George P. Shultz

George P. Shultz
60th United States Secretary of State
In office
July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989
President Ronald Reagan
Deputy Walter Stoessel
Kenneth Dam
John Whitehead
Preceded by Alexander Haig
Succeeded by James Baker
62nd United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by John Connally
Succeeded by William Simon
19th Director of the Office of Management and Budget
In office
July 1, 1970 – June 11, 1972
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Robert Mayo
Succeeded by Caspar Weinberger
11th United States Secretary of Labor
In office
January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Willard Wirtz
Succeeded by James Hodgson
Personal details
Born George Pratt Shultz
(1920-12-13) December 13, 1920
New York City, New York, U.S.
Political party Republican
Spouse(s) Helena O'Brien (m. 1946; her death 1995)
Charlotte Mailliard (m. 1997)
Children 5
Education
Signature
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch  United States Marine Corps
Years of service 1942–1945
Rank Captain

George Pratt Shultz (born December 13, 1920) is an American economist, statesman, and businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970, as the director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1970 to 1972, as the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974, and as the U.S. Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989. Before entering politics, he was professor of economics at MIT and the University of Chicago, serving as Dean of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business from 1962 to 1969. Between 1974 and 1982, Shultz was an executive at Bechtel, eventually becoming the firm's president. He is currently the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University.[1]

Shultz is one of only two individuals to serve in four United States Cabinet positions within the United States government, the other being Elliot Richardson.

Early life and education

George Shultz was born in New York City, the only child of Margaret Lennox (née Pratt) and Birl Earl Shultz.[2] His great-grandfather, an immigrant from Germany in the middle of the 19th century, changed the spelling of his surname to Shultz as an Americanized form of the original Schultz. Contrary to common assumption, Shultz is not a member of the English American Pratt family associated with John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust. He grew up in Englewood, New Jersey.[3]

In 1938, Shultz graduated from the elite private preparatory boarding high school, Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut. He earned a bachelor's degree, cum laude, at Princeton University, in economics with a minor in public and international affairs. His senior thesis examined the Tennessee Valley Authority's effect on local agriculture, for which he conducted on-site research. Shultz graduated with honors in 1942.[2][3]

Shultz was on active duty in the U.S. Marine Corps 1942–1945. He was an artillery officer, attaining the rank of Captain. He was detached to the U.S. Army 81st Infantry Division during the Battle of Angaur (Battle of Peleliu).[4]

In 1949, Shultz earned a Ph.D. in industrial economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[5]

University professor

He taught in both the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management from 1948 to 1957, with a leave of absence in 1955 to serve on President Dwight Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers as a senior staff economist. In 1957, Shultz joined the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business as professor of industrial relations. Later, he was named dean in 1962.[2] While at Chicago, he was influenced by Nobel laureates Milton Friedman and George Stigler, who reinforced Shultz's view of the importance of a free-market economy.[6]

Nixon Administration

Secretary of Labor

Shultz was President Richard Nixon's secretary of labor from 1969 to 1970. He soon faced the crisis of the Longshoremen's Union strike. The Lyndon B. Johnson Administration's had delayed it with a Taft Hartley injunction that now expired, and the press pressed him to describe his approach. In fact, he applied the theory he had developed in academia: he let the parties work it out, which they did quickly. He imposed the Philadelphia Plan requiring Pennsylvania construction unions, which refused to accept black members, to admit a certain number of blacks by an enforced deadline. This marked the first use of racial quotas in the federal government.[7]

Shultz was Nixon's unofficial ambassador to the AFL-CIO.

Office of Management and Budget

Shultz became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, the renamed and reorganized Bureau of the Budget, on July 1, 1970.[8] Overall, he was the 19th director to lead the agency.[9]

Secretary of the Treasury

Treasury Secretary Shultz (back row, fourth from left) with the rest of the Nixon cabinet, June 1972

He was United States Secretary of the Treasury from June 1972 to May 1974. During his tenure, Shultz was concerned with two major issues: the continuing domestic administration of Nixon's "New Economic Policy," begun under Secretary John Connally (Shultz privately opposed its three elements), and a renewed dollar crisis that broke out in February 1973.[3][10]

Domestically Shultz enacted the next phase of the NEP, lifting price controls begun in 1971. This phase was a failure, resulting in high inflation, and price freezes were reestablished five months later.[10]

Meanwhile, Shultz's attention was increasingly diverted from the domestic economy to the international arena. He participated in an international monetary conference in Paris in 1973, which grew out of the 1971 decision to abolish the gold standard, a decision that Shultz and Paul Volcker had supported (see Nixon Shock). The conference formally abolished the Bretton Woods system, thereby causing all currencies to float. During this period Shultz co-founded the "Library Group," which became the G7. Shultz resigned shortly before Nixon to return to private life.[10]

Business executive

In 1974, he left government service to become executive vice president of Bechtel Group, a large engineering and services company. He was later its president and a director.

