66th United States Congress
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The Sixty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, comprising the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1919 to March 4, 1921, during the last two years of Woodrow Wilson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Thirteenth Census of the United States in 1910. Both chambers had a Republican majority.
Major Legislation
- June 30, 1919: Navy Appropriations Act of 1919
- June 30, 1919: Hastings Amendment
- July 11, 1919: Anti-Lobbying Act of 1919
- July 11, 1919: Army Appropriations Act of 1919
- July 19, 1919: Sundry Civil Expenses Appropriations Act
- October 18, 1919: National Prohibition Act (Volstead Act), ch. 85, 41 Stat. 305
- October 22, 1919: Underground Water Act of 1919
- October 29, 1919: National Motor Vehicle Theft Act (Dyer Act)
- November 4, 1919: Deficiency Act of 1919
- November 6, 1919: Indian Soldier Act of 1919
- December 24, 1919: Edge Act of 1919
- February 25, 1920: Oil Leasing Act of 1920
- February 25, 1920: Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 (Smoot-Sinnot Act), ch. 85, 41 Stat. 437
- February 25, 1920: Pipeline Rights-of-Way Act
- February 25, 1920: Sale of Water For Miscellaneous Purposes Act
- February 28, 1920: Esch-Cummins Act, Pub.L. 66–152, 41 Stat. 456
- March 9, 1920: Suits in Admiralty Act of 1920
- March 15, 1920: Military Surplus Act of 1920 (Kahn-Wadsworth Act)
- March 30, 1920: Death on the High Seas Act of 1920
- April 13, 1920: Phelan Act of 1920
- May 1, 1920: Fuller Act of 1920
- May 10, 1920: Deportation Act of 1920
- May 18, 1920: Kinkaid Act of 1920
- May 20, 1920: Sale of Surplus Improved Public Lands Act
- May 22, 1920: Civil Service Retirement Act of 1920
- May 29, 1920: Independent Treasury Act of 1920
- June 2, 1920: Industry Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Bankhead Act)
- June 2, 1920: Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Fess Act)
- June 2, 1920: National Park Criminal Jurisdiction Act
- June 4, 1920: National Defense Act of 1920 (Kahn Act)
- June 5, 1920: Sills Act of 1920
- June 5, 1920: Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (Jones Act)
- June 5, 1920: Women's Bureau Act of 1920
- June 5, 1920: Ship Mortgage Act of 1920
- June 5, 1920: River and Harbors Act of 1920
- June 5, 1920: Federal Water Power Act of 1920 (Esch Act)
- January 4, 1921: War Finance Corporation Act of 1921
- March 3, 1921: Patent Act of 1921 (Nolan Act)
- March 3, 1921: Federal Water Power Act Amendment (Jones-Esch Act)
Major events
A brief special session was called by President Wilson in March 1919, because of a filibuster that had successfully blocked appropriations bills needed to fund day-to-day government operations.[1]
- April 30, 1919: First wave of the 1919 United States anarchist bombings.
- June 2, 1919: The home of Attorney General Palmer was bombed in the second wave of anarchist bombings.
- June 15, 1919: Pancho Villa attacked Ciudad Juárez. When the bullets begin to fly to the U.S. side of the border, 2 units of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment crossed the border and repulse Villa's forces.
- July 19–23, 1919: Race riot in Washington, D.C.
- August 31, 1919: American Communist Party was established
- September 9, 1919: Boston Police Strike
- September 22, 1919: Steel strike of 1919
- October 2, 1919: President Woodrow Wilson suffered a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed
- November 1, 1919: Coal Strike of 1919
- November 7, 1919: First of the Palmer Raids during the First Red Scare
- January 2, 1920: Second of the Palmer Raids during the First Red Scare
- March 1, 1920: United States Railroad Administration returned control of American railroads to its constituent railroad companies
- May 7–8, 1920: Louis Freeland Post appeared before the House Committee on Rules, effectively ending Attorney General Palmer's presidential aspirations.
- November 2, 1920: Warren G. Harding defeated James M. Cox in the U.S. presidential election, 1920
Constitutional amendments
- January 16, 1920: 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution (prohibition) went into effect.
- June 4, 1919: 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution (women's suffrage) was passed by Congress.
