320	10 850	16.8	15.3	1.5
1944	7 300	145 530	110 810	34 720	19.9	15.2	4.8
1945	7 310	183 470	85 540	97 930	25.1	11.7	13.4
1946	7 430	209 360	73 500	135 860	28.2	9.9	18.3
1947	7 520	206 400	70 340	136 060	27.4	9.4	18.1
1948	7 500	210 000	96 000	114 000	28.0	12.8	15.2
1949	7 480	139 108	59 450	79 658	18.6	7.9	10.6
1950	7 554	151 314	53 755	97 559	20.0	7.1	12.9
1951	7 646	155 422	57 508	97 914	20.3	7.5	12.8
1952	7 733	149 637	53 377	96 260	19.4	6.9	12.4
1953	7 817	143 765	56 680	87 085	18.4	7.3	11.1
1954	7 893	151 892	55 625	96 267	19.2	7.0	12.2
1955	7 966	154 263	54 781	99 482	19.4	6.9	12.5
1956	8 031	156 187	59 460	96 727	19.4	7.4	12.0
1957	8 096	155 192	61 664	93 528	19.2	7.6	11.6
1958	8 173	155 359	58 160	97 199	19.0	7.1	11.9
1959	8 258	160 199	60 852	99 347	19.4	7.4	12.0
1960	8 334	157 239	60 563	96 676	18.9	7.3	11.6	2.28
1961	8 398	150 716	63 955	86 761	17.9	7.6	10.3	2.19
1962	8 448	152 158	66 554	85 604	18.0	7.9	10.1	2.23
1963	8 480	148 249	66 813	81 436	17.5	7.9	9.6	2.22
1964	8 510	153 109	69 429	83 680	18.0	8.1	9.8	2.31
1965	8 551	151 448	67 269	84 179	17.7	7.8	9.8	2.30
1966	8 614	154 613	67 912	86 701	17.9	7.9	10.1	2.38
1967	8 686	162 839	71 975	90 864	18.7	8.3	10.4	2.55
1968	8 741	160 338	73 309	87 029	18.3	8.4	10.0	2.53
1969	8 773	154 077	71 825	82 252	17.6	8.2	9.4	2.50
1970	8 793	144 928	74 009	70 919	16.5	8.4	8.1	2.34
1971	8 831	141 126	73 819	67 307	16.0	8.4	7.6	2.30
1972	8 889	140 891	76 859	64 032	15.9	8.6	7.2	2.32
1973	8 929	137 526	77 648	59 878	15.4	8.7	6.7	2.28
1974	8 962	144 069	76 303	67 766	16.1	8.5	7.6	2.39
1975	9 047	142 273	80 077	62 196	15.7	8.9	6.9	2.33
1976	9 167	146 566	81 818	64 748	16.0	8.9	7.1	2.35
1977	9 269	143 739	83 750	59 989	15.4	9.0	6.4	2.28
1978	9 395	146 588	81 615	64 973	15.5	8.7	6.9	2.29
1979	9 534	147 965	82 338	65 627	15.5	8.6	6.9	2.26
1980	9 643	148 134	87 282	60 852	15.4	9.1	6.3	2.23
1981	9 729	140 953	86 261	54 692	14.5	8.9	5.6	2.10
1982	9 790	137 275	86 345	50 930	14.0	8.8	5.2	2.03
1983	9 847	132 608	90 586	42 022	13.5	9.2	4.3	1.94
1984	9 896	125 724	88 397	37 327	12.7	8.9	3.8	1.82
1985	9 934	116 481	92 886	23 595	11.7	9.4	2.4	1.68
1986	9 967	112 250	91 469	20 781	11.3	9.2	2.1	1.60
1987	10 001	105 899	95 232	10 667	10.6	9.5	1.1	1.50
1988	10 037	107 668	93 031	14 637	10.7	9.3	1.5	1.50
1989	10 090	101 149	92 717	8 432	10.0	9.2	0.8	1.40
1990	10 161	102 229	94 152	8 077	10.1	9.3	0.8	1.39
1991	10 257	102 620	95 498	7 122	10.0	9.3	0.7	1.38
1992	10 370	104 081	98 231	5 850	10.0	9.5	0.6	1.38
1993	10 466	101 799	97 419	4 380	9.7	9.3	0.4	1.34
1994	10 553	103 763	97 807	5 956	9.8	9.3	0.6	1.35
1995	10 635	101 495	100 158	1 337	9.5	9.4	0.1	1.32
1996	10 710	100 718	100 740	- 22	9.4	9.4	-0.0	1.30
1997	10 777	102 038	99 738	2 300	9.5	9.3	0.2	1.31
1998	10 835	100 894	102 668	-1 774	9.3	9.5	-0.2	1.29
1999	10 883	100 643	103 304	-2 661	9.2	9.5	-0.2	1.28
2000	10 918	103 267	105 219	-1 952	9.5	9.6	-0.2	1.26
2001	10 950	102 282	102 559	- 277	9.3	9.4	-0.0	1.25
2002	10 988	103 838	103 915	- 77	9.5	9.5	-0.0	1.27
2003	11 024	104 420	105 529	-1 109	9.5	9.6	-0.1	1.28
2004	11 062	105 655	104 942	713	9.6	9.5	0.1	1.30
2005	11 104	107 545	105 091	2 454	9.7	9.5	0.2	1.33
2006	11 148	112 042	105 476	6 566	10.1	9.5	0.6	1.40
2007	11 193	111 926	109 895	2 031	10.0	9.8	0.2	1.41
2008	11 237	118 302	107 979	10 323	10.5	9.6	0.9	1.55
2009	11 278	117 933	108 316	9 617	10.5	9.6	0.9	1.57
2010	11 290	114 766	109 084	5 682	10.2	9.7	0.5	1.53
2011	10 816	106 428	111 099	-4 671	9.8	10.3	-0.5	1.42
2012[11]	11 123	100 371	116 670	-16 299	9.1	10.6	-1.5	1.34
2013[12]	11 062	94 134	111 794	-17 660	8.5	10.2	-1.7	1.28
2014[13]	10 858	93 429	114 088	-20 659	8.4	10.4	-2.0	1.30
2015[14]	10 793	91 900	120 800	-29 000	8.5	11.2	-2.7