Under Shultz's leadership, Bechtel received contracts for many large construction projects including from Saudi Arabia. In the year before he left Bechtel, the company reported a 50% increase in revenue.[11]

Secretary of State for Reagan

On July 16, 1982, he was appointed by President Ronald Reagan to serve as the sixtieth U.S. Secretary of State, replacing Alexander Haig, who had resigned. Shultz would serve for six and a half years – the longest tenure since Dean Rusk.[12] The possibility of a conflict of interest in his position as Secretary of State due to being in the upper management of the Bechtel Group was raised by several senators during the confirmation hearings. Shultz briefly lost his temper in response to some intense questions on this subject but was nevertheless unanimously confirmed by the Senate.[13]

Shultz relied primarily on the Foreign Service to formulate and implement Reagan’s foreign policy. By the summer of 1985, Shultz had personally selected most of the senior officials in the Department, emphasizing professional over political credentials in the process.[12] The Foreign Service responded in kind by giving Shultz its "complete support," making him the most popular Secretary since Dean Acheson[12] and, along with Acheson and George Marshall, one of the most admired Secretaries in the 20th century. Shultz's success came from not only the respect he earned from the bureaucracy but the strong relationship he forged with Reagan, who trusted him completely.[14]

Shultz with President Reagan outside the Oval Office, December 1986

Relations with China

Shultz inherited negotiations with China over Taiwan from his predecessor. Under the terms of the Taiwan Relations Act, the United States was obligated to assist in Taiwan's defense, which included the sale of arms. The Administration debate on Taiwan, especially over the sale of military aircraft, resulted in a crisis in relations with China, which was alleviated only in August 1982, when, after months of arduous negotiations, the United States and China issued a joint communiqué on Taiwan in which the United States agreed to limit arms sales and China agreed to seek a "peaceful solution."[15]

Relations with Europe and the Soviet Union

By the summer of 1982, relations were strained not only between Washington and Moscow but also between Washington and key capitals in Western Europe. In response to the imposition of martial law in Poland the previous December, the Reagan administration had imposed sanctions on a pipeline between West Germany and the Soviet Union. European leaders vigorously protested sanctions that damaged their interests but not U.S. interests in grain sales to the Soviet Union. Shultz resolved this "poisonous problem" in December 1982, when the United States agreed to abandon sanctions against the pipeline, and the Europeans agreed to adopt stricter controls on strategic trade with the Soviets.[16]

A more controversial issue was the NATO Ministers’ 1979 "dual track" decision: if the Soviets refused to remove their SS-20 medium range ballistic missiles within four years, then the Allies would deploy a countervailing force of cruise and Pershing II missiles in Western Europe. When negotiations on these intermediate nuclear forces (INF) stalled, 1983 became a year of the protest. Shultz and other Western leaders worked hard to maintain allied unity amidst popular anti-nuclear demonstrations in Europe and United States. In spite of Western protests and Soviet propaganda, the allies began deployment of the missiles as scheduled in November 1983.[16]

US-Soviet tensions were raised by the announcement in March 1983 of the Strategic Defense Initiative, and exacerbated by the Soviet shoot-down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island on September 1. Tensions reached a height with the Able Archer 83 exercises in November 1983, during which the Soviets feared a pre-emptive American attack.[17]

Following the missile deployment and the exercises, both Shultz and Reagan resolved to seek further dialogue with the Soviets.[16][18]

When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985, Shultz advocated that Reagan pursue a personal dialogue with him. Reagan gradually changed his perception of Gorbachev's strategic intentions in 1987, when the two leaders signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.[19] The treaty, which eliminated an entire class of missiles in Europe, was a milestone in the history of the Cold War. Although Gorbachev took the initiative, Reagan was well prepared by the State Department to adopt a policy of negotiations.[20]

Two more events in 1988 persuaded Shultz that Soviet intentions were changing. First, the Soviet Union's initial withdrawal from Afghanistan indicated that the Brezhnev Doctrine was dead. "If the Soviets left Afghanistan, the Brezhnev Doctrine would be breached, and the principle of 'never letting go' would be violated," Shultz reasoned.[19] The second event, according to Keren Yarhi-Milo of Princeton University, happened during the nineteenth Communist Party Conference, "at which Gorbachev proposed major domestic reforms such as the establishment of competitive elections with secret ballots; term limits for elected officials; separation of powers with an independent judiciary; and provisions for freedom of speech, assembly, conscience, and the press."[19] The proposals indicated that Gorbachev was making revolutionary and irreversible changes.[19]