- August 18, 1920: 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution (women's suffrage) was ratified.
Treaties
- March 19, 1920: Senate refused to ratify Treaty of Versailles
Party summary
Senate
| Party (shading shows control) |
Total | Vacant | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic (D) |
Republican (R) | |||
| End of the previous congress | 53 | 43 | 96 | 0 |
| Begin | 46 | 49 | 95 | 1 |
| End | 50 | 96 | 0 | |
| Final voting share | 47.9% | 52.1% | ||
| Beginning of the next congress | 37 | 59 | 96 | 0 |
House of Representatives
- Democratic (D): 192
- Republican (R): 240 (majority)
- Prohibition (Proh.): 1
- Farmer-Labor (FL): 1
TOTAL members: 435
Leadership
Senate
Majority (Republican) leadership
Minority (Democratic) leadership
House of Representatives
Majority (Republican) leadership
Minority (Democratic) leadership
- Minority Leader: Champ Clark
- Minority Whip: vacant
Members
Senate
House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
- replacements: 5
- Democratic: 1 seat net loss
- Republican: 1 seat net gain
- deaths: 2
- resignations: 2
- vacancy: 1
- Total seats with changes: 6
| State | Senator | Reason for Vacancy | Successor | Date of Successor's Installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kentucky (2) |
Vacant | Appointed Sen. George B. Martin finished term of Sen. Ollie M. James who died during previous congress. Martin did not continue after 66th Congress. Successor elected to fill open seat. | Augustus Stanley (R) | May 19, 1919 |
| Virginia (2) |
Thomas S. Martin (D) | Died November 12, 1919. Successor was appointed and subsequently elected. | Carter Glass (D) | February 2, 1920 |
| Alabama (2) |
John H. Bankhead (D) | Died March 1, 1920. Successor was appointed. | B. B. Comer (D) | March 5, 1920 |
| Alabama (2) |
B. B. Comer (D) | Successor was elected. | J. Thomas Heflin (D) | November 3, 1920 |
| Ohio (3) |
Warren G. Harding (R) | Resigned January 13, 1921 after being elected President of the United States. Successor was appointed and subsequently elected. | Frank B. Willis (R) | January 14, 1921 |
| Idaho (3) |
John F. Nugent (D) | Resigned January 14, 1921 after losing election and subsequently being appointed to the Federal Trade Commission. Successor was elected. | Frank R. Gooding (R) | January 15, 1921 |
House of Representatives
- replacements: 23
- Democratic: 4 seat net loss
- Republican: 4 seat net gain
- deaths: 13
- resignations: 10
- contested elections: 3
- Total seats with changes: 32
| District | Vacator | Reason for Vacancy | Successor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Texas 12th | Vacant | Rep. James C. Wilson died during previous congress | Fritz G. Lanham (D) | April 19, 1919 |
| Virginia 8th | Vacant | Rep. Charles C. Carlin died during previous congress | R. Walton Moore (D) | April 19, 1919 |
| Kentucky 8th | Vacant | Rep. Harvey Helm died during previous congress | King Swope (R) | August 1, 1919 |
| Louisiana 1st | Albert Estopinal (D) | Died April 28, 1919 | James O'Connor (D) | June 5, 1919 |
| Alaska Territory | Charles A. Sulzer (D) | Died April 28, 1919 | George B. Grigsby (D) | June 30, 1920 |
| Alabama 7th | John L. Burnett (D) | Died May 13, 1919 | Lilius Bratton Rainey (D) | September 30, 1919 |
| Minnesota 4th | Carl Van Dyke (D) | Died May 20, 1919 | Oscar Keller (R) | July 1, 1919 |
| South Carolina 6th | J. Willard Ragsdale (D) | Died July 23, 1919 | Philip H. Stoll (D) | October 7, 1919 |
| South Carolina 7th | Asbury F. Lever (D) | Resigned August 1, 1919 after becoming member of the Federal Farm Loan Board | Edward C. Mann (D) | October 7, 1919 |
| Oklahoma 5th | Joseph B. Thompson (D) | Died September 18, 1919 | John W. Harreld (R) | November 8, 1919 |
| Massachusetts 10th | John F. Fitzgerald (D) | Lost contested election October 23, 1919 | Peter F. Tague (D) | October 23, 1919 |
| North Carolina 9th | Edwin Y. Webb (D) | Resigned November 10, 1919 after being appointed United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina | Clyde R. Hoey (D) | December 16, 1919 |
| Wisconsin 5th | Victor L. Berger (Socialist) | Ousted November 10, 1919 due to his conviction under the Espionage Act of 1917 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Missouri 3rd | Joshua W. Alexander (D) | Resigned December 15, 1919 after being appointed United States Secretary of Commerce | Jacob L. Milligan (D) | February 14, 1920 |