Immigration

Foreign citizens in Greece in 1998 by country of citizenship,

Greece has received a large number of immigrants since the early 1990s. The majority of them come from the neighbouring countries. As of 2011, the number of foreigners in an enumerated total of 10,815,197 people was 911,299.

Citizenship	Census 2011	%
Greece	9,903,268	91.56
Albania	480,824	4.45
Bulgaria	75,915	0.70
Romania	46,523	0.43
Pakistan	34,177	0.31
Georgia	27,400	0.25
Ukraine	17,006	0.16
United Kingdom	15,386	0.14
Cyprus	14,446	0.13
Poland	14,145	0.13
Russia	13,807	0.12
India	11,333	0.10
Bangladesh	11,076	0.10
Germany	10,778	0.09
Egypt	10,455	0.09
Moldova	10,391	0.09
Philippines	9,804	0.09
Other	108,436	1
Total	10,815,197	100

Illegal immigration

Greece has received many illegal immigrants beginning in the 1990s and continuing during the 2000s. Migrants make use of the many islands in the Aegean Sea, directly west of Turkey. A spokesman for the European Union's border control agency said that the Greek-Albanian border is "one of Europe's worst-affected external land borders." Migrants across the Evros region bordering Turkey face land-mines. Principal illegal immigrants include Albanians, Indians, Kurds, Afghans, Iraqis and Somalis.^[15][16]

Ethnic groups, languages and religion

The population of northern Greece has primarily been ethnically, religiously and linguistically diverse.^[17] The Muslim minority of Greece is the only explicitly recognized minority in Greece by the government. The officials define it as a group Greek Muslims, numbering 97,605 people or 0.91% of the total population, consisting of Turks (50%), Pomaks (35%) and Romani (15%). No other minorities are acknowledged and the Greek government has followed assimilatory policies and has discriminated against them.^[18][19] There is not any official information for the size of the ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities because asking the population questions pertaining to the topic have been abolished since 1951.^[20]

Map showing the distribution of major Modern Greek dialect areas

Note: Greek is the dominant language throughout Greece; inclusion in a non-Greek language zone does not necessarily imply that the relevant minority language is still spoken there, or that its speakers consider themselves an ethnic minority.

Religion in Greece (2010) ^[21]

  Eastern Orthodoxy and other Christian (88.1%)

  Islam (5.3%)

  no religion (6.1%)

  others (0.5%)

Minorities in Greece according to Minority Rights Group International:^[22]

• Albanians: 443,550 (4.05%)
• Roma/Gypsies: 160,000-250,000 (1.5-2.28%)
• Vlachs (Aromanians): 200,000 (1.82%)
• Ethnic Macedonians: 100,000-200,000 (0.91-1.82%) - According to other sources the number of people who identify as being Macedonian ethnics is 5000-10,000.^[23]
• Arvanites: 95,000 (0.87%)
• Turks: 90,000 (0.82%)
• Pomaks: 35,000 (0.32%)

The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by almost all as a second language at least. Additionally, there are a number of linguistic minority groups that are bilingual in a variety of non-Greek languages, and parts of these groups identify ethnically as Greeks. The most common of all these dialects, the groups that speak them and the regions where they are considered native are:

Dialect	Spoken by	Estimated population	Region
Greek dialects
Cretan	Cretans	600,000	Crete
Maniot	Maniots	25,000	Mani (southern Peloponnese)
Pontic	Pontians	200,000	Macedonia
Sarakatsanika	Sarakatsani	80,000	Central Greece, Thessaly, Epirus
Tsakonian	Tsakonians	1,200	Tsakonia (eastern Peloponnese)
Other languages
Arvanitika	Arvanites	50,000[24]	Attica, southern Euboea, Boeotia, Peloponnese
Aromanian	Aromanians	50,000[24]	Epirus, Thessaly, West Macedonia
Hebrew	Jews	5,000[24]
Bulgarian/Macedonian Slavic	Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia, Pomaks	50-80,000 (Macedonia), 10-40,000 (Thrace)[25][26][27]	Macedonia, Thrace
Turkish	Turks	128,380 (Thrace)[28] 6,000 (Dodecanese)	Thrace
Romani	Romani	300,000-350,000

Native speakers	census 1913		census 1928[18][29]		census 1940[29][30]		census 1951[31]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Greek							7,297,878	95.6
Turkish[25][32]			86,506- 230,000	1.4- 3.7	94,509- 180,000	1.3- 2.5	179,895	2.4
Slavic[25]	300,000- 500,000	6.3- 10.6	81,844- 100,000	1.3- 1.6	86,079- 100,000	1.2- 1.4	41,017- 60,000	0.5- 0.8
Aromanian			19,679	0.3	57,263	0.8	39,855	1.2
Albanian			18,598	0.3	20,000	0.3	22,736	0.3
Armenian[25]			31,038	0.5	26,796	0.4	9,000	0.1
Hebrew/Ladino[24][25]			63,000	1.0	52,706	0.7	1,300	0.0
Others							51,420	0.7
Total	4,734,990		6,204,684		7,344,860		7,632,801

Religious population in Greece at the 1951 Census ^[31]

Orthodox	7,472,559 (97.9%)
Muslim	112,665 (0.4%)
Catholic	28,430 (0.4%)
Protestant and other Christian	12,677 (0.2%)
Jewish	6,325 (0.1%)
Total	7,632,801

According to the Greek constitution, Eastern Orthodox Christianity is recognized as the "prevailing religion" in Greece. During the centuries that Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire, besides its spiritual mandate, the Orthodox Church, based in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), also functioned as an official representative of the Christian population of the empire. The Church is often credited with the preservation of the Greek language, values, and national identity during Ottoman times. The Church was also an important rallying point in the war for independence, although this latter position is somewhat controversial as the official Church in Constantinople initially condemned the breakout of armed struggle against the Empire. The Church of Greece was established shortly after the formation of a Greek national state. Its authority to this day extends only to the areas included in the independent Greek state before the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. There is a Muslim minority concentrated in Thrace and officially protected by the Treaty of Lausanne. Besides Pomaks (Muslim Bulgarian^[4] speakers) and Roma, it consists mainly of ethnic Turks, who speak Turkish and receive instruction in Turkish at special government-funded schools. There are also a number of Jews in Greece, most of whom live in Thessaloniki. There are also some Greeks who adhere to a reconstruction of the ancient Greek religion.^[33] A place of worship has been recognized as such by court.^[34]

Education

Greek education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 15. English study is compulsory from first grade through high school. University education, including books, is also free, contingent upon the student's ability to meet stiff entrance requirements. A high percentage of the student population seeks higher education. More than 100,000 students are registered at Greek universities, and 15% of the population currently holds a university degree. Admission in a university is determined by state-administered exams, the candidate's grade-point average from high school, and his/her priority choices of major. About one in four candidates gains admission to Greek universities.

Greek law does not currently offer official recognition to the graduates of private universities that operate in the country, except for those that offer a degree valid in another European Union country, which is automatically recognized by reciprocity. As a result, a large and growing number of students are pursuing higher education abroad. The Greek Government decides through an evaluation procedure whether to recognize degrees from specific foreign universities as qualification for public sector hiring. Other students attend private, post-secondary educational institutions in Greece that are not recognized by the Greek Government. At the moment extensive public talk is made for the reform of the Constitution in order to recognize private higher education in Greece as equal with public and to place common regulations for both.

The number of Greek students studying at European institutions is increasing along with EU support for educational exchange. In addition, nearly 5,000 Greeks are studying in the United States, about half of whom are in graduate school. Greek per capita student representation in the US (one every 2,200) is among the highest in Europe.

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.^[35]

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.2% (male 787,143/female 741,356)

15-64 years: 66.2% (male 3,555,447/female 3,567,383)

65 years and over: 19.6% (male 923,177/female 1,185,630) (2011 est.)

Median age

total: 42.5 years

male: 41.4 years

female: 43.6 years (2011 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 61% of total population (2010)

rate of urbanization: 0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 80.05 years

male: 77.48 years

female: 82.79 years (2012 est.)

See also

• Demographic history of Greece
• Turks of Western Thrace
• Minorities in Greece
• Aging of Europe
• Albanian immigrants in Greece

References

{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2091.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook: Infant Mortality Rate |accessdate=18 December 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6D06wamrS |archivedate=18 December 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>; -webkit-column-width: ^[3]; column-width: ^[3]; list-style-type: decimal;">

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External links

• General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of Greece (Greek) (English)
• The World Factbook