Middle East diplomacy

In response to the escalating violence of the Lebanese civil war, Reagan sent a Marine contingent to protect the Palestinian refugee camps and support the Lebanese Government. The October 1983 bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut killed 241 U.S. servicemen, after which the deployment came to an ignominious end.[12] Shultz subsequently negotiated an agreement between Israel and Lebanon and convinced Israel to begin a partial withdrawal of its troops in January 1985 despite Lebanon’s contravention of the settlement.[21]

During the First Intifada (see Arab-Israeli conflict), Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim autonomy agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period".[22] By December 1988, following six months of shuttle diplomacy, Shultz had established a diplomatic dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was picked up by the next Administration.[12]

Latin America

Shultz was well known for outspoken opposition to the "arms for hostages" scandal that would eventually become the Iran Contra situation. In a 1983 testimony before the U.S. Congress, he said that the Sandinista government in Nicaragua was "a cancer in our own land mass", that must be "cut out". He was also opposed to any negotiation with the government of Daniel Ortega: "Negotiations are a euphemism for capitulation if the shadow of power is not cast across the bargaining table."

Later life

Shultz (far left) at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library July 17, 2007, with the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and Mrs. Kaczyński as well as former First Lady Nancy Reagan (center, wearing tan suit)

George Shultz left office on January 20, 1989. He was an advisor for George W. Bush's presidential campaign during the 2000 election, and senior member of the so-called "Vulcans", a group of policy mentors for Bush which also included Dick Cheney, Paul Wolfowitz and Condoleezza Rice. One of his most senior advisors and confidants is former ambassador Charles Hill, who holds dual positions at the Hoover Institution and Yale University. Shultz has been called the father of the "Bush Doctrine", because of his advocacy of preventive war.[23] He generally defends the Bush administration's foreign policy.[23]

After leaving public office in 1989, Shultz became the first prominent Republican to call for the legalization of recreational drugs. He went on to add his signature to an advertisement, published in The New York Times on June 8, 1998, entitled "We believe the global war on drugs is now causing more harm than drug abuse itself." In 2011, he was part of the Global Commission on Drug Policy, which called for a public health and harm reduction approach towards drug use, alongside other luminaries such as Kofi Annan, Paul Volcker, and George Papandreou.[24]

In April 1998, Shultz hosted a meeting at which George W. Bush discussed his views with policy experts including Michael Boskin, John Taylor and Condoleezza Rice, who were evaluating possible Republican candidates to run for President in 2000. At the end of the meeting, the group felt they could support a Bush candidacy, and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race.[25][26]

He also has spoken against the Cuban embargo, calling the policy towards Cuba "insane".[27] He has argued that free trade would help bring down Fidel Castro's regime and that the embargo only helps justify the continued repression in the island.

In August 2003, Shultz was named co-chair (along with Warren Buffett) of California's Economic Recovery Council, an advisory group to the campaign of California gubernatorial candidate Arnold Schwarzenegger.

On January 5, 2006, he participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State, to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials.

On January 15, 2008, Shultz co-authored an opinion paper published in the Wall Street Journal entitled "Toward a Nuclear-Free World". His co-authors were William Perry, Henry Kissinger and Sam Nunn and they called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.[28] The four have created the Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda. Nunn reinforced that agenda during a speech at the Harvard Kennedy School on October 21, 2008, saying, "I’m much more concerned about a terrorist without a return address that cannot be deterred than I am about deliberate war between nuclear powers. You can’t deter a group who is willing to commit suicide. We are in a different era. You have to understand the world has changed."[29] In 2010, the four were featured in a documentary film entitled "Nuclear Tipping Point". The film is a visual and historical depiction of the ideas laid forth in the Wall Street Journal op-eds and reinforces their commitment to a world without nuclear weapons and the steps that can be taken to reach that goal.