| Virginia 4th | Walter A. Watson (D) | Died December 24, 1919 | Patrick H. Drewry (D) | April 27, 1920 |
| New York 10th | Reuben L. Haskell (R) | Resigned December 31, 1919 | Lester D. Volk (R) | November 2, 1920 |
| New York 14th | Fiorello H. La Guardia (R) | Resigned December 31, 1919 after being elected President of the New York City Board of Aldermen | Nathan D. Perlman (R) | November 2, 1920 |
| Pennsylvania 3rd | J. Hampton Moore (R) | Resigned January 4, 1920 after being elected Mayor of Philadelphia | Harry C. Ransley (R) | November 2, 1920 |
| Virginia 5th | Edward W. Saunders (D) | Resigned February 29, 1920 after being elected judge of State Supreme Court of Appeals | Rorer A. James (D) | June 1, 1920 |
| Philippines At-large | Teodoro R. Yangco | Term expired March 3, 1920 | Isauro Gabaldon | March 4, 1920 |
| New Jersey 1st | William J. Browning (R) | Died March 24, 1920 | Francis F. Patterson, Jr. (R) | November 2, 1920 |
| Michigan 13th | Charles A. Nichols (R) | Died April 25, 1920 | Clarence J. McLeod (R) | November 2, 1920 |
| New York 26th | Edmund Platt (R) | Resigned June 7, 1920 after being appointed to the Federal Reserve Board | Hamilton Fish III (R) | November 2, 1920 |
| Oklahoma 8th | Dick T. Morgan (R) | Died July 4, 1920 | Charles Swindall (R) | November 2, 1920 |
| Alabama 5th | J. Thomas Heflin (D) | Resigned November 1, 1920 after being elected to the US Senate | William B. Bowling (D) | December 14, 1920 |
| Pennsylvania At-large | Mahlon M. Garland (R) | Died November 19, 1920 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress | |
| New York 3rd | John MacCrate (R) | Resigned December 30, 1920 after being elected justice to the Supreme Court of the State of New York | Seat remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Massachusetts 9th | Alvan T. Fuller (R) | Resigned January 5, 1921 after being elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts | Seat remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Missouri 4th | Charles F. Booher (D) | Died January 21, 1921 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Alabama 4th | Fred L. Blackmon (D) | Died February 8, 1921 | Seat remained vacant until next Congress | |
| Pennsylvania 10th | Patrick McLane (D) | Lost contested election February 25, 1921 | John R. Farr (R) | February 25, 1921 |
| Alaska Territory | George B. Grigsby (D) | Lost contested election March 1, 1921 | James Wickersham (R) | March 1, 1921 |
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
- Additional Accommodations for the Library of Congress (Select)
- Agriculture and Forestry
- Appropriations
- Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate
- Banking and Currency
- Budget (Special)
- Canadian Relations
- Census
- Civil Service and Retrenchment
- Claims
- Coast and Insular Survey
- Coast Defenses
- Commerce
- Conservation of National Resources
- Corporations Organized in the District of Columbia
- Cuban Relations
- Disposition of Useless Papers in the Executive Departments
- District of Columbia
- District of Columbia Public School System (Select)
- Education and Labor
- Engrossed Bills
- Establish a University in the United States (Select)
- Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service
- Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture
- Expenditures in the Department of Commerce
- Expenditures in the Interior Department
- Expenditures in the Department of Justice
- Expenditures in the Department of Labor
- Expenditures in the Navy Department
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department
- Expenditures in the Department of State
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department
- Finance
- Fisheries
- Five Civilized Tribes of Indians
- Foreign Relations
- Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game
- Geological Survey
- Immigration
- Immigration and Naturalization
- Indian Affairs
- Industrial Expositions
- Interoceanic Canals
- Interstate Commerce
- Irrigation and Reclamation
- Judiciary
- Library
- Manufactures
- Military Affairs
- Mines and Mining
- Mississippi River and its Tributaries (Select)
- National Banks
- Naval Affairs
- Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico
- Pacific Railroads
- Patents
- Pensions
- Philippines
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Printing
- Private Land Claims