On January 11, 2011 Shultz wrote a letter to President Barack Obama urging him to pardon Jonathan Pollard. He stated, "I am impressed that the people who are best informed about the classified material Pollard passed to Israel, former CIA Director James Woolsey and former Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Dennis DeConcini, favor his release". He continued to state, that former Attorney General Michael Mukasey of the Bush administration was particularly compelling in advocating the release of Jonathan Pollard.[30][31]

On September 30, 2014, Shultz returned to MIT (where he earned a PhD in economics and then taught as an economics professor) to give a talk discussing the policies he favors to address climate change. In the talk Shultz urged the adoption of a revenue-neutral carbon tax, increased government funding of renewable energy research, and additional efforts to persuade his fellow Republicans in the U.S. Congress of the need for action on the climate change issue.[32]

In April 2016, he was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the United Kingdom to remain a member of the European Union ahead of the June 2016 Referendum.[33]

Shultz is the chairman of JPMorgan Chase's International Advisory Council and an honorary director of the Institute for International Economics. He is a member of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) Board of Advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the prestigious Mandalay Camp at the Bohemian Grove, the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq, and the Committee on the Present Danger. Shultz also serves as an Advisory Board member for the Partnership for a Secure America. He is honorary chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute.[34] Shultz formerly served on the board of directors for the Bechtel Corporation, Charles Schwab Corporation, and was a member of the board of directors of Gilead Sciences from January 1996 to December 2005. He is currently a co-chairman of the North American Forum and also serves on the board for Accretive Health. He was a member of the board of directors of Theranos, a Silicon Valley biotech company, from 2011 to 2015.[35] The Wall Street Journal reported that Theranos is under a criminal probe. After media reports exposed controversial practices at the startup in 2015 following the whistleblowing efforts of Schultz' own grandson, Tyler, he moved to Theranos' board of counselors, where he still serves as of November 2016.[36]

Family

While serving with the Marines in Hawaii, he met military nurse lieutenant Helena Maria O'Brien (1915–1995). They married on February 16, 1946, and had five children (Margaret Ann Tilsworth, Kathleen Pratt Shultz Jorgensen, Peter Milton, Barbara Lennox Shultz White, Alexander George).[2][37] His grandson Tyler Shultz who graduated from Stanford was the whistleblower that exposed the falsified lab tests at Theranos whilst working there and while his grandfather George Shultz was a board member at the company.[38]

In 1997 (two years after his first wife Helena died of pancreatic cancer), Shultz married Charlotte Mailliard Swig, a prominent San Francisco philanthropist and socialite.[39]

Honors and prizes

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Honorary degrees

Honorary degrees have been conferred from the universities of Columbia, Notre Dame, Loyola, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, City University of New York, Yeshiva, Northwestern, Technion, Tel Aviv, Weizmann Institute of Science, Baruch College of New York, Williams College, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tbilisi State University in the Republic of Georgia, and Keio University in Tokyo.[43]