- Privileges and Elections
- Public Buildings and Grounds
- Public Health and National Quarantine
- Public Lands
- Railroads
- Reconstruction and Production (Select)
- Revision of the Laws
- Revolutionary Claims
- Rules
- Standards, Weights and Measures
- Tariff Regulation (Select)
- Territories
- Transportation and Sale of Meat Products (Select)
- Transportation Routes to the Seaboard
- Trespassers upon Indian Lands (Select)
- Whole
- Woman Suffrage
House of Representatives
- Accounts
- Agriculture
- Alcoholic Liquor Traffic
- Appropriations
- Banking and Currency
- Budget (Select)
- Census
- Claims
- Coinage, Weights and Measures
- Disposition of Executive Papers
- District of Columbia
- Education
- Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress
- Elections
- Enrolled Bills
- Expenditures in the Agriculture Department
- Expenditures in the Commerce Department
- Expenditures in the Interior Department
- Expenditures in the Justice Department
- Expenditures in the Labor Department
- Expenditures in the Navy Department
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department
- Expenditures in the State Department
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department
- Expenditures in the War Department
- Expenditures on Public Buildings
- Flood Control
- Foreign Affairs
- Immigration and Naturalization
- Indian Affairs
- Industrial Arts and Expositions
- Insular Affairs
- Interstate and Foreign Commerce
- Invalid Pensions
- Irrigation of Arid Lands
- Labor
- Merchant Marine and Fisheries
- Mileage
- Military Affairs
- Mines and Mining
- Naval Affairs
- Patents
- Pensions
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Public Buildings and Grounds
- Public Lands
- Railways and Canals
- Reform in the Civil Service
- Revision of Laws
- Rivers and Harbors
- Roads
- Rules
- Standards of Official Conduct
- Territories
- War Claims
- Water Power (Special)
- Ways and Means
- Woman Suffrage
- Whole
Joint committees
- Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special)
- Disposition of (Useless) Executive Papers
- High Cost of Living
- Pacific Coast Naval Bases
- Postal Salaries
- Postal Service
- Reclassification of Salaries
- Reorganization
- Reorganization of the Administrative Branch of the Government
- To Investigate the System of Shortime Rural Credits
Employees
- Architect of the Capitol: Elliott Woods
- Librarian of Congress: Herbert Putnam
- Public Printer of the United States: Cornelius Ford
Senate
- Chaplain: F.J. Prettyman (Methodist)
- John J. Muir (Baptist), from January 21, 1921.
- Secretary: James M. Baker
- George A. Sanderson, from May 19, 1919.
- Sergeant at Arms: Charles P. Higgins
- David S. Barry, from May 19, 1919.
House of Representatives
- Chaplain: Henry N. Couden (Universalist)
- Clerk: William T. Page
- Doorkeeper: Bert W. Kennedy
- Clerk at the Speaker’s Table: Clarence A. Cannon
- Lehr Fess
- Postmaster: Frank W. Collier
- Sergeant at Arms: Joseph G. Rodgers
See also
- United States elections, 1918 (elections leading to this Congress)
- United States elections, 1920 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
References
- ↑ The official Senate website provides the full story of this filibuster as part of a biography of Charles P. Higgins, the Senate Sergeant-at-Arms who was the only Democrat to fill that office in a space of almost forty years.
- Gould, Lewis L. (2005). The Most Exclusive Club. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0-465-02778-4.
- Remini, Robert V. (2006). The House. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-06-088434-7.
- U.S. Congress (2005). "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress". Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
- U.S. House of Representatives (2006). "Congressional History". Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
- U.S. Senate (2006). "Statistics and Lists". Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 1st Session.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 2nd Session.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 2nd Session (1st Revision).
- Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 2nd Session (2nd Revision).
- Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 3rd Session.
- Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 3rd Session (Revision).
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