Selected works

Further reading

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Shultz, George Pratt (1920–)". Encyclopedia of World Biography (fee, via Fairfax County Public Library). Detroit: Gale. 1998. GALE|A148466482. Retrieved 2012-02-07. Gale Biography In Context. (subscription required)
  2. 1 2 3 4 Katz, Bernard S.; C. Daniel Vencill (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 320–332. ISBN 9780313280122.
  3. 1 2 3 Vellani, Robert (2003). "George P. Shultz". In Arnold Markoe and Kenneth T. Jackson. Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: Sports Figures (fee, via Fairfax County Public Library). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. GALE|K3436600565. Retrieved 2012-02-07. (subscription required)
  4. ↑ U.S. House of Representatives (December 21, 2004). "Joint Resolution: Recognizing the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Peleliu". Congressional Record. Government Printing Office. 150. Retrieved 2012-02-07. H.J. Res. 102
  5. ↑ project editor, Tracie Ratiner. (2006). Encyclopedia of World Biography (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Thomson Gale. ISBN 1-4144-1041-7. OCLC 1414410417. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  6. ↑ "The Chicago School and Its Impact" Commanding Heights: George Shultz, October 2, 2000
  7. ↑ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 243. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  8. ↑ Richard J. Ellis (2015). The Development of the American Presidency (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 387–388.
  9. ↑ "Former Directors of OMB and BOB". Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 "History of the Treasury: George P. Shultz". United States Department of the Treasury, Office of the Curator. 2001. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  11. ↑ Lueck, Thomas (1982-06-26). "BECHTEL LOSES ANOTHER OFFICER TO REAGAN'S CABINET". Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Secretary Shultz Takes Charge". Short History of the Department of State. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  13. ↑ Greider, William (9/2/1982). "The Boys From Bechtel". Retrieved 11 August 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ↑ van Dijk, Ruud et al, eds. (2008) Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, p. 787.
  15. ↑ "Reagan's Foreign Policy". Short History of the Department of State. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  16. 1 2 3 "The United States in Europe". Short History of the Department of State. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  17. ↑ Andrew, Christopher; Gordievsky, Oleg (1992). KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. Harpercollins. p. 600. ISBN 0-06-016605-3.
  18. ↑ Reagan, Ronald (1990). An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 585, 588–589. ISBN 1-59248-531-6.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Yarhi-Milo, Keren (Summer 2013). "In the Eye of the Beholder: How Leaders and Intelligence Communities Assess the Intentions of Adversaries". International Security. 38 (1): 31. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00128. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  20. ↑ "Gorbachev and Perestroika". Short History of the Department of State. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  21. ↑ "George P. Shultz". United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  22. ↑ Oded, 135
  23. 1 2 Henninger, Daniel (2006-04-29). "Father of the Bush Doctrine". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-08-12.
  24. ↑ http://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/Report
  25. ↑ "George W. Bush Chronology". Boston: WGBH-TV. October 12, 2004. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
  26. ↑ "The Choice 2004". Frontlinehttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/etc/script.html |transcripturl= missing title (help). Boston. October 12, 2004. PBS. WGBH-TV.
  27. ↑ George Shultz, Charlie Rose (December 22, 2005). Charlie Rose interview with George Shultz. Charlie Rose Inc.
  28. ↑ "Toward a Nuclear-Free World", The Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2008
  29. ↑ Maclin, Beth (2008-10-20) "A Nuclear weapon-free world is possible, Nunn says", Belfer Center, Harvard University. Retrieved on 2008-10-21.
  30. ↑ "George Shultz calls for Jonathan Pollard's release". The Washington Post. 2011-01-11. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
  31. ↑ "The truth about Jonathan Pollard". CNN. 2012-06-22. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
  32. ↑ Dizikes, Peter (1 October 2014). "George Shultz: "Climate is changing," and we need more action; Former secretary of state — and former MIT professor — urges progress on multiple fronts.". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  33. ↑ "Staying in EU 'best hope' for UK's future say ex-US Treasury secretaries". BBC News. April 20, 2016.
  34. ↑ "International Advisory Council". The Israel Democracy Institute. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
  35. ↑ "A singular board at Theranos". Fortune. June 12, 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  36. ↑ Carreyrou, John (2016-11-17). "Theranos Whistleblower Shook the Company—And His Family". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  37. ↑ "George P. Shultz". Contemporary Authors Online (fee, via Fairfax County Public Library). Detroit, MI: Gale. 2010. GALE|H1000090903. Retrieved 2012-02-07.. Gale Biography In Context. (subscription required)
  38. ↑ Carreyrou, John (2016-11-17). "Theranos Whistleblower Shook the Company—And His Family". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
  39. ↑ Donnally, Trish (1997-08-16). "Swig Tames Her Tiger". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  40. ↑ http://www.eureka.edu/news/shultz-reagan-endowed-scholarsip/
  41. ↑ The American Academy in Berlin – The Henry A. Kissinger Prize 2012
  42. ↑ Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, No. S134, Wednesday, 14 September 2011.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Hoover Foundation: Fellow, bio notes.
  44. ↑ Nuclear Arms Control Leaders Receive Prestigious Rumford Prize from the American Academy.
  45. ↑ http://www.university-media.com/university/princeton-university/news/whig-clio-to-honor-shultz-for-public-service/9285.html
  46. ↑
  47. 1 2 Sleeman, Elizabeth. (2003). The International Who's Who 2004, p. 1547.
  48. ↑ http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national
  49. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter S" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 13 April 2011.

References

  • Oded, Eran. "Arab-Israel Peacemaking." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002.
  • Shultz, George P. and Shoven, John B. Putting Our House in Order: A Guide to Social Security and Health Care Reform. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.
  • Shultz, George Pratt. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State, New York: Scribner's 1993.
  • Skoug, Kenneth N., The United States and Cuba Under Reagan and Shultz: A Foreign Service Officer Reports. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.
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Academic offices
Preceded by
Allen Wallis		 Dean of the Booth School of Business
1962–1969 		Succeeded by
Sidney Davidson
Political offices
Preceded by
Willard Wirtz		 United States Secretary of Labor
1969–1970 		Succeeded by
James Hodgson
Preceded by
Robert Mayo		 Director of the Office of Management and Budget
1970–1972 		Succeeded by
Caspar Weinberger
Preceded by
John Connally		 United States Secretary of the Treasury
1972–1974 		Succeeded by
William Simon
Preceded by
Alexander Haig		 United States Secretary of State
1982–1989 		Succeeded by
James Baker